Force Schemas Research Articles

The Notion of Image Schemas in Kurdish Proverbs

This study examines the notion of image schemas in selected Kurdish proverbs. As used in Cognitive Semantics, image schemas refer to conceptual structures that represent recurring patterns in our experience of the physical and psychological world. They are abstract concepts consisting of patterns emerging from repeated instances of embodied experience. Examples of image schemas include CONTAINER, PATH, FORCE, SCALE and CYCLE schemas. Applied to Kurdish proverbs, it is argued that image schemas serve as the basis for organizing knowledge and reasoning about the world. They are derived from concrete physical experiences that are projected onto abstract concepts. The aim of the study then is to show how image schemas provide the basis for richly detailed lexical concepts. One interesting finding is that image schemas arise directly from sensory and perceptual experience. They are functions of Kurdish speakers’ everyday interaction with and observation of the world around them.

Cognitive Semantic Analysis of the Verb, ‘Tuur’ in TIV

This study presents a cognitive semantic analysis of the verb tuur ‘push’ in the Tiv language. As a contribution to the ongoing research on indigenous language verbs in cognitive linguistics generally and cognitive semantics in particular, the study uses the cognitive semantics approach to examine the Tiv language verb tuur, ‘push’ beyond the structure of the verb and `into the psychological and abstract semantics of the verb. The central objective of this study is to initiate a cognitive semantic study of Tiv verbs. The theoretical framework adopted for the analysis of the meanings of the verb is cognitive semantics. In an attempt to study the semantics of the verb ‘tuur’ we examine the role three image schemas (namely containment, path and force schemas) play in conceptual interaction with tuur, especially about metaphor (Lehrer and Feder, 1992). The findings show that the experience we have as we go through the maturing stage of life, as interaction takes place in society motivates basic conceptual structure which makes understanding and language possible. The study reveals that the verb falls into three image schemas follows the CONTAINMENT, the PATH and the FORCE (Jackendoff, 1990). The study also reveals that ‘tuur’ is not semantically empty. Our analysis also discloses that the image schemas of ‘tuur’ are conceptual constructs which can be metaphorically extended from physical to psychological and concrete to abstract domains. Further research requiring a broader database is recommended herewith to ascertain other possible schemas and metaphorical meaning extensions of the verb.

REPRESENTATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN EKEGUSII PROVERBIAL METAPHORS: AN IMAGE SCHEMATIC ACCOUNT

Proverbial metaphors are useful resources for communicating known truths about life in a given community. Most African proverbial metaphors, however, make reference to customs and situations that might be unfamiliar to some language users especially young people. On the basis of this background, this study employed image schemas to interpret Ekegusii proverbial metaphors that allude to young people. The research was anchored within descriptive research design. Primary data was collected from four Ekegusii respondents of an advanced age of at least seventy years old through an interview schedule. The collected data were then subjected to the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU) in which four annotators were used to identify Ekegusii proverbial metaphors. Seven Ekegusii proverbial metaphors that refer to young people were identified through MIPVU. The identified proverbial metaphors were then subjected to the FORCE and CONTAINER schemas and their subsidiary schemas for analysis. The paper reveals that there are norms and customs regarding young people that are conveyed through Ekegusii proverbial metaphors. In addition, image schemas are fundamental in explaining the role, place, and cultural expectations of young men and women in Gusii. The study concludes that proverbial metaphors are useful tools of communication, and should be interpreted using Cognitive Linguistics paradigm.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0009/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Unraveling the force dynamics in conceptual metaphors of COVID-19: a multilevel analysis

AbstractSo far, cognitive linguistics studies on COVID-19 have focused mainly on conceptual metaphors, paying scant attention to other construal operations such as force dynamics (FD). Adopting Kövecses’s (2020, Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio) hybrid account of conceptual metaphor and FD, this study attempts to outline an enriched cognitive view of the figurative conceptualization of illness. It also aims to answer the question: Can FD and conceptual metaphors be merged in illness metaphors, particularly corona-related ones? Research in cognitive linguistics has focused on certain source domains, such as war, fire, natural force, and wild animal, through which COVID-19 is conceptualized metaphorically. Since these metaphors feature the exchange of forces and actions, a more detailed account of these two construals could be fruitful, especially the potential force schema which underlies the detected source domains. Using an amalgamated model of conceptual metaphor theory and FD, significant associations were identified between two force-exerting elements, namely Agonist and Antagonist. These findings raise important theoretical issues that have a bearing on clarifying the correlation between illness metaphors and Talmy’s force-dynamic theory to cast some light on the complex metaphorical expressions embracing the subject under scrutiny.

Conceptual Metaphor in Kahitna’s Song Lyrics

Every song has lyrics and every lyric undeniably contains one or two messages or ideas that a songwriter wants to express. That being said, songwriters usually use conceptual metaphors to make their songs aesthetically audible and emotionally evoking to the heart of the listeners when they hear the song or when they understand of what was written in the lyrics. Unlike the previous research that merely focused on the types of conceptual metaphors but failed to analyze the image schemas of the metaphors, this research aims at finding and describing how conceptual metaphors as well as the image schemas of the metaphors are used in Kahitna’s song lyrics. The data were analysed on the basis of Conceptual Metaphor Theory from Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) and Kovecses’s (2010) and also Saeed’s Image Schema (2016). The research shows that there are nine conceptual metaphors found in Kahitna’s song lyrics: “Passion of Love is Sea,” “Love Story is Journey,” “Difficulty in Relationship is Journey,” “Goal of the Lovers is Journey,” “Deepest Heart is Sea,” “Heart is Container,” “Love is Container,” “Love is Concrete Object,” and “Longing is Waves.” In addition, Containment schema, Path Schema, and Force Schema are also found in this research.

The container and force schemas in political discourse

Abstract The paper focuses on metaphors based on the image schemas of container and force that were employed by U.S. President Barack Obama in the campaign against ISIL (The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). Systematic metaphors based on the schemas of container and force illustrate the strategy of the international alliance against ISIL’s activity. The strategy included the isolation of the organization, the restriction of the flow of foreign fighters and financial resources to the area controlled by ISIL as well as planning military operations designed to weaken the influence of the organization. The analysis has been conducted on the corpus of political speeches delivered by the speaker in the period from June 2014 to September 2016. Theoretical framework that is employed in the analysis of primary data is grounded in Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) which explores ideological aspects of discourse.

The use of the PATH and FORCE image schemas in Barack Obama’s counterterrorism discourse against ISIL

ABSTRACT The paper focuses on metaphorical representation of military activities of the US-led international coalition and of ISIL which are construed on the basis of systematic metaphors drawn from the combination of the PATH and FORCE image schemas. The corpus for the analysis consists of 30 political speeches delivered by American president Barack Obama in the period from 2014 to 2016 in which the speaker outlined the actions and military strategies against ISIL. Methodological procedure for the identification of systematic metaphors in the President’s discourse followed the steps specified within Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) proposed by Pragglejaz Group [2007. MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752]. The results from the analysis indicate that systematic metaphors drawn from the combination of the PATH and FORCE schemas were employed as a means for the manifestation of progress in the campaign against the organization and they presented power and intentions of both sides involved in the conflict in the area of the Middle East.

IMAGE-SCHEMATIC STRUCTURING OF REALITY IN POLITICAL SPEECHES ON THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK

The paper is concerned with analysis of Donald Trump and Angela Merkel’s speeches to their respective nations on the occasion of the COVID-19 outbreak. Within the integrated cognitive-critical approach to discourse analysis framework the paper focuses on the interplay between the cognitive mechanisms and discursive structures that make up meanings in a genre of political discourse. Assuming that specific actions and measures are to be communicated so as to deal with the threat presented by the coronavirus, analysis of the cognitive dimension of language use focuses on the underlying force (linguistically articulated by way of modal verbs) and containment image schemas considered as indicative of the ways the speakers conceive of the power vested in them. The political dimension analysis focuses on pronominal forms as discourse structures establishing relationships with addressees. The results point to D. Trump’s self-representation of the protector of nation unlike A. Merkel’s encouragement of solidarity empowered by knowledge-based joint actions and behaviour. 
 
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Conceptual Metaphor of Anger Emotion in Grunge Musician’s Song Lyrics

This journal is entitled “Conceptual Metaphor of Anger Emotion in Grunge Musician’s Song Lyrics”. The objective of this study is to analyze and describe conceptual metaphors of anger emotion that Grunge Musicians used in their song lyrics and to analyze and describe the image schema formed in conceptual metaphor of anger emotion. The data are taken from the lyrics of grunge musicians based on the Rolling stones magazine about the best grunge musicians all the time. The research uses a qualitative method since the data collected are in the form of words rather than numbers and it is conducted based on the conceptual metaphor theory and emotion concept theory from cognitive semantics study. The result of this research shows that the conceptual metaphor of anger emotion mostly used by grunge musicians are ANGER IS FIRE, ANGER IS AN OPPENENT IN A STRUGGLE, ANGER IS A NATURAL FORCE, and ANGER IS A HOT FLUID IN CONTAINER. The image schema that found in conceptual metaphor of anger emotion is FORCE SCHEMA and CONTAINMENT SCHEMA.

SHOWING AND ANALYZING OF THE IMAGE SCHEMAS ( KURDISH READING AND GRAMMAR BOOK OF SIXTH GRADE OF BASIC SCHOOL ) AS A SAMPLE

The aim of this research is to show and analyze the image schemas in Kurdish reading and grammar book of sixth grade of basic school as an example in cognitive linguistics context. The Image schema is a main theme of Philosophy, Psychology, and linguistics in cognitive linguistics. The image schema has its own significance; therefore, image schemas as a process of thoughts and language can show the basic concepts and initial complexities in an organized way. So, this topic has its own significance in educational and learning fields especially in the fields which are related to language and thoughts. This research tries to get the Image schemas of containment schemas, path schemas, force schemas of johnson, such as basic schemas in Kurdish reading and grammar book of sixth grade of basic school.

The Force Scheme in Javanese Emotion Metaphors

People with their creativity can use language for different purposes with different attitudes. They use metaphors in daily communication. In this paper, the writer tried to analyze them from force schemas to show the cognitive patterns of the users’ mind. . This paper aims at discussing the use of force schema in Javanese EMOTION metaphor. To collect the data, the writer used non-participant observation supported by note-taking technique. To choose the samples, the writers used purposive sampling technique. This means that the writers only took the metaphorical expressions containing a concept of emotion especially force schema conceptualization. To analyze the data, the writers used referential identity method. The writers used the method to uncover the meaning and the attitude of the speakers in using the expressions. The writer found that force schema used in Javanese EMOTION metaphors are compulsion, enablement, diversion, and restraint-removing force schemas. The writer also found that Javanese people have active and inactive responses when they get emotion. This finding may add more studies on metaphors.

Gestures as image schemas and force gestalts: A dynamic systems approach augmented with motion-capture data analyses

AbstractEmbodied image schemas are central to experientialist accounts of meaning-making. Research from several disciplines has evidenced their pervasiveness in motivating form and meaning in both literal and figurative expressions across diverse semiotic systems and art forms (e.g., Gibbs and Colston; Hampe; Johnson; Lakoff; and Mandler). This paper aims to highlight structural similarities between, on the one hand, dynamic image schemas and force schemas and, on the other, hand shapes and gestural movements. Such flexible correspondences between conceptual and gestural schematicity are assumed to partly stem from experiential bases shared by incrementally internalized conceptual structures and the repeated gestural (re-) enacting of bodily actions as well as more abstractsemantic primitives(Lakoff). Gestures typically consist of evanescent, metonymically reduced hand configurations, motion onsets, or movement traces that minimally suggest, for instance, a PATH, the idea of CONTAINMENT, an IN-OUT spatial relation, or the momentary loss of emotional BALANCE. So, while physical in nature, gestures often emerge as rather schematic gestalts that, as such, have the capacity to vividly convey essential semantic and pragmatic aspects of high relevance to the speaker. It is further argued that gesturally instantiated image schemas and force dynamics are inherently meaningful structures that typically underlie more complex semantic and pragmatic processes involving, for instance, metonymy, metaphor, and frames. First, I discuss previous work on how image schemas, force gestalts, and mimetic schemas may underpin hand gestures and body postures. Drawing on Gibbs’ dynamic systems account of image schemas, I then introduce an array of tendencies in gestural image schema enactments:body-inherent/self-oriented(body as image-schematic structure; forces acting upon the body);environment-oriented(material culture including spatial structures), andinterlocutor-oriented(intersubjective understanding). Adopting a dynamic systems perspective (e.g.,Thompson and Varela) thus puts the focus on how image schemas and force gestalts that operate in gesture may function as cognitive-semiotic organizing principles that underpin a) the physical and cognitive self-regulation of speakers; b) how they interact with the (virtual) environment while talking; and c) intersubjective instances of resonance and understanding between interlocutors or between an artwork and its beholder. Examples of these patterns are enriched by video and motion-capture data, showing how numeric kinetic data allow one to measure the temporal and spatial dimensions of gestural articulations and to visualize movement traces.

Combining Metaphors: From Metaphoric Amalgams to Binary Systems

Metaphoric amalgams consist in the integration of two or more metaphors resulting in a unified conceptual package. They have been distinguished from the sequencing or chaining of metaphors without incorporation of the structure of one into another. Such amalgams have been categorized into single-source and double-source. In the former, one of the metaphors becomes part of the source–target structure of another metaphor; in the latter, two metaphors map their source domains onto the same target domain. On the basis of a multisource corpus, the present article revises previous work on these categories, thus solving some analytical problems. This has also resulted in the addition of new analytical categories. This is the case of what I propose to term binary metaphoric amalgams. For example, the sentence ‘The sign warned us against skating on the pond’ combines two metaphors by integrating them into a force-dynamic schematic configuration: A PERSON’S WILL IS A FORCE and REGULATIONS ARE COUNTERFORCES, which are based on the AGONIST/ANTAGONIST force schema. Here, the integration is based on co-dependency: two metaphors complement each other and act at the same level within an image-schematic complex.

A study of embodiment of force schema: focusing on the hand gestures of participants in the TV debate program

A study of embodiment of force schema: focusing on the hand gestures of participants in the TV debate program

The Study of Image Schemas in Hafez Poems: Cognitive Perspective

This article analyzes image schemas in Hafez sonnets. After studying the sonnets, some verses chosen selectively then, analyzed descriptively and analytically, based on some image schemas mentioned by Johnson ( 1987). Image schemas are conceptual structures derived from physical experiences, cultural background and ideology of a nation. All human beings based on their unique characteristics have access to a universal collection of image schemas, such as containment, path and force schemas. But, culturally image schemas are represented differently in languages. This fact considered by Lakoff in forming conceptual metaphors and cultural differences in Metaphors We Live By. Obviously, poem is rhymed words and suitable to image conceptual structures such as metaphors and image schemas. It is essential to mention that conceptual structures mentioned are not just used in poetry but, in everyday language as well. Here‚ some sonnets by Hafez are analyzed as the corpus of this article.

How Semantics is Embodied through Visual Representation: Image Schemas in the Art of Chinese Calligraphy

<p>This study aims to investigate abstract reasoning and embodied cognition through the analysis of image schemas and conceptual metaphors in the interplay of art and language. Chinese calligraphy is noteworthy due to its unique embodied characteristics and image-schematic representations of visual art and language. The art of Chinese calligraphy not only represents the visual forms of Chinese characters but also conveys meanings, emotion, and style, demonstrating the aesthetics of language and art. By analyzing image schemas and metaphors in classical works of art, this paper shows how semantics is conceptualized and embodied through visual representation of Chinese calligraphy. In this study, we examine how semantics is visualized within the topological structure of cognitive mechanisms of a CONTAINER schema, the crucial image schema that structures the conceptualization of spatial relation concepts. This paper proposes that the CONTAINER schema, the BALANCE schema, the FORCE schema, as well as the metaphors SIGNIFICANCE IS SIZE and MIND IS A BODY, which may motivate the calligrapher’s creative process, underlie the art of Chinese calligraphy.</p>

Cognitive study of schema in two poems by “Sohrab Sepehri”

The present study aims at analyzing cognitive schemas in two long poems. Path schema, containment schema, and force schema were frequent in the text. It is understood that some linguistic forms are connected with some schemas; some special prepositions with containment schemas, verbs (or nouns derived from them) containing the concept of motion with path schemas, and verbs (or nouns derived from such verbs) containing the concept of power accompanied by two nouns with force schemas. There are probably no relations between the theme of the text and path and containment schemas, but such a relation can be found between the theme and force schema.

No Wellness Feels Better than This Sickness: Love Metaphors from a Cross-Cultural Perspective

This paper investigates love metaphors from the cross-cultural perspective of two typologically unrelated languages—English and Turkish. It categorizes Turkish love metaphors following the conceptual models proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999) and Kövecses (1988, 2000). Turkish data provide added support to the claims of conceptual metaphor theory that force and path image schemas are universal, but not always uniform as observed specifically in culturally different realizations of LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor in English and Turkish. This study also identifies specific level abstract source domains in Turkish, which do not appear in the English data: “PAIN/SUFFERING,” “INEFFABILITY,” and “DEADLY FORCE.” The sociocultural motivation for these domains is illustrated with reference to medieval Anatolian Sufi philosophy and traditions.

Subsidiarity relationships between image-schemas : an approach to the force schema

In this paper, we investigate the nature of the FORCE image-schema as subsidiary to the PATH schema. On the basis that not all image-schemas can be ranked on a par (see Pauwels and Simon-Vandenbergen 1993 and Peña 1998) we establish three different types of subsidiarity relationships between image-schemas. We further observe that the FORCE image-schema plays a prominent role in the conceptualization of metaphors for emotions in English. Additionally, the seemingly chaotic and abstract domain of emotions will be shown to be endowed with coherence and structure.