Strength Of Force Research Articles

Virial and Energy Dissipation in Measurement of Dynamic Acoustic Forces Using Bimodal-frequency Excitation of Micro-cantilever Array

Virial and energy dissipation, related to oscillation observable responses, possess complementary information regarding acoustic force measurements. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical framework describing the analytic relationship between oscillation observables and energy quantities at the second eigenmode in the measurement of dynamic acoustic forces. We utilize a bimodal-frequency excitation scheme for actuation of the micro-cantilever array to obtain high-sensitivity frequency bands. Herein, we analyze the virials of acoustic force interaction and the energy dissipation levels on the domain of acoustic force frequency. For our case, we obtain the high-frequency bands of around 200-270 kHz and 440-570 kHz for the force strengths in the range of 4.0-36.0 pN. In addition, results of virials and dissipated power with respect to acoustic force strengths are introduced for low- and high-sensitivity frequency regions. Therefore, the energy quantities can be robustly utilized to determine high-sensitivity frequency windows in the measurement of dynamic acoustic forces.

Collision force suppression system for human‐friendly robot

AbstractA collision force suppression system for a human friendly robot, which consists of two arms, a trunk, a waist, an omnidirectional mobile base, is proposed. In this paper, the proposed passive collision force suppression system is realized by the collision force suppression mechanisms and the reaction system. When the collision occurs between the robot and an object, the joints of the arm and the waist are disconnected by the collision force suppression mechanism depending on the magnitude of collision forces. The reaction system is based on the strength and existence time of the collision force, and the joints are disconnected by the order of arm and waist, and the finally the mobile base will move if the reactions are not enough to decrease the passive force. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven by experiments.

Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV), quantum Chemical, antifungal and antioxidant investigations of (E)‐7‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)‐1,2,6,7‐tetrahydro‐8H‐indeno[5,4‐b]furan‐8‐one: A combined experimental and theoretical study

AbstractIn the current study, we report the antifungal, antioxidant, and computational study of (E)‐7‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)‐1,2,6,7‐tetrahydro‐8H‐indeno[5,4‐b]furan‐8‐one (FMBIF). The structure of the FMBIF was confirmed using spectroscopic techniques such as UV‐Vis, FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Antifungal activity of the FMBIF was evaluated against four fungal strains namely Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor mucido, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The FMBIF was found to exhibit a good spectrum of antifungal activity against all the tested fungal strains. Additionally, it was also revealed to show good antioxidant potential. The Gaussian‐03 package was used to perform the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The structural, chemical, UV‐Vis, and vibrational characteristics were evaluated using the DFT/B3LYP approach with a 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. Using optimized molecular structure, the absorption wavelength, excitation energy, force strength, and electronic transitions were calculated using the TD‐DFT method with the CAM‐B3LYP functional and 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. Mulliken atomic charges and molecular electrostatic potential surfaces are explored to investigate the electron density distribution in the titled compound. The DFT investigation's spectroscopic results were in good concurrence with experimental data.

The role of compound droplet size on transition from jetting to bubble entrapment during its impact on liquid

Inertia has always proven to be a key parameter in controlling regime transitions when simple drops impact a liquid surface. However, the scenario of compound drops impacting a liquid surface has received the least attention, and poses the question of whether any factor besides inertia can act as a switching criterion for regime transition. Through axisymmetric two-dimensional volume-of-fluid based computations of a compound drop falling with a certain velocity in a liquid pool, we demonstrate a non-trivial switching from jetting to large bubble entrapment phenomenon by decreasing the radius ratio of the compound drop, under identical inertial condition. Six different regimes that can be categorized into fundamental regimes of pre-jetting, jetting, transition, and bubble entrapment are mapped on the radius ratio–Weber number plane. Hence, with a suitable combination of radius ratio and impact velocity, the interplay of inertia and buoyancy forces can be exploited to achieve the final outcome of a secondary drop or an entrapped bubble. Our results reveal that the strength of buoyancy force decreases with decrease in the radius ratio of compound drops and, as a result, the intervening physics changes from crater expansion to wave swell retraction and finally to roll jet formation with decrease in radius ratio. These results are further explained in light of capillary wave propagation and vortex formation and may turn out to be of immense consequence in providing insight into the underlying complex physical mechanisms dictating intricate control on compound drop impact events.

Emergent Collective Locomotion in an Active Polymer Model of Entangled Worm Blobs

Numerous worm and arthropod species form physically-connected aggregations in which interactions among individuals give rise to emergent macroscale dynamics and functionalities that enhance collective survival. In particular, some aquatic worms such as the California blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus) entangle their bodies into dense blobs to shield themselves against external stressors and preserve moisture in dry conditions. Motivated by recent experiments revealing emergent locomotion in blackworm blobs, we investigate the collective worm dynamics by modeling each worm as a self-propelled Brownian polymer. Though our model is two-dimensional, compared to real three-dimensional worm blobs, we demonstrate how a simulated blob can collectively traverse temperature gradientsviathe coupling between the active motion and the environment. By performing a systematic parameter sweep over the strength of attractive forces between worms, and the magnitude of their directed self-propulsion, we obtain a rich phase diagram which reveals that effective collective locomotion emerges as a result of finely balancing a tradeoff between these two parameters. Our model brings the physics of active filaments into a new meso- and macroscale context and invites further theoretical investigation into the collective behavior of long, slender, semi-flexible organisms.

Influence of Various Gauge Lengths, Root Spacing and Root Numbers on Root Tensile Properties of Herbaceous Plants

The mechanical properties of root system play an important role in soil reinforcement by plants. Root tensile properties are affected by many factors. It is necessary to explore the mechanical properties of root system and the influencing factors. In this study, tensile tests were conducted on roots of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad and Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb to study root tensile properties, including maximum tensile force, tensile strength and elastic modulus under the three factors, gauge length (50, 100, 150, and 200 mm), root spacing (0, 1, and 2 cm) and root number (single root, double roots, and triple roots). The results showed that the maximum tensile force, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the roots decreased with increasing gauge length in power functions. Under 100 mm gauge length, the maximum tensile force, tensile strength and elastic modulus decreased with increasing root spacing, but the effect of root spacing considered in this study on the maximum tensile force and tensile strength was not significant. Besides, with increasing root number, the maximum tensile force increased, tensile strength, and elastic modulus decreased. These findings stretched our understanding of the relationship between gauge length, root spacing and root number on root tensile characteristics, and provided the necessary data basis for root tensile properties and soil reinforcement by plants.

Feeding Habits and Short-Term Mobility Patterns of Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, Across Invaded Habitats of the Ebro Delta Subjected to Contrasting Salinity

The blue crab Callinectes sapidus was first observed in the Ebro Delta in 2012 and since then captures have increased exponentially up to over 2 t per day, while its presence remains low in other Catalonian estuarine areas. Here, we use a stable isotope approach (δ15N and δ13C) to explore the dietary habits of adult blue crab in four different invaded habitats—bays, coastal lagoons, rice field drainage channels, and the Ebro River—in order to assess the strength of bottom-up forces and identify risks for native and aquaculture species, as well as patterns of site fidelity (male individuals). Mixing models showed average contributions of 35.89% from organic matter in sediments, 34.25% from animal resources (fish, crustaceans, gastropods, and bivalves), and 23.84% from vegetal resources (aquatic plants and algae), although there were important differences across habitat sites. In sites where bivalves were available, they can represent up to ca. 75% of the diet, thus threatening natural banks and local oyster and mussel farms. The average estimated trophic position of blue crabs in those sites was only 2.8, which confirms an omnivorous behavior but also can be attributed to the fact that mollusks were rare in the majority of the areas sampled in the Ebro Delta. Crabs from the same habitat site exhibited very little isotopic variability, suggesting that they remain in those environments long enough to reflect local salinity conditions. Overall, our results suggest that blue crabs are likely using all locally available resources and remain in certain sites, even when preferred animal preys are scarce and low-quality items are the main dietary option.

Remodeling of Cardiac Gap Junctional Cell-Cell Coupling.

The heart works as a functional syncytium, which is realized via cell-cell coupling maintained by gap junction channels. These channels connect two adjacent cells, so that action potentials can be transferred. Each cell contributes a hexameric hemichannel (=connexon), formed by protein subuntis named connexins. These hemichannels dock to each other and form the gap junction channel. This channel works as a low ohmic resistor also allowing the passage of small molecules up to 1000 Dalton. Connexins are a protein family comprising of 21 isoforms in humans. In the heart, the main isoforms are Cx43 (the 43 kDa connexin; ubiquitous), Cx40 (mostly in atrium and specific conduction system), and Cx45 (in early developmental states, in the conduction system, and between fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes). These gap junction channels are mainly located at the polar region of the cardiomyocytes and thus contribute to the anisotropic pattern of cardiac electrical conductivity. While in the beginning the cell–cell coupling was considered to be static, similar to an anatomically defined structure, we have learned in the past decades that gap junctions are also subject to cardiac remodeling processes in cardiac disease such as atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, or cardiomyopathy. The underlying remodeling processes include the modulation of connexin expression by e.g., angiotensin, endothelin, or catecholamines, as well as the modulation of the localization of the gap junctions e.g., by the direction and strength of local mechanical forces. A reduction in connexin expression can result in a reduced conduction velocity. The alteration of gap junction localization has been shown to result in altered pathways of conduction and altered anisotropy. In particular, it can produce or contribute to non-uniformity of anisotropy, and thereby can pre-form an arrhythmogenic substrate. Interestingly, these remodeling processes seem to be susceptible to certain pharmacological treatment.

Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Dispersion Force in Water Adsorption and Epoxy Adhesion to Boron Nitride: From the Flat to the Curved.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a material with excellent thermal conductivity and electrical insulation, used as an additive to various matrices. To increase the affinity of h-BN to them, hydrogen bonds should be formed at the interface. In reality, however, they are not formed; the N atoms are not capable of accepting hydrogen bonds due to the delocalization of their lone pair electrons over the B-N π bonds. To make it form hydrogen bonds, one may need to break the planarity of h-BN so that the orbital overlap in the B-N π bonds can be reduced. This idea is verified with first-principles calculations on the adsorption of a water molecule on hypothetical h-BN surfaces, the planarity of which is broken. One can do it in silico but not in vitro. BN nanotubes (BNNTs) are considered as a more realistic BN surface with nonplanarity. The hydrogen bond is shown to become stronger as the curvature of the tube increases. On the contrary, the strength of the dispersion force acting at the interface becomes weaker. In water adsorption, these two interactions are in competition with each other. However, in epoxy adhesion, the interaction due to dispersion forces is overwhelmingly stronger than that due to hydrogen bonding. The smaller the curvature of the surface, the smaller the distance between more atoms at the interface; thus, the interaction due to dispersion forces maximized.

Discriminating the Interaction Anisotropy in Polymorphs Using Powder Brillouin Light Scattering

Drug product performance is polymorph specific, and it is imperative that solid phase stability be monitored throughout the manufacturing process to ensure final product quality and performance. PXRD remains the gold standard for polymorph identification, but due to a growing interest in continuous manufacturing, a need has emerged for alternative process analytical technologies (PATs) that can provide fast, reliable, and non-destructive polymorph discrimination amenable to in situ process monitoring. Herein we demonstrate an original application of powder Brillouin light scattering (p-BLS) for the discrimination of polymorphic molecular solids. We hypothesize that the anisotropic sound velocities directly reflect the strength and orientation of the intermolecular forces in molecular solids. Redistributing these forces upon polymorphic conversion should thus clearly be reflected in the sound frequency distributions obtained by p-BLS. To test this hypothesis, three model compounds - resorcinol, sulfamerazine and furosemide - were selected. Distinct, polymorph-specific, acoustic frequency distributions were observed, and these p-BLS spectra were interpreted using a hydrogen-bond analysis and energy frameworks calculated from CrystalExplorer. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that the sound frequencies measured in p-BLS are sensitive to the interaction forces in molecular solids, and p-BLS is a novel optical technique capable of reliably discriminating polymorphs. Extending this study further, we fully expect that many pharmaceutically relevant processes – e.g., hydrate formation, co-crystallization, or amorphous instability – could potentially be monitored using p-BLS.

Conceptual Development of the Survival Vehicle: A Mechanism to Promote Resilience and Productivity of Relief Forces in Iran

INTRODUCTION: The major events occurring in recent decades have demonstrated that human societies are constantly affected by disasters which have always posed a threat to people's lives and properties. The present study aimed to introduce and expand the concept and capacities of "the survival vehicle" in Iran. This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. METHODS: This descriptive case study was conducted based on an applied research design. The library research method was used to develop theoretical backgrounds, and to collect information, the field method was employed with observation and researcher's information. FINDINGS: Considering that rescue forces have to be present at the scene of the disaster for consecutive days and weeks, they are directly exposed to threats, injuries, shortages, and problems as affected people are. Therefore, rescue experts and the Rapid Reaction Team of the Red Crescent Society of Kurdistan Province embarked on designing and using a vehicle called "Survival vehicle" taking into account the priorities in the affected area. This vehicle maintains the strength and motivation of relief forces by meeting their basic needs. Moreover, it increases the productivity of the relief forces and facilitates disaster management by strengthening the resilience of relief workers. CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the results of the present study, the use of the survival vehicle brings about numerous positive advantages for the members of the Red Crescent rapid response team, as well as relief and operational teams, at the time of crises.

Velocimetry in rapidly rotating convection: Spatial correlations, flow structures and length scales (a) (a)Contribution to the Focus Issue Turbulent Thermal Convection edited by Mahendra Verma and Jörg Schumacher.

Rotating Rayleigh-Bénard convection is an oft-employed model system to evaluate the interplay of buoyant forcing and Coriolis forces due to rotation, an eminently relevant interaction of dynamical effects found in many geophysical and astrophysical flows. These flows display extreme values of the governing parameters: large Rayleigh numbers Ra, quantifying the strength of thermal forcing, and small Ekman numbers E, a parameter inversely proportional to the rotation rate. This leads to the dominant geostrophic balance of forces in the flow between pressure gradient and Coriolis force. The so-called geostrophic regime of rotating convection is difficult to study with laboratory experiments and numerical simulations given the requirements to attain simultaneously large Ra values and small values of E. Here, we use flow measurements using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry in a large-scale rotating convection apparatus in a horizontal plane at mid-height to study the rich flow phenomenology of the geostrophic regime of rotating convection. We quantify the horizontal length scales of the flow using spatial correlations of vertical velocity and vertical vorticity, reproducing features of the convective Taylor columns and plumes flow states both part of the geostrophic regime. Additionally, we find in this horizontal plane an organisation into a quadrupolar vortex at higher Rayleigh numbers starting from the plumes state.

Mechanical Analysis and Application of Multi-packer Tubing String in Layered Water Injection in Dagang Oilfield

In Zaoyuan Oilfield and Wangguantun Oilfield of Dagang Oilfield Company, the wells feature large depth, high temperature, high water injection pressure, serious corrosion and scaling and complex wellbore conditions. The existing mechanical analysis software for tubing string in layered water injection is only capable of analyzing the axial force and axial deformation and checking the safety of strength under the lowering and lifting working conditions. Therefore, a mechanical analysis method for the multi-packer tubing string has been derived by comprehensively considering the constraint and impact of anchor tools and packers on tubing string deformation, the well deviation and orientation, the statical indeterminacy of the multi-packer tubing string as well as the impact of injected water temperature and expansion effect by injection pressure. The method is capable of analysis on the axial force, deformation and stress strength of each string segment of the layered water injection tubing string with two or more packers, and helps improve the accuracy of mechanical analysis of tubing string under different well conditions and working conditions. Case analysis shows that the analysis results can be used to guide the design of tubing string for layered water injection as well as to guide the research and development of auxiliary downhole tools such as layered water injection packers and anchor tools.

Study on drag reduction mechanism of liquid-infused surface based on LBM

Objectives In recent years, liquid-infused surface(LIS) as a new proposed surface of drag reduction changing the residual air conserved by the microgrooves of the traditional superhydrophobic surface into lubricant could extremely improve the stability of the drag reduction level. To fully understand the drag reduction regularity of LIS, we mainly study solubility's influence of lubricant on drag reduction. Methods Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method we simulated this conserving lubricant microstructure with microflow and studied the mechanism of lubricant's dissolved density and shear velocity's influence on slip length. Results This liquid-infused surface resulted slip phenomenon. There existed a linear relationship between slip length and cohesion force strength among components when lubricant was completely dissolved or hard to dissolve. Conclusions With larger cohesion force strength among components, lubricant can result more promising drag reduction when lubricant is hard to dissolve. And the shear velocity has little influence on slip length. This property of lubricant is similar to traditional superhydrophobic surface.

Crashworthiness unit cell design investigation for energy absorption analysis

Generally, developing crashworthy components necessitates the use of a specific structural design that facilitates efficient crushing deformation to absorb accident impact energy. The modern techniques for reducing the intensity of the impact are formed from techniques of recent advancement. The metallic foam and honeycomb structures are both capable of absorbing a significant amount of specific energy. Both structural arrangements, however, have inherent limitations: honeycomb structures are unidirectional, while metallic foam structures have extremely random 3D cell configurations.While additive manufacturing has given rise to the creation of complex geometry that aids in the production of crash-worthy components, such as lattice structures, it has also pioneered the way for the development of parts with even more complex geometries. Lattice systems are intended to absorb crash energy while allowing for both three-dimensional and normal structural configurations. Since lattice systems have a high potential for use in crash effect structures, they can be extremely useful in energy management of crash effect structures.Based on the literature, an attempt has been made to develop a new form of unit cells since they are the most significant feature of the lattice structure in terms of energy absorption. Nine distinct types of unit cells are developed and analyzed. The planned unit cells are loaded in a single direction. The study determined the energy-absorbing characteristics of nine different types of unit cells, including deformation, peak force, energy absorption, and crash force strength. The maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) was calculated for nine different unit cell configurations using the software “ANSYS/EXPLICIT.” The “Type-6” unit cell is discovered to be well suited for crashworthy components.

Comparison of the strength of various disposable videolaryngoscope blades.

Breaking of disposable blades during emergency endotracheal intubation has been reported. Breakage can cause serious injury and foreign body ingestion. We aimed to measure and analyze the strength characteristics of different disposable videolaryngoscope blades with the application of an upward-lifting force. We measured the strength of four disposable videolaryngoscope blades (C-Mac® S Video laryngoscope MAC #3, Glidescope GVL® 3 stat, Pentax AWS® PBlade TL type, and King Vision® aBlade #3) using the fracture test. The strength of 12 samples of each type of disposable videolaryngoscope blade was measured using an Instron 5,966 tensile tester by applying an upward-lifting force. After the fracture test using C-Mac, Glidescope GVL, Pentax AWS, and King Vision, the number of deformed blades were 0, 12, 3, and 7, respectively, and the number of broken blades were 12, 0, 9, and 5, respectively. The mean (standard deviation) maximum force strengths of Pentax AWS, C-Mac, King Vision, and Glidescope GVL blades were 408.4 (27.4) N, 325.8 (26.5) N, 291.8 (39.3) N, and 262.7 (3.8) N, respectively (P < 0.001). Clinicians should be aware of the varied strength characteristics of the four types of disposable videolaryngoscope blades when they are used in endotracheal intubation.

Cyclic behavior of superelastic SMA cable and its application in an innovative self-centering BRB

This paper presents an innovative self-centering buckling-restrained brace (SC-BRB) composed of a shape memory alloy (SMA) cables based self-centering system and an all-steel BRB. This study commences with cyclic tests on individual SMA cable to understand the influence of annealing schemes and pre-tension procedures on their fundamental mechanical properties, such as strength, stiffness, self-centering capability, energy dissipation, as well as their degradation of the properties during cyclic loading. Based on the test results, the desired annealing scheme and training procedure for the SMA cables in the proposed SC-BRB were presented. The configuration and working principle of the proposed SMA-cables-based SC-BRB were subsequently described, followed by theoretical studies on hysteretic models of the proposed brace. Numerical simulations and parametric studies were carried out to investigate the mechanical performance of the proposed SC-BRB. The results show that the investigated SMA cable can reasonably scale up the satisfactory properties of the SMA wire. The initial elastic stiffness and the ‘residual’ self-centering force strength of the SMA cables, which are essential for the proposed SC-BRB application, can be greatly enhanced by inflicting certain pre-stress. The initial strain and area ratio of the pre-tensioned SMA cables are suggested to be designed as about 2.5% and in the range of 60%–71.4%, respectively, to achieve appropriate energy dissipation, residual deformation, and material cost of the proposed SC-BRB.

Longitudinal Assessment of Strength, Functional Capacity, Oropharyngeal Function, and Quality of Life in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy.

Background and ObjectivesOculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset, progressive muscle disease. Disease progression is known to be slow, but details on the natural history remain unknown. We aimed to examine the natural history of OPMD in a large nationwide cohort to determine clinical outcome measures that capture disease progression and can be used in future clinical trials.MethodsPatients invited by their treating physicians or identified from the national neuromuscular database and invited family members were examined twice 20 months apart with fixed dynamometry; Medical Research Council (MRC) grading; maximum bite force and isometric tongue strength; Motor Function Measure (MFM); 10-step stair test; maximum swallowing, chewing, and speech tasks; and quality of life assessments.ResultsDisease progression was captured by 8 of 18 measures over 20 months in 43 patients with genetically confirmed OPMD. The largest deterioration was seen in deltoid muscle strength (−27% [range −17% to −37%]), followed by the quadriceps (−14% [range −6 to −23%]), iliopsoas (−12.2%), tongue (−9.9%), and MRC sum score (−2.5%). The 10-step stair test (−12.5%), MFM part D1 (−7.1%), and maximum repetition rate of /pa/ (−5.3%) showed a significant decrease as well (all p < 0.05). The Physical Functioning domain of the Short Form-36 Health Survey significantly deteriorated (p = 0.044). No relationship was found between disease progression and genotype or disease duration (p > 0.05).DiscussionDespite the slow disease progression of OPMD, this study showed that several outcome measures detected progression within 20 months. Deltoid muscle strength, measured by fixed dynamometry, showed the greatest decline. These longitudinal data provide clinical outcome measures that can be used as biomarkers in future clinical trials.

Relationship between the contact force strength and numerical inaccuracies in piecewise-smooth systems

This work studies the different types of behavior and inaccuracies that can occur when contact is not adequately accounted for in a dynamical system with freeplay, as the strength of the contact stiffness increases. The MATLAB® ode45 time integration solver, with the built-in Event Location capability, is first validated using past experimental data from a forced Duffing oscillator with freeplay. Next, numerical results utilizing event location are compared to results neglecting event location in order to highlight possible numerical errors and effects on multistable dynamical responses. Inaccuracies tend to occur in two different ways. First, neglecting event location can affect the boundaries between basins of attraction. Second, neglecting event location has little effect on the behaviors of the attractor solutions themselves besides merely resembling poorly converged solutions. Errors are less pronounced at the limits of soft or hard contact stiffness. This study shows the importance of accurately solving piecewise-smooth systems and the existing correlation between the strength of the contact force and possible numerical inaccuracies.

Deep Excavation Risk Assessment and the Effect of Soil Deformations on Stability of Surrounding Structures.

Construction is crucial to a country's overall economic growth, particularly in developing countries, in the current era of globalization. If construction operations are not carried out strictly according to a local or national building code, they might result in large-scale failures endangering human lives, personnel property, and the economic balance. It is vital to handle the construction process's risk elements. The self-weight of soil and surcharge loading behind the retaining line is the driving force and shear strength of soil is the resisting force as a result, deep excavations invariably cause lateral and vertical ground deformations. As a result of the produced ground deformations, nearby structures and services become kinetically loaded. Risks associated with ground movement cannot be calculated solely using mathematical predicting models and engineering simulations as it needs to address the uncertainty of soil properties, Geo-materials, ground constitutive nature, building stage modeling, three-dimensional impacts of deep excavations, time-dependent natures of ground deformations, and the critical necessity to include human variables such as craftsmanship into prediction models are all important considerations. This article presents a review of the most effective methods for evaluating hazards related to deep excavation and current mitigating techniques. If nonlinear behavior is detected, Finite Element Analysis utilized to do numerical modeling to forecast the behavior of the diaphragm support mechanism and its interaction with the soil mass is presented. Theoretical approaches to enhancing the safety of deep foundation excavation are examined in the context of a hospital building in Khartoum state and a residential district project in southern Jianxi province.