Force For Movement Research Articles

Ultrasound assessment of muscle mass and correlation with clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study

PurposeMuscular atrophy implies structural and functional alterations related to muscular force production and movement. This condition has been reported to be the main reason for generalized muscle weakness; it reflects the severity of the disease and can have a profound impact on short- and long-term clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether muscle atrophy ultrasound parameters early predict muscle weakness, morbidity, or 28-days mortality.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational single center cohort study. Ultrasound was used to determine the cross-sectional area and muscle thickness of the rectus femoris on the first and third day of ICU stay. The main outcome was the incidence of significant muscle atrophy (≥ 10%).ResultsUltrasound measurements were made in 31 patients, 58% (18/31) of which showed significant muscle atrophy. The relative loss of muscle mass per day was 1.78 at 5% per day. The presence of muscle atrophy presents increased risk for limb muscle weakness and handgrip weakness. The 28-days mortality rate was similar in both subgroups.ConclusionThe presence of muscle atrophy presents an increased clinical risk for the development of limb ICUAW and handgrip, although these observations were not statistically significant. The results could be used to plan future studies on this topic.

Improved real‐time force control for applying axial force to axially stiff members

AbstractOne of the challenges in real‐time dynamic testing is effectively controlling axial forces for axially stiff members such as columns, walls, and base isolators. Axial force has a significant influence on structural strength and post‐yield behavior, thereby maintaining proper axial force boundary conditions is crucial for accurate seismic performance evaluation. To overcome this challenge, a displacement‐based force control method using the adaptive time series compensator (D‐ATS) was developed in the existing study, but this method requires additional sensors such as displacement transducers and accelerometers to ensure the accuracy of force control. In this study, a new real‐time force control method is introduced, which eliminates the need for additional sensors beyond the default sensors available in a typical servo‐hydraulic actuator. Newly developed modules are also provided, which can satisfactorily estimate the velocity and force change rate of actuator, while effectively mitigating oil‐column resonance. Experimental validation is conducted using lead rubber bearings (LRBs) subjected to axial force and lateral movements. The results demonstrate the exceptional performance of the new force control method, offering a convenient and cost‐effective approach for applying axial forces in real‐time dynamic testing.

Prediction and classification of sEMG-based pinch force between different fingers

The movement of intelligent EMG-driven prosthesis mainly relies on the synergy of different fingers to achieve function of grasping objects. The paper proposes a novel scheme for force prediction and movement classification about pinch between different fingers based on surface electromyography (sEMG) using machine learning. The pinch force and sEMG signals are recorded synchronously by a data acquisition device. Eight features are extracted, which are proven to have better performance in the estimation of sEMG-to-force. We present a novel feature selection method that uses the one-dimensional time series similarity assessment based on Manhattan distance to eliminate the repetitive information between features. Three optimal features carrying less repetitive information are retained. Seven machine learning algorithms are used to predict force strength. The results show that the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) has the best performance of force prediction, achieving a R2 of 0.9517 and RMSE of 3.2723. The paper proposes a novel method of converting EMG feature sequences to the normalized gray image in order to classify the finger movement. Five classifiers based on image feature extraction and the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are developed respectively. The experimental results indicate that the CNN performs best, achieving an accuracy of 97.66%. In this way, it not only realizes the accurate force prediction, but also realizes the movement classification between different fingers. The proposed methodology has the potential to realize simultaneous force and movement control of prosthetic hand.

Sex differences regarding the effects of arm swing on ground reaction force and trunk movements between track and field athletes

The purpose of this study was to clarify the sex difference in the effects of arm swing movements of track and field athletes on ground reaction force and trunk movement. Seven male and nine female athletes belonging to a university track and field team were asked to perform arm swings for 10 seconds each under three different conditions (longitudinal, lateral, and original) while in the standing position. Three-dimensional coordinate data for each experimental trial was collected using an automatic optical motion analyser, and ground reaction forces were measured using a force plate. Under the longitudinal condition, the mean acceleration force was greater for males than for females (p < .05), and the operating range of trunk twist angle was significantly greater for females than for males (p < .05). However, under the original condition, there were no significant differences between the sexes in mean acceleration force, but there were significant differences in maximum twist angle and minimum and maximum shoulder abduction angles (p < .05). These results indicate that there are sex differences in trunk movement and ground reaction force depending on the direction of arm swing.

Ag seed layer effects on SnO2 thin films for triboelectric devices

Materials with triboelectric properties are critical to boosting the efficiency of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) by gathering power from waste force and mechanical movement. In this study, we explored tin-oxide (SnO2) thin films with silver (Ag) seed layer properties for friction surfaces at TENGs. Investigation of the triboelectric behavior of semi-conductor/polymer coupling structured TENGs formed by thin films with and without Ag seed layer after heat treatment was explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and semi-logarithmic current-voltage measurements. Similar structural characterization studies were carried out in indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate film (PET/ITO) for the polymer friction layer. Semiconductor/polymer coupling structured TENG efficiency was evaluated in contact-separation mode and the output voltage-current was enhanced to 80 V, 4 μA, and 210 μW of output power calculated by depositing a SnO2 thin film on an Ag seed layer, respectively. Our findings offer a different perspective for synthesizing the semi-conductor/polymer coupling structured TENGs for promising applications in a range of application technologies.

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Purpose: The purpose of the academic paper is to study the tendencies and practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the hotel and restaurant business in changing environmental conditions. Theoretical framework: Considering labor shortages in the hospitality industry and the necessity to attract employees after the pandemic, the EU hospitality and restaurant businesses have been changing their methods of managing the labor workforce. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology is based on a systematic approach to studying trends and the practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the context of the external environment’s challenges. Based on the Eurostat panel data for 2020, linear regression models of the dependence between turnovers, employment, and labor productivity in the field of hospitality in EU countries were constructed. Secondary data from interviews with owners of the largest EU hotel chains were used to identify methods of managing labor potential after the pandemic. Findings: The results demonstrate the existence of challenges toward the EU hotel and restaurant chains related to the labor shortage in the conditions of spreading the pandemic, the set of skills and low-skilled migrants. In order to solve the problems outlined, network managers hire and quickly train employees without work experience from various social categories (young people, students, specialists from other sectors, migrants, etc.). Moreover, hotels’ and restaurants’ managers offer employees housing, additional wages, social insurance, bonus payments in order to attract the workforce. Research, Practical & Social implications: The research demonstrates a positive change in the employees’ working conditions in the hospitality industry in the EU states due to the problem of their shortage, which arose with spreading the pandemic and the labor force movement to other economy sectors. Originality/value: The practical value of the research lies in the possibility of using the knowledge about the identified trends of managing labor potential in the EU hospitality industry by small and micro enterprises of the industry.

Application of Innovative Methods of Managing the Labor Potential in the Hotel and Restaurant Business Establishments

Purpose: The purpose of the academic paper is to study the tendencies and practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the hotel and restaurant business in changing environmental conditions.
 
 Theoretical framework: Considering labor shortages in the hospitality industry and the necessity to attract employees after the pandemic, the EU hospitality and restaurant businesses have been changing their methods of managing the labor workforce.
 
 Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology is based on a systematic approach to studying trends and the practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the context of the external environment’s challenges. Based on the Eurostat panel data for 2020, linear regression models of the dependence between turnovers, employment, and labor productivity in the field of hospitality in EU countries were constructed. Secondary data from interviews with owners of the largest EU hotel chains were used to identify methods of managing labor potential after the pandemic.
 
 Findings: The results demonstrate the existence of challenges toward the EU hotel and restaurant chains related to the labor shortage in the conditions of spreading the pandemic, the set of skills and low-skilled migrants. In order to solve the problems outlined, network managers hire and quickly train employees without work experience from various social categories (young people, students, specialists from other sectors, migrants, etc.). Moreover, hotels’ and restaurants’ managers offer employees housing, additional wages, social insurance, bonus payments in order to attract the workforce.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: The research demonstrates a positive change in the employees’ working conditions in the hospitality industry in the EU states due to the problem of their shortage, which arose with spreading the pandemic and the labor force movement to other economy sectors.
 
 Originality/value: The practical value of the research lies in the possibility of using the knowledge about the identified trends of managing labor potential in the EU hospitality industry by small and micro enterprises of the industry.

Dynamometric cutting tool

The aim was to develop, manufacture and test a technically simple dynamometer for monitoring the cutting process during boring and turning. An S20R-SSSCR09 right-hand cutter was selected as a research object. To register the cutting force and vibration movements of the cutter tip in tangential and radial directions, the cutter was equipped with four KF5P1-10-400-A-12 strain gauges mounted according to a half-bridge scheme. The bending stiffness of the cutter in two directions was measured by a DOU-3-01 compression dynamometer and a DDP-10A dial indicator. The cutter natural frequency was determined by a vibrogram of damped bending vibrations. The dynamometric boring tool was tested on a DMG NEF 400 turning machine by turning a workpiece made of 20X steel, 79 mm in diameter with a 200 mm extension, at a spindle rotational frequency of 600 r/min, a cutting depth of 0.8 mm and a longitudinal feed of 0.103 mm/turn. According to the conducted review of modern turning dynamometers and their designs, strain gauging of cutting tools is the simplest technical solution when carrying out boring procedures. The bending stiffness of the cutter in tangential and radial directions comprised 0.6 and 1.058 N/μm, respectively. The conversion coefficients for displacements in these directions were 3.5 and 4.2 μm/V, respectively. The mutual influence of registration of radial on tangential and tangential on radial displacements was 7.7% and 2.8%, respectively. The obtained vibrograms showed that the turning process under the given machining conditions is accompanied by distinct auto-oscillations of the cutter with a frequency of 561 Hz. Therefore, strain gauging of cutting tools provides information in the form of vibrograms about the two most important parameters of the cutting process dynamics – force and vibration displacements. The main advantages of the presented dynamometric cutting tool include its design simplicity, possibility of manufacturing in laboratory conditions, low cost and insensitivity to temperature and axial feed force variations.

Changes in physical performance according to job demands across three cohorts of older workers in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

This study set out to evaluate the association between job demands at baseline and physical performance over a six-year period across three cohorts of older Dutch workers examined 10 years apart. Data were drawn from three cohorts (1992–1999, 2002–2009 and 2012–2019) of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Individuals aged 55–65 years from each cohort who worked for pay were included (n = 274, n = 416, n = 618, respectively). Physical performance was measured using gait speed and chair stand performance. A population-based job exposure matrix was used to indicate levels of exposure probability of physical (use of force and repetitive movements) and psychosocial (cognitive demands and time pressure) job demands. We found that psychosocial job demands increased and physical demands decreased across the three cohorts. No between cohort differences were found for how job demands affected changes in physical performance over follow-up. For men, faster decline in gait speed was observed when comparing higher and lower use of force at baseline (β −0.012, 95% CI −0.021, −0.004). Greater use of force and repetitive movements were associated with faster decline in chair stand performance (β −0.012, 95% CI −0.020, −0.004 and β −0.009, 95% CI −0.017, −0.001, respectively). In women, no association of job demands on change in physical performance was observed. The study concluded that higher physical job demands were associated with stronger decline in physical performance across six years for men in all cohorts, while no associations were found among women.

Concurrent and Continuous Prediction of Finger Kinetics and Kinematics via Motoneuron Activities.

Robust neural decoding of intended motor output is crucial to enable intuitive control of assistive devices, such as robotic hands, to perform daily tasks. Few existing neural decoders can predict kinetic and kinematic variables simultaneously. The current study developed a continuous neural decoding approach that can concurrently predict fingertip forces and joint angles of multiple fingers. We obtained motoneuron firing activities by decomposing high-density electromyogram (HD EMG) signals of the extrinsic finger muscles. The identified motoneurons were first grouped and then refined specific to each finger (index or middle) and task (finger force and dynamic movement) combination. The refined motoneuron groups (separate matrix) were then applied directly to new EMG data in real-time involving both finger force and dynamic movement tasks produced by both fingers. EMG-amplitude-based prediction was also performed as a comparison. We found that the newly developed decoding approach outperformed the EMG-amplitude method for both finger force and joint angle estimations with a lower prediction error (Force: 3.47±0.43 vs 6.64±0.69% MVC, Joint Angle: 5.40±0.50° vs 12.8±0.65°) and a higher correlation (Force: 0.75±0.02 vs 0.66±0.05, Joint Angle: 0.94±0.01 vs 0.5±0.05) between the estimated and recorded motor output. The performance was also consistent for both fingers. The developed neural decoding algorithm allowed us to accurately and concurrently predict finger forces and joint angles of multiple fingers in real-time. Our approach can enable intuitive interactions with assistive robotic hands, and allow the performance of dexterous hand skills involving both force control tasks and dynamic movement control tasks.

Histological Evaluation of the Effect of Alendronate on the Maxillary Bone of Wistar Rats Combined with Orthodontic Movement of Intense Force

Histological Evaluation of the Effect of Alendronate on the Maxillary Bone of Wistar Rats Combined with Orthodontic Movement of Intense Force

Prototype development of bilateral arm mirror-like-robotic rehabilitation device for acute stroke patients

During the early six months after the onset of a stroke, patients usually remain disabled with limbs weakness and need intensive rehabilitation. An increased number of stroke patients is countered with a reduced number of physical therapists. The development of medical robots to substitute therapists’ work should be helpful. We developed a prototype of a bilateral arm mirror-like-robotic rehabilitation device covering the shoulder to the elbow as a 4-degrees of freedom (DOF). The device was operated by gripping the patient’s arm or forearm. The motor for arm movement and point of force was calculated from static and dynamic. A developed microcontroller drove the assistive control system to regulate the movement of a robotic arm by getting the position of the normal arm’s movement to control the weak arm’s movement position. The prototype was built with an operation control system and tested in acute stroke patients. The effectiveness of rehabilitation using developed robots was assessed and compared with the conventional training group. Patients with either left or right arm paresis can practice with the device. They can safely train the weakened arm by using the normal arm as a working model. A bilateral robot was designed to be easy to use, lightweight, and compact size. Patients can use the device regularly for rehabilitation training, even at home.

Maintaining sleep while improving overnight mobility and comfort with a novel lower limb external mechanical compression system

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism is prevalent, associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality, and largely preventable. External mechanical compression is a standard of care for prevention, but compliance with traditional external mechanical compression devices is low due to patient reported issues with comfort, mobility, usability, noise, and sleep disturbances. The purpose of this study was to compare user-rated comfort, mobility, usability, noise, perceived sleep disturbance, and objective sleep disturbance for a novel external lower limb mechanical compression device as compared to a standard sequential compression device. MethodUsing a 2-day counterbalanced, within-subject repeated-measures design, 16 participants wore two mechanical compression devices, the commonly-used Kendall SCD Express 9525 (SCD) and the novel Recovery Force Movement and Compressions Device (RF-MAC) for 1 night each in their home while sleep was recorded with polysomnography. For each device, participants also completed questionnaires to assess usability, mobility, perceived noise disturbance, and perceived sleep disturbance. ResultsThe novel RF-MAC device was significantly more comfortable and less noisy than the Kendall SCD. There was marginal evidence that participants sleep longer when wearing the RF-MAC compared to the SCD. User-rated usability, perceived sleep disturbance, and other objective sleep disturbance measures did not differ significantly between the two devices. ConclusionPatients and clinicians should consider the impact of external mechanical compression devices on user comfort and sleep to improve patient compliance.

Inconsistent effect of dynamic load waveform on macro- and micro-scale responses of ballast bed characterized in individual cycle: a numerical study

Cyclic load is widely adopted in laboratory to simulate the effect of train load on ballast bed. The effectiveness of such load equivalence is usually testified by having similar results of key concerns of ballast bed, such as deformation or stiffness, while the consistency of particle scale characteristics under two loading patterns is rarely examined, which is insufficient to well-understand and use the load simplification. In this study, a previous laboratory model test of ballast bed under cyclic load is rebuilt using 3D discrete element method (DEM), which is validated by dynamic responses monitored by high-resolution sensors. Then, train load having the same magnitude and amplitude as the cyclic load is applied in the numerical model to obtain the statistical characteristics of inter-particle contact force and particle movements in ballast bed. The results show that particle scale responses under two loading patterns could have quite deviation, even when macro-scale responses of ballast bed under two loading patterns are very close. This inconsistency indicates that the application scale of the DEM model should not exceed the validation scale. Moreover, it is important to examine multiscale responses to validate the effectiveness of load simplification.

An in vivo evaluation of clear aligners for optimal orthodontic force and movement to determine high-efficacy and periodontal-friendly aligner staging

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of aligner displacement on tooth movement and periodontal health to improve the efficiency of aligner treatment and explore the mechanism in vivo. MethodsA two-tooth site was established by a finite element (FE) model to virtually evaluate aligner staging. A randomized controlled experiment was conducted when the tooth sites in beagles were treated with fixed or aligner appliances with different movement and force, and tooth movement and internal structure were recorded during the alignment. After sacrificing five dogs, bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth specimens were removed and processed to conduct uniaxial compression and tensile tests as well as micro-CT imaging and histological analysis. ResultsThree displacements of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 mm were obtained from FE analysis and applied in beagles. In general, aligners had poorer performance on movement compared to fixed systems in vivo, but the aligner with a staging of 0.35 mm had the highest accuracy (67.46%) (P < 0.01). Loaded with severe force, fixed sites exhibited tissue damage due to excess force and rapid movement, while aligners showed better safety. The PDL under a 0.35-mm aligner treatment had the highest elastic modulus in the biomechanical test (551.4275 and 1298.305 kPa) (P < 0.05). ConclusionsCompared to fixed appliances, aligners achieve slightly slower movement but better periodontal condition. Aligners with an interval of 0.35 mm have the highest accuracy and best PDL biomechanical and biological capacities, achieving the most effective and safest movement. Even with complexity of oral cavity and lack of evaluation of other factors, these results provide insight into faster displacement as a method to improve the efficacy of aligners.

Shooting’ where the Ducks are? A tale of Cultural Promiscuity and Ideological Dissonance associated with Ghana’s Curriculum Policy making

Education in Ghana predates the arrival of Europeans in the Gold Coast, as indigenous system of education which incorporated authentic and indigenous values to impact social organization existed. Traditional education was therefore an integrated phenomenon, which combined physical character training with intellectual and human capital development. Educational practice has since changed fundamentally, and it provides the raison d’etre for the major assumption of this paper - the idea that education policy, and especially curriculum policy, should be examined within a specific location before modest attempts at generalisation are made. This paper focuses mainly on Ghana’s education provision in the contexts of colonisation, and the more recent trends with the movements of global forces of education under globalism. This connotes that Ghana’s education policies have for a long time been devolved from supra-state institutions to either the Ministry of Education or Parliament, and as a result greater priority is given to global/international than national curriculum. Consequently, the central question for education delivery in regard to ‘what knowledge is of most worth?’ has largely been ignored in Ghana and not given urgent attention. Policy makers, other decision-makers, and educationists, have tended to look backwards to justify the curriculum design in terms of global tradition rather than focusing it on fundamental epistemological enquiry based on culture and national needs. Whenever policy makers attempt to address this question, the answer has almost always been due to social pressure of a global, political or economic kind. These kinds of social change have tended to be more significant than changes in ideas or educational theory and practice. The paper therefore concludes with an advocacy for a model of educational system that integrates cultural values as a spring board for effective social organization and national development.

Social Citizenship through Social Forces: A Case Study of Nepali Women

The present paper aims to show a correlation between social forces and social citizenship. The paper highlights the aspect of citizenship rights of Nepali women. Nepali society is composed of people holding different aspirations. If the aspirations of people remain unfulfilled then people adopt the medium of social forces to transform their state. Not only a single force determines to ensure social citizenship but the action of social force plays the determining role. In the Nepali context, common Nepali people were deprived of educational rights and treated as subjects rather than citizens. It is the political movement of 1951 that transformed the social status and role of Nepali people including women. Similarly, social force ensured the democracy of Nepal in 1996. Onward movements of social force the constitution of 1990 declared Nepal as a multi-cultural, multi-lingual, and multi-religious country. The people’s war of Nepal from 1996 to 2006 played an imperative role to ensure the social citizenship of the Nepali people. The interim constitution of Nepal 2006 ensured the inclusion of Women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic groups, Madhesi communities, oppressed groups, poor farmers, and laborers, who are economically, socially, or educationally backward with the right to participate in state structures based on principles of proportional inclusion.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ТРУДОВОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ ЯК ФАКТОР РОЗВИТКУ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ

З урахуванням зрослої важливості людського капіталу в сучасному світі та його величезного потенціалу для економічного розвитку, створення сприятливих умов для акумулювання людського капіталу і покращення його характеристик дозволить отримати значущий за розміром і тривалий за часом соціально-економічний ефект. Основоположною передумовою його цілеспрямованого формування в сучасному динамічному світі є трудова мобільність. Феномен трудової мобільності – об’єктивно існуюче явище будь-якого ринку праці; вона відображає рух робочої сили як товару, а її динаміка формує кон’юнктуру ринку. Релокація є суттєвим чинником впливу на сукупну продуктивність праці, використання робочої сили, а отже, на формування і використання людського капіталу. Трудову мобільність, що визначає якісну характеристику робочої сили, її потенційну здатність до зміни функцій у виробництві матеріальних і нематеріальних благ, готовність до професійно-кваліфікаційного зростання, опанування нових професій, здатність адаптуватися в динамічних виробничих умовах, зумовлено перспективою структурної трансформації вітчизняної економіки, змінами регіональної спеціалізації у процесі повоєнної відбудови економіки і сучасними економічними умовами, коли технологічні процеси й вимоги ринку праці до функціональних обов’язків працівників швидко змінюються. Структурно деформована, диспропорційна, позбавлена власних стабільних рушіїв розвитку, вітчизняна економіка не здатна належним чином реагувати на існуючі ризики і кризові коливання. Накопичені на ринку праці негаразди характеризуються не тільки загрозами, але й серйозними негативними наслідками. Під час воєнних дій і в період повоєнного відновлення заходи державної політики у сфері збереження й використання людського капіталу мають бути максимально ефективними і спрямовуватися на зменшення структурних дисбалансів у сфері зайнятості, забезпечення дієвості «соціальних ліфтів», удосконалення системного пакета законодавчих і соціально-економічних засобів щодо регулювання ринку праці й соціально-трудових відносин.

Justification of the Cam Roller Parameters for Destruction of the Road Coatings for Obtaining the Lumpy Asphalt Scrap

Cam rollers can be used to break up cold asphalt pavements. In Kazakhstan, about 70 % of roads have such coatings. It is most effective to open at temperatures above 20 °C. To reduce the traction force and uniform movement of the roller, it is necessary to eliminate the resistance of the coating to the exit of the cams, when rolling the drum by pivoting the cams in the roller's direction. The reliability of the theoretical studies' results was confirmed by production tests of the cam rollers during the opening of the asphalt concrete pavement on the Gulshad-Akchatau highway.

A novel risk assessment model for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in tea harvesting workers

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the most common occupational health problems in agriculture workers due to repetitive and excessive force movement activities involved in their job processes. The Fine-Kinney method has been commonly used as a quantitative evaluation method in risk assessment studies. Classically, the risk value via Fine–Kinney is calculated by the mathematical multiplication irrespective of the degree of importance of each risk parameter (probability (P), exposure (E), and consequence (C)). Hence, a novel risk management model was proposed based on integrating Fine-Kinney and spherical fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS. First, each risk parameter is weighted using the spherical fuzzy AHP (SF-AHP). Second, the spherical fuzzy TOPSIS (SF-TOPSIS) method is used for hazard ranking. The proposed model is applied to evaluate risks in tea harvesting workers for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to test the proposed model. Finally, we compare the proposed model’s applicability and effectiveness with the spherical fuzzy COmbinative Distance-based ASsessment (SF-CODAS) method based on Fine-Kinney. The ranking similarity between the proposed Fine-Kinney-based SF-TOPSIS and SF-CODAS methods is checked by applying Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, in which 92% of rankings are matched.