Formation Of Public Space Research Articles

The Role of Public Space in Building the Resilience of Cities: Analysis of Representative Projects from IFLA Europe Exhibitions

Climate change exerts a notable influence on the formation of public spaces, necessitating design solutions that address not only aesthetic and functional aspects but also adaptability to local environmental challenges. Public spaces in the form of streets, squares and parks constitute significant parts of cities, creating an opportunity to adapt to climate change through the proper use of ecosystem services. Through the examination of 114 projects from 29 countries showcased in two IFLA Europe exhibitions, this study assesses the extent to which contemporary public spaces integrate responses to prevailing environmental issues and locally contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. The results reveal a discernible rise in the incorporation of environmentally sustainable strategies within projects, particularly those focused on mitigation, protection, reuse, recovery, and education. Additionally, the identification of projects demonstrating the spectrum of responses to local threats is outlined. This research underscores the pivotal role of public spaces in ameliorating the local impacts of climate change within urban environments, emphasizing the increasing prevalence of such solutions in recent years and advocating for their formal recognition in contemporary principles guiding public space design.

Formation of public spaces in the historical environment of the city

The problem of developing public spaces in the historical center of Samara using the potential of intra-block territories is considered. Using the example of the experience of implementing domestic and foreign projects for the renovation of the urban environment, approaches to creating original, unique and preserving the historical identity of new public spaces in the structure of historical quarters are shown. A concept for the development of a public center in the historical part of Samara is proposed.

Art object – an integral component of shaping the architectural environment of a modern city

Shaping the image of a modern city, its aesthetic and artistic qualities, improving its appearance and attracting the attention of residents and guests of the city to his certain parts with the help of traditional, modern and exclusive art objects is an up-to-date question. The main purpose of the research was to theoretical materials, explored art object characteristics, functions, role in modern city architecture, and residents’ attitudes towards art object use in urban spaces. The research program included the following stages: preparatory, research and summarising with the integrated use of general scientific research methods. The methods included analysis of scientific literature, field research, analysis of architectural solutions, analysis of similar projects, and generalisation of previously proposed ideas for the formation of public space. As a result of the conducted comprehensive research, the main functions of art objects, the properties of art objects and the role of art objects in the formation of the architectural environment of a modern city in the system “art-objects – public space – residents” were summarised. The main characteristic features that art objects should have in the context of urban space are analysed and systematised. Through the survey of the city’s population, it was established that existing art objects in cities require thematic and compositional adjustments, since a group of art objects and each of them individually form the image of the city, reflect its uniqueness and originality. The survey revealed that residents for the formation of the urban environment prefer art objects of historical and cultural themes. In order to take into account the culture and traditions of the city’s residents during the design and placement of art objects, it is necessary to conduct a survey and expert evaluation, which should be an important part of the process of shaping the urban space. The theoretical and practical value of the research results lies in the fact that the materials, provisions and conclusions contained in it can be included in the preparations of educational materials on environment design and also used as recommendations for improving the process of forming of the image of the urban environment in the activities of government agencies, design organisations, and developers of regulatory documentation

Современные инструменты развития общественных пространств и их роль в развитии туризма

Currently, public spaces are just beginning to be considered as an object of research in the field of regional economics. Public spaces increasingly determine the image of the urban environment, the comfort of living and the attractiveness of the territory for one-time visits. It is possible to increase the tourist attractiveness of the region by forming an attractive appearance of public spaces of the urban conglomeration. Little attention to the design of public spaces has led to the fact that many newly erected construction projects in Russian cities have a “faceless”, industrial image, unattractive in terms of both permanent residence and visits for tourist pur-poses. This approach is strategically not justified and does not meet modern requirements. The article studies modern approaches to the development of public spaces that correspond to the state of the external environment. The work revealed the place of public spaces in the develop-ment of the tourism industry in the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, it was proved that the design of public spaces can become a tool for the development of tourism and increasing the competitiveness of the territory in the tourism industry. The formation of public spaces makes it possible to solve the tasks set in the Strategy for the Development of Tourism of Russia: in-crease the competitiveness of a tourist product, develop cultural and educational space, business tourism, use an integrated approach to the development of tourism, etc. Such tools for the for-mation of public spaces have already been tested and successfully used: temporary architectural forms, geoplastics; gastro quarters; participatory design, digital means of sup-porting the ecosys-tem of public spaces.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ПЛАНИРОВОЧНОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МНОГОУРОВНЕВЫХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ В СТРУКТУРЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ГОРОДА

The article examines the prerequisites for the multi-level public spaces’ emergence, the main features of their inclusion in the city planning structure; urban planning, spatial planning, social, economic and landscape-ecological factors contribut-ing to the emergence and development of multi-level public spaces in the modern ur-ban environment have been identified. Taking into account an analysis of global design experience, a typology of these urban areas is given on the assumption of the functional content, composition and relationship of their structural elements and features of placement relative to the earth surface; spaces in the structure of large transport hubs, multi-level spaces accompanying public buildings and complexes, multi-level parks, multi-level transport and pedestrian areas are identified as the studied types. Based on the analysis of the multi-level public spaces’ organization, the characteristic features of their successful functioning have been identified: accessibility, optimal filling of space as a node of social activity concentration, differentiation of use types by level and nature of activity, ensuring urban planning flexibility and continuity, green technologies’ use. Project proposals for the multi-level public space formation for Volgograd city condi-tions were considered on projects for the Station Square reconstruction, providing for the functional zoning improvement, transport and pedestrian traffic and the use of landscape design.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЗОНУВАННЯ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ПРОСТОРУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІВ. НА ПРИКЛАДІ М. ЛЬВОВА

The article is devoted to the research of problems of the functional and planning structure of existing objects of publicly accessible public spaces within the university campuses of the city of Lviv and identifying the main trends in their design and successful functioning. Based on the analysis of the scientific publications and studies that related to this topic, the main aspects of the formation of public space at the universities were presented. Thousands of students enter the universities of Ukraine every year, and all of them daily use the public spaces next to the university buildings, which are the important places for social interaction and communication of students. It is worth noting that the main criterion for the success of public university spaces is the high intensity of their use, which is determined in foreign experience by the involvement of catering and trade establishments in the functional filling of campuses. There are an important arguments, the everyday access and working mode without days off, a large number of incoming groups and to use educational zones with flexible planning in planning structure. While the domestic public spaces at universities operate sporadically, the first floors are equipped with one entrance group, which reduces the number of pedestrian transit connections with the building, and outdated approaches are used to design even modern university public spaces for students. A field survey and analysis of the territory of the academic campuses of Lviv Polytechnic National University, Stepan Gzhitskyi Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Lviv State University of Life Safety of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine was conducted. The main shortcomings of the functioning and operation of these territories were identified and highlighted.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ВІДКРИТИХ ГРОМАДСЬКИХ ПРОСТОРІВ В МІСЬКОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

The article conducts research in the context of modern practice of designing, planning and managing public spaces. Public spaces have different uses and meanings in each neighborhood and settlement. Resident participation ensures that the nature and use of public space meets the specific needs of the community. If a space does not reflect the demands and desires of the local population, it will not be used or maintained. Social participation is central to building safe and equitable public spaces. the obtained scientific results will make it possible to formulate the main approaches to the further development of the creation of new and reconstruction of existing public spaces, provide an opportunity to more thoroughly develop their functional organization through the implementation of principles and recommendations for the formation of public spaces. The developed proposals will be useful for further scientific research in this field and use in project activities. It is worthwhile and important to develop public spaces, because they support the positive physical and psychological state of residents through sports, recreation, communication; planning should be carried out in stages, without proceeding to construction without analysis and discussions with local residents; when developing a design, it is worth taking into account the context of the surrounding area and not designing the same thing that is already on the next street; attention should be focused on the increase of green spaces, the reduction of open surfaces with paving and limiting the access of cars to the public space; public spaces should be connected into a network and linear connections should be created between them in the form of alleys, pedestrian streets, boulevards, jogging and cycling paths.

THE ROLE OF GREEN PUBLIC SPACES IN THE FORMATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The article analyzes the role of open green public spaces in the formation of a sustainable urban environment. In the urban planning dimension, public spaces are pedestrian streets, squares, boulevards, embankments, parks and squares, which were formed under the influence of historical, cultural, social and economic factors. In the social dimension, the listed objects are a territory publicly available for use by all residents to meet the needs of recreation, communication, sports, etc.
 The article also considers the typology of open landscaped spaces. The problem of the formation of public spaces for the cities of Ukraine is particularly relevant in view of the changes of the last decades in the field of economy, sociology, urban planning concepts of sustainable development, which stimulated the transformation of cities. Consideration of public space as a structural element of the city is important in the issue of sustainable development of Ukrainian cities and requires appropriate methodological support for analysis, evaluation, modeling and management of scientific and project activities. Resolving the contradiction between the knowledge of regularities and basic theories of the interaction of sciences in the development of the city and the real state of affairs will ensure the validity of the theoretical provisions in further studies of the spatial development of the city and practical urban planning solutions.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS

The buildings of the city form an environment for various types of social activities. The structure of the buildings reflected the history of the development of architecture, culture, and political life of different countries and eras. New types of activities, which are gradually developing, led to the need for the emergence of appropriate public spaces, buildings, structures. Revealing the influence of constructive solutions on the formation of the public environment will make it possible to more expediently, qualitatively and harmoniously form public spaces. Taking into account the peculiarities of the architectural planning organization and constructive solutions of public buildings is an important factor not only for carrying out restoration works on redesign and revitalization of spaces, but also for the development of modern design.
 The relevance of the study is determined by the need to take into account in the process of creating conceptual solutions for the design of a harmonious subject-spatial environment of public purpose based on constructive solutions.
 Public spaces are pedestrian streets, squares, boulevards, embankments formed under the influence of historical, cultural, social and economic factors. In the social dimension, the listed objects are a publicly accessible area. The question of the formation of public spaces is particularly relevant in view of the changes of the last decades in the field of economy and culture, which affect the transformation of cities.
 Public space, as a space of social activity, can be interpreted as a flagship in responding to socio-economic changes. The multidimensionality of the use of public space as a territory: communication, representation and commerce reflects the socio-economic and political model of society. Accordingly, the spatial and functional renewal of public spaces is a sign of further city-wide transformations, which necessitates the study of the laws of their formation and construction.
 This article describes the peculiarities of the formation of the public environment. The factors influencing the organization of public spaces were considered, the signs and prerequisites of their formation were identified.

RELIGIUSITAS DAN INTELEKTUALITAS DALAM RUANG PUBLIK UNTUK MENGGIATKAN MODERASI BERAGAMA

Indonesia as a multicultural and multiethnic nation, this is a privilege as well as a challenge to maintain diversity. The formation of public space allows various communities to grow and develop according to the capabilities of each step. With a high level of diversity, the Indonesian nation is a religion-centric society: seeing all things from a religious perspective. The interaction of religiosity and intellectuality in the public space can radiate values ​​and norms resulting from existing religions and cultures to ensure a sustainable shared life in a pluralistic society that can fulfill the same function and is eager to contribute to religious moderation. The method to be used is a literature review to survey the thoughts of figures and the scientific community who have an interest in discussing religiosity, intellectuality and religious moderation within the scope of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Religiosity implements the vision of diversity, in which religion appears as social capital to build a better life together. Religiosity pursues common ground in religious moderation, that is, there are universal teachings and values ​​that bring religions together. Intellectuality in a public space that is familiar but critical of conditions of intolerance to diversity will be able to save diversity from the rifts of religious communication and offer how a substantially better world can be created.

ФОРМУВAННЯ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ ПАМ’ЯТІ СУСПІЛЬСТВА СШA ЧЕРЕЗ ПУБЛІЧНИЙ ПРОСТІР МІСТ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА ХІХ – ХХІ СТ.)

The article addresses the issue of memory policy functioning in the USA. Through the example of shaping public spaces in various states and regions of the country, the process of decision-making regarding the creation of monuments and memorials is analyzed. The aim of the article is to identify the connection between the axiological orientations of different social groups in the country and their emphases in the implementation of memory policy in the public spaces of cities. An attempt is made to demonstrate the significance of general processes of societal democratization in creating memory sites, and specific examples trace the shift in meanings embedded in already established monuments and memorials. The scientific novelty of the study lies in analyzing the role of US civil society in shaping images of historical figures in the public spaces of cities during different periods of state development. The methodological basis of the article is the synthesis of socio-cultural history and the study of memory policy. In particular, it involves the analysis of the formation of historical memory in the public spaces of cities in the context of general processes of societal spiritual life, its experience, and values. Conclusions. The formation of public spaces in American cities and filling them with monuments to historical figures occurred in a decentralized manner. The investigation of this aspect of the issue attested that different regions of the country developed their interpretations of the past, which correlated with the different value orientations of individual state regions. It does not mean that there are no points of intersection in perceptions of the historical past in the USA. Still, local peculiarities significantly influenced on local communities’ formation of public spaces.

Main measures to reduce the environmental burden in the operation of transport hubs of large urban agglomerations

Over the past 10 years, transport interchange hubs (TIH) in Russia have turned from projects with a strictly transit purpose into key elements of urban infrastructure modernization, increasingly attracting people's attention and acquiring additional functions. It is worth noting that in the living conditions of a modern metropolis, mobility, speed and ease of movement are the most important criteria for the development of transport infrastructure, and projects to create a TIH, meeting these requirements, give a new impetus to the formation of public spaces where people can receive the necessary services and services without leaving the area of residence. These factors require timely adaptation to the existing situation and the search for new solutions, one of which may be the integration of real estate into the TIH and adjacent territories, which will allow projects to be implemented on more investment-attractive land plots, within walking distance from the metro, MCC, public transport stops. It is assumed that office and shopping centers built in the adjacent territories of the TIH will have a higher demand due to passenger traffic passing through the shopping areas, reducing the time of office users on the road and the advantageous territorial location of the property, which will positively affect the growth of prices for renting and selling these objects and, as a result, on profitability and efficiency of development projects.

К вопросу о формировании историко-культурного каркаса малых исторических поселений на прибрежных территориях реки Дон в Ростовской области

The article submits an analysis of historical and cultural framework of small historical settlements (Cossack villages) located on the coastal territories of the Don River in the Rostov Region and compositional dominants that are regarded as elements of the public space of the architectural and compositional core of the historical and cultural framework. Theoretical aspects concerning the modeling of the hierarchical structure of the historical and cultural framework are scrutinized. There have been studied two small historical settlements, namely, the Cossack villages of Veshenskaya and Razdorskaya. The author analyzes the structure of the historical and cultural framework at several spatial levels, in particular, at the level of open public spaces in the center of the Cossack villages. Compositional dominants are surveyed as elements of the public space of the architectural and compositional core of the historical and cultural framework. Taking into account the study results, the author makes conclusions regarding the process of formation of public spaces in the structure of the architectural and compositional core of the historical and cultural framework of the Cossack villages of the Rostov region.

Initiative Improvement in Saint-Petersburg: from Local Community Art towards Tactical Urbanism

The article summarizes the preliminary results of the analysis of public initiatives in the field of landscaping in St. Petersburg. In order to systematize the variety of research approaches and assessments of interested persons authors used the methods of source analysis and generalization (grouping) of assessments and analogies in relation to the objects and phenomena under consideration.The practical part of the study consisted in the formation of an array of data and a bank of cases in the field of grassroots initiatives to improve the urban environment and the formation of public spaces. Based on the data obtained, there was created a map of the activity of urban communities, as well as a heat map, illustrating the foci of concentration of the social capital of the city. As the analytical tools authors used models of joint actions and cooperation, research methods of the theory of public goods and behavioral economics, as well as the method of geoinformation analysis.As a unifying term for the phenomena under consideration, the authors propose the term “initiative improving”, meaning a spontaneously emerging and developing form of civic activity at the place of residence using self-organization and self-financing tools. The range of revealed facts of initiative landscaping varies from negatively perceived ‘local community art’ (a form of naive and artisanal improvement of the space around a residential building) to initiatives of residents to restore and form public facilities approved by the majority (restoration of entrances of historical buildings, lost historical elements, green spaces). Intermediate forms in this regard are initiatives within the framework of territorial public self-government, festive events and temporary facilities. The concept that allows us to describe the most constructive format is M. Lydon's “tactical urbanism” — the theory of “small affairs” in the field of urban development.The novelty of the presented approach consists in the systematization of the facts of initiative improvement (including negative ones) and their integration into the general logic of modern urban development against the background of currently prevailing approaches based on the allocation of the decisive role of professionals and experts in this process.

Activist performances on edge: spatial politics after the end of public space

ABSTRACT Analyses of the shifting dynamics of public space often give way to nostalgic desires to return to former iterations imagined as universally accessible and egalitarian. Instead of lamenting the end of public space, I propose that the contradictions and impossibilities embedded within the colonial concept of publicness might be cause to embrace such an ending. I first introduce the idea of false publics by lingering in a Detroit alleyway to unveil how popular esthetics and discourses of community can obfuscate the violence of structural oppressions. Rather than use this example to argue for a return to truly public space, I instead turn to a series of activist performances to suggest that their embodied acts seek something other than recuperation. By working against prevailing norms about how to act in public, I suggest that these performances challenge the colonial formation of public space and make possible more radical spatial politics.

THE EXISTENCE OF WAQF IN ESTABLISHING A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNAL SPACE

In Indonesia, the number of urban settlements continues to grow, while the paucity of communal space in urban areas persists. Therefore, it is vital to support local potential to achieve long-term success. Waqf generosity is one form of social development that has been institutionalized in society. Waqf, or benevolent generosity in surrendering personal possessions for the public good, is practiced by almost the entire Muslim community worshiping Allah SWT. This research aims to uncover the role of waqf in the formation of public spaces from a long-term viewpoint. This study employs a case study method to comprehend the real life of the waqf spatial entity in the urban village. The research location is Tugurejo Village, Tugu District, Semarang City. The study deviates from the grand theory to investigate the events at the study site. Interviews, observation, and secondary data are used to acquire data; descriptive methods are used to analyze the data, and the research findings are fed back into the grand theory. The research found that sustaining communal ownership rights and productivity advantages between generations ensures the sustainability of waqf as a communal space, resulting in a sustainable community structure.

On Retroactive Instrumentality

AbstractThe topic of instrumentalism has engaged many scholars of contemporary educational thought. One can distinguish the positions of anti‐instrumentalism from those that stress noninstrumental values of education, both conceived in the context of neoliberal/neoconservative and consumption‐driven reality. In this text, Maria Mendel enters into this engagement from the perspective of the current political consumption of memory. While taking up the problem of the role public pedagogy plays in contemporary nation‐states — especially in the current turn toward the past — Mendel focuses on both educational and sociopolitical issues in the context of what she calls “retroactive instrumentalism.” When return to the past is the “principle of the contemporary,” she argues, instrumentalism does not necessarily result from intentional planning ex ante. If education is broadly understood as a practice of public space formation, it may be composed of experiences that do not have to be “traditionally” purposeful and oriented toward the future. They may gain their instrumental character ex post. To illustrate this possibility, Mendel analyzes snippets of Polish reality concerning the construction of “the good nation.” Many of the elements of public pedagogy in this case contain unifications that pertain directly to the instrumental character of the learning experiences employed by a society as it transforms into a nation. The instrumentalism of those elements is discovered post factum. In its ontological dimension, then, education may gain or solidify its instrumental character ex post. Based on the analysis proposed in this text, one could say that when instrumentality is retroactive, it becomes displaced intentionality — that is, it provides an instrumental story that disguises the intentions of the one writing the narrative. Mendel concludes by using the Aristotelian notion of phantasia, which regards “being without a matter,” to encourage productive thought about how to create public narratives that are free of instrumentalism. This grounds a version of public pedagogy that is oriented toward the animation of people's active imagining and thus becoming public. By epistemologically shifting learning into a public space, such public pedagogy serves to recultivate society and humanity as plurality, diversity, and coproduction of the public.

ADMISSIONS OF VISUAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF THE CHINA BY MEANS OF ART INSTALLATIONS WITH MIRROR PROPERTIES OF SURFACES

The article provides an analysis of the main methods of visual transformation of the urban environment of the People’s Republic of China based on the formation of the design of art installations with mirror-like surface properties. Visual illusions in the creation of an aesthetically expressive architectural and landscape environment of Chinese cities significantly enhance the artistic expressiveness of this area, contribute to the definition of its individual character and activate the development of communication processes. The special significance of the study is the systematization of the types of art installations with mirror surfaces, which allows us to reveal the main trends of their solution in the conditions of the constant economic and technological development of the cities of the PRC and point to the importance of the communicative function through the interaction of a person with a design object. In the course of summarizing the characteristics of art installations, the main tasks declared by the authors of design projects in the formation of public space by them are defined. A contextual approach in the development of these works of art allows designers to focus the audience’s attention on the main socio-cultural problems of Chinese cities and to reflect them through the identification of author’s concepts. Spectacular art installations and interaction through them with viewers on a sensory-emotional level helps speed up the process of perceiving the necessary information laid down by the authors of works of art. The value-content level of a person’s perception of information allows him to gain new experience at the subconscious level regarding the aesthetic value of an artistic work. In turn, the authors of art installations have the opportunity to reveal at the semantic, thematic and visual levels a whole series of problematic issues of today due to the demonstration of the latest materials, types of artistic object formation, the long-term time of their use and the broadcasting of economic, ecological and socio-cultural problems.

FORMATION OF A MODEL OF URBAN SPACE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT

A significant theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of public spaces as a condition for successful urban development is processed with globalization processes considered, existing contradictions and prospects are outlined. The problems of rethinking the common spaces of historic cities, updating the architectural environment, creating public communication spaces, forming new integrated functional areas, development of post-industrial territories are relevant. Architectural science and practice are aimed at achieving the goal of sustainable development in ensuring openness, security, social activity and environmental sustainability of cities, the formation of principles of economic and social stability without harming the environment, the implementation of digital technologies.
 Concepts of modern city’s development from urbanism’s perspective, tendencies of urban territories’ renewal in terms of economic and social changes, models of non-automotive space are considered. The concept of the new urbanism emphasizes urban living quality backed by multi-functionality and saturation of urban environment, modern forms of architecture and planning. The quality of urban space implies the maximum realization of residents’ needs, providing opportunities for communication and social activity. It is found that public (open, community) spaces should be formed on humanistic principles, guided by social needs, be multi-functional, accessible, comfortable and safe, promote various activities of all social and age groups throughout the day, offer quality architectural and design solutions.
 There has been noted the positive role of international projects of Ukrainian cities’ integrated development in strengthening the social diversity of urban architectural space, increasing the activity of citizens, significant economic results.

ARCHITECTURAL-URBAN-MODELING OF THE NETWORK OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE LARGEST CITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHARKIV)

The paper is dedicated to the problem of creating a network of public spaces in the downtown area of a major city as an effective means of its humanization. The goal of the work is to justify and develop a graphical model of the network of public spaces in the structure of the downtown area of a major city on example of Kharkiv. Analysis of the scientific works of foreign and domestic authors has shown that the issues relating to the formation of a spatially integrated network of public spaces have not been subjected to special scientific scrutiny. The use of the law of isomorphism of structures of urban planning systems suggested that a network of public spaces could have a linear-nodal spatial organization. It is shown that open public spaces are located along the streets and should be seen as part of the city’s communication framework. The placement of a significant variety of small public service elements on the first floors of the city center neighborhood development contributes to the formation of public spaces along the streets. These pedestrian spaces providing connections to subway stations are “linear” components of the network. The presence of open, undeveloped spaces in areas close to the entrances to subway stations creates attractive conditions for the formation of new types of public spaces. On the basis of analysis of placement of 8 subway stations in the structure of the downtown area of Kharkiv there was justified the assumption that it is their areas that are considered to be “nodal” elements of the networks of public spaces. In this way, a spatially integrated network of public spaces is created and presents an effective means of humanizing the urban environment as a whole. The study of the architectural and urban construction of the network of public spaces in the city structure led to the conclusion of the effectiveness of such a measure in social, economic and aesthetic aspects.