Football Team Research Articles

Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Event PERSIS E-Sports

E-sports is a rapidly growing new branch of sport in Indonesia and worldwide. In Indonesia, E-Sport has gained recognition from IeSPA (Indonesia e-Sport Association), which operates under the Ministry of Youth and Sports. IeSPA's vision is to establish Indonesia as a high-achieving country in the field of E-Sport. As E-Sport continues to develop in Indonesia, numerous competitions have emerged in this domain. It started with small-scale competitions in internet cafes, gradually expanding to both local and international levels. One notable example is the Esports team, PERSIS Esports, which originated from the PERSIS Solo football club in Indonesia. Compared to other League 1 promotion clubs like Dewa United and Rans Nusantara, PERSIS Esports actively organizes Esports events, as evident from their Instagram account. These sporting competitions run successfully due to PERSIS E-Sports' marketing efforts, particularly in Free Fire and E-Football competitions. Data for this research was collected through interviews with the General Manager of PERSIS ESPORTS, Creative Director, Content Creator, and Community Manager. After analysis, the research findings indicate that PERSIS E-Sports effectively markets E-Sports competitions to the target audience, specifically focusing on the 13-18 age range of students in the Solo Raya region who have an interest in online gaming. The marketing strategy involves targeting Instagram users and communities interested in online gaming through Instagram ads. The positioning of Persis E-Sports is to market tournaments that cater to all groups, particularly online gaming communities in Surakarta and its surrounding areas. The implementation of the marketing mix elements (7P) can be observed through the utilization of print media, electronic media, social media, websites, direct marketing via WhatsApp Groups with the community, as well as personal sales activities through booths and expos during events and promotions at local schools in collaboration with their football team.

The physical capabilities of national league female American Flag Football players

Flag Football is the fastest growing format of American Football and is a recent addition to the 2028 Olympics. The Flag format is a non-contact version of American Football, where tackles are made by removing flags from players hips. Activity profiles in the NFL (Sanchez et al., 2013, App Sci, 13:9278; Wellman et al., 2016, J Strength Cond Res, 30, 11–19) have highlighted the need for high levels of strength, power, and speed. Given the similarities within Flag, these physical capabilities may be equally applicable to Flag players. However, a lack of literature on the Flag format, and the paucity of research in female football, irrespective of format, exists. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the physical fitness capabilities of a national league Women’s Flag Football team. Fourteen participants (age 28 ± 5 years; stature 166 ± 8 cm; mass 79 ± 29 kg) from a national league Women’s Flag team took part in a physical fitness testing battery comprising; countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), broad jump (BJ), 20-yard sprint and shuttle, and the Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Participants were familiarised with testing procedures and initially completed a standardised warm-up. Mean and SD results from the jump assessments were as follows; CMJ jump height 25.1 ± 5.9 cm, peak power 39.1 ± 7.1 w/kg; SJ jump height 24.6 ± 6.3 cm, peak power 39.3 ± 6.6 w/kg; broad jump 1.89 ± 0.28 m. Absolute and relative peak force in the IMTP was 2201 ± 422 N and 30.1 ± 4.1 N/kg respectively. The Dynamic Strength Index (DSI) calculated from CMJ and IMTP peak force was 0.76 ± 0.12. Lastly, 20-yard sprint and shuttle times were 3.43 ± 0.28 and 5.36 ± 0.38 s respectively. Significant correlations were found between mean CMJ jump height and mean sprint time (p 0.001; r = −0.780), between mean CMJ jump height and mean shuttle time (p <.001; r −0.857), between mean BJ distance and mean shuttle time (p <0.01; r = 0.870) and between mean BJ distance and CMJ jump height (p <.001; r = −0.911). This study is the first of its kind to report the physical capabilities of female flag football players. The findings of this study may help develop the understanding of a growing and soon to be Olympic sport.

Successful sport psychology within 1st team football: Perceptions of senior strategic stakeholders at elite football clubs

This study focussed on the perceptions of senior strategic stakeholders (e.g, sporting director, head of performance, manager, coach) working within 1st team football at elite professional clubs (English Premier League & Championship). Although recent research has made progress within the practitioner professional development literature it has, so far, failed to gain an explicit understanding of the perceptions around ‘successful sport psychology’ or what makes a sport psychologist successful - in their respective sporting environments. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to gain an explicit insight into what senior strategic stakeholders perceived makes a sport psychologist successful within their role at an elite football club, at 1st team level. Following institutional ethical approval, purposeful sampling was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five senior strategic stakeholders. Following data collection, a thematic analysis was conducted and 19 general dimensions were arranged across three phases: (a) knowledge and experiences of sport psychology in elite football, (b) explicit understanding of sport psychology success in elite football and (c) perceived barriers and challenges to sport psychology in an elite football club. In particular, senior strategic stakeholders’ explicit understanding of sport psychology success in elite football included 7 general dimensions: (1) importance of role clarity during induction into new role, (2) success viewed as subjective due to difficulty quantifying influence of work, (3) success perceived as best judged by individuals worked with most closely, (4) preference for club appointed full time sport psychologist, (5) implementation of balanced approach perceived as successful, (6) implementation of forceful approach perceived as unsuccessful and (7) success attributed to positive influence on culture and player performances. Thus, it’s recommended that sport psychologists aspiring to work in applied football contexts should consider the findings of this research to positively influence their entry and/or practice in an elite football environment, at 1st team level. Similarly, it’s equally recommended that senior strategic stakeholders within elite football clubs use these findings to help develop their knowledge and understanding of sport psychology so they’re better informed and aware of the perceived key attributes of successful sport psychology provision within 1st team football. Consequently, this may assist with navigating the diversity of challenges perceived to be associated to the presence of a sport psychologist, within an elite 1st team football environment, and therefore increase and improve utilisation of sport psychology services across players, coaches, and wider footballing staff.

Team resilience in high-performance women’s football: Contextual stressors and opportunities for development

The purpose of this study was to conduct a pre-intervention team resilience needs assessment in the context of high-performance women’s football. The needs assessment included a review of the literature, focus group discussions, and input from an expert steering group. Following scoping meetings with senior personnel from the National Governing Body, teams in the top two tiers of a professional women’s football league and within the academy structure were contacted. Five focus groups made up of football players were conducted. Altogether, 27 participants (Mage = 23.96, SD = 4.49) took part. The focus groups were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis from a critical realist standpoint. The study identified the contextual stressors that high-performance women’s football teams encounter (i.e., organizational stressors arising from a newly professionalized environment and on-pitch stressors arising from low social resources), effective team resilience practices currently employed by group members (i.e., establishing a strong foundation for high quality relationships; unity in managing pressure; and learning from setbacks to inform future preparation for adversity) and the perceived gaps for team resilience development (i.e., limited effectiveness and inconsistent use of deliberate pressure training; inadequate psycho-social resources; and lack of effective proactive group level strategies during pressure). The study highlighted the importance of a systematic needs assessment within an Intervention Mapping Framework prior to undertaking an intervention as several nuances to the specific context of high-performance women’s football were identified.

Is it possible to propose a periodization strategy different from the inverted U in preseason? A comparison between two professional football teams

Is it possible to propose a periodization strategy different from the inverted U in preseason? A comparison between two professional football teams

From Sensation to Emotion: A Neuromarketing Study of Sport Sponsorship Effects

Abstract: This study investigated the sport sponsorship effects by applying the traditional response hierarchy models. Measured by a neuromarketing technique (i.e., electroencephalogram [EEG]), the study analyzed how sport fans' sensation and emotion influence sponsorship effects. The Korea Republic National Football Team's A match videos were shown as experiment stimuli to manipulate participants' arousal and emotion in the experiment. Based on alpha blocking and hemispheric laterality theories, the current study found that alpha blocking occurred when participants were exposed to sensational senses (e.g., scoring goals) and that left frontal alpha dominance (LFAD) was reported when participants watched their supporting team's winning games and had positive emotions. However, alpha blocking by brand recall and LFAD by brand attitude were insignificant. These findings support the use of neuromarketing and traditional response hierarchy models in understanding the effects of sport sponsorship. Managerial implications and study limitations will be discussed.

Motivations and Participation of Female Football Supporters in Malaysia

Football has many spectators and fans around the world. Most of the spectators and fans are male rather than female. But nowadays e can see the increasing numbers of female fans attending to the stadium. Although Malaysia did not have a strong national football team and not in the best rank in the world, football is still Malaysian most favourite sport. Female fans also show their interested watching the game live in the stadium. They also buy tickets, spending their times to watch the team playing not only at the home but the away game. In fact, the management of the team also realizes that a female fan is increasing, and the management provides special counter tickets for female fans. Objectives of this article are to know what the female fans’ motivation are and how do they participate in their team. A total of 112 female football fans were chosen to be the respondents. The output from the survey showed 80.4% respondents said they started to support their team since last ten years, while 19.6% said they started to support the team over the past 10 years. The main motivation for them to go to the stadium are, to support their team (96.5%), meeting their friends (40.2%), release their stress (24.1%) and to watch and support their favourite players (25%). Numbers of 64.3% of respondents watching the game at home stadium, 32.1% watching and support their team in both home and away game.

Player selection in football by integrated SWARA-VIKOR methods under fuzzy environment

This study aims to provide an objective evaluation and selection of the most suitable players for the Turkish National Football Team by using multi-criteria decision-making methods, specifically Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) based on neutrosophic numbers. In the initial step of the study, the important criteria for player selection were determined, and a total of 21 and 26 criteria were identified for goalkeeper and players, respectively. Agility, reflexes and jumping ability are very important for goalkeeper whereas marking, passing ability, agility, dribbling, and footwork are the most important criteria for players. The performances of the players were evaluated due to these criteria and finally the Turkish National Football Team was established scientifically because of the best player selection. This decision-making process will be more beneficial in making more informed and effective decisions in the national team's player selection process. The success of the team can be improved by providing an objective and systematic player selection approach.

The Impact of Football Teams’ Transportation on the Carbon Footprint for Away Matches

Problem: Participating in professional sport involves constant travel. From a review of the literature, the issue of transport in sport (passenger transport) in generating a carbon footprint has already been noted. A reliable assessment of the scale of this phenomenon is currently underway. The aim of this article is to assess the carbon footprint of transporting football players to away matches. It is complemented by a proposal to change the way matches are played using the Sports Centre concept. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out in the theoretical part. The research part was conducted based on EN 16258 and the centre of gravity method. The objects of this study are five selected football clubs from the Polish Ekstraklasa, and their method of travel (by coach) to away matches. Results: The use of alternative (low-carbon) modes of transport reduces GHG levels from 13 per cent (Pogoń Szczecin) to 34 per cent (Jagiellonia Białystok). An interesting solution, although not yet adapted to the current times, is the implementation of the Sports Centre concept, which allows a 48 per cent reduction in the distance travelled (81,940 kgCO2e per year). Conclusions: Football clubs can neutralise their remaining carbon footprint through investments that indirectly contribute to total carbon neutrality, such as the planting of oxygen trees or the installation of a photovoltaic system to completely neutralise the carbon footprint.

U.S.K., S.T. “UKRAINE”, FC “KARPATY”, FC “RUH”: THE NAMES OF THE UKRAINIAN TEAMS IN THE 130-YEAR HISTORY OF LVIV FOOTBALL

The article examines the names of Lviv football teams over the 130-year history of football development in the city of Lviv. The subject of the analysis is the motivational base and peculiarities of creating the names of football clubs in Lviv. Sources of factual material – sports periodicals, archival materials, works of sports historians and information received from football experts. In the early days of Lviv football, Ukrainian teams chose names with a national and cultural component in their meaning, taking care to identify Ukrainian teams among clubs of other nations. In the 1920s and 1930s, teams had names with onyms and appellatives that indicated associations with the historical, geographical, and cultural realities of Great Ukraine to demonstrate the unity of the nation and Ukrainian ethnic lands. Some of the nominations contained connotations important to Ukrainians in Galicia, which indicates a careful selection of representative names for Ukrainian clubs in Lviv. In the Soviet period, the colonial influence on the naming system of Lviv football teams was manifested in the unification of club names in accordance with the established canon of naming and in the tendency to reflect Soviet realities and ideological symbols in the names. After the restoration of Ukrainian independence, the percentage of teams that chose to name lexemes with an ethnocultural component in the meaning increased noticeably. Individual clubs have retained the names of the totalitarian period. The consequence of the influence of the commercial factor on the naming of wives is an increase in the number of nominations that come from the names of sponsors of football teams. So, the names of Lviv football clubs arose as a result of onimization and transonymization as the main methods of lexical-semantic word formation. Football naming was influenced by various factors – national, totalitarian and commercial, the mixing of which was recorded at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Key words: names of Lviv football teams, motivation of names, onimization, transonymization.

Risk and prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among professional female football players.

A high prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) has been reported in female football players. This is of concern as problematic LEA may evolve into a syndromic pattern known as relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Given the difficulties in accurately assessing LEA, our study shifts emphasis to measurable indicators of REDs, serving as proxies for health detriments caused by LEA. The present cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the risk of REDs and to assess the prevalence of indicators indicative of the syndrome. 60 players (tiers 3 and 4) from three Norwegian football teams were analyzed as a single cohort but also stratified based on player position and menstrual status. The proportion of players at risk for REDs was 22%, that is, 17% with mild, 3% with moderate to high, and 2% with very high/extreme risk, respectively. The majority of the cohort (71%) presented with no primary indicators, while 20%, 7%, and 2% presented with one, two, and three primary indicators, respectively. Regarding secondary indicators, 57% had none, 33% had one, and 10% had two indicators. For associated indicators, 30% had none, 42% had one, 18% had two, 8% had three, and 2% had four indicators. Player position did not affect the prevalence of REDs indicators. Among noncontraceptive users (n=27), secondary amenorrhea (AME) was reported by 30%. These findings indicate that health and performance teams should prioritize universal health promoting strategies rather than selective or indicative strategies. Particularly, focus on nutritional periodization to secure sufficient energy availability, mitigating the risk of problematic LEA and REDs should be addressed.

A payroll efficiency analysis of Europe’s top football leagues

Abstract Accepted by: Ali Emrouznejad Top European football teams have large budgets mainly due to the high wage bills they pay to the players. Therefore, it would be interesting to determine if these football teams are paying inflated salaries considering the sports results that they obtain each season in both national and international competitions. This study focuses on the top five European football leagues (Italian, Spanish, English, French and German). We propose a novel non-convex, non-parametric metafrontier analysis approach to determine whether the football clubs are overpaying their players considering their sporting performance. Goals against in both national and international competitions are modelled as undesirable outputs. Each football team is benchmarked first within its own league and then against all five leagues. From this, apart from estimating the payroll efficiency of each team, the average efficiency of each of these five leagues can also be computed. An exhaustive analysis and discussion of the results is presented using data from three seasons (2020–2023). Some ‘important’ football clubs pay salaries that are not justified by their performance when compared with other, more modest, clubs that pay salaries more in line with the sports results obtained. Ligue 1 is the league that, on average, makes the most efficient use of their payroll, followed by the Bundesliga and, somewhat behind, La Liga and Serie A. The Premier League occupies the last position in terms of average payroll efficiency.

Muscle Injuries in Elite Youth Football Academy: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study on the U15 Football Team

To develop specific preventive strategies, it is necessary to investigate in detail the occurrence of injuries in young football players. This study aimed to provide details about the type, location, severity, and contact nature of muscle injuries in elite U15 Croatian football players. A total number of 130 muscle injuries occurred during the six competitive seasons, of which 88 were DOMS injuries and 42 were rupture injuries. Specifically, 87% of all muscle injuries belonged to the four major groups, with only 15 injuries to the other muscle groups: hamstrings (43), quadriceps (41), adductors (25), calves (6). The muscle injury incidence was stable during the observed period as the injury incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 1.01 (95%CI: 0.99–1.03), with 3.13 (95%CI: 3.09–3.17) muscle injuries per 1000 h of exposure in the first season and 3.06 (95%CI: 3.02–3.1) in the sixth season. A significantly higher risk for muscle injuries was discovered in the competition as the incidence for the whole observed period was 7.38 (95%CI: 7.29–7.47) compared to 2.25 (95%CI: 2.24–2.26) in the training period. Despite the relatively stable number of sustained muscle injuries, the relative proportion of muscular injuries increased over the years due to a severe decrease in the total number of injuries. Regarding the proportion of players who had sustained a muscle injury, our results suggest that approximately two out of five players can expect a muscular injury over the one-season period. Relatively high injury expectancy rates, as well as reinjury rates, require specific preventive interventions that will reduce the number and severity of new and recurred injuries. Future studies should include a wide set of predictor variables in order to establish the most important injury risk factors.

Integrated women's football teams can attract larger stadium crowds

ABSTRACT Research Question Women's sports have seen a trend of diversification recently, with women's and men's teams merging to form integrated football clubs. While such integrated clubs (e.g. Paris Saint-Germain), in particular, have determined the media headlines with record attendances, governing bodies have begun drafting policies to accelerate such strategic integrations. However, empirical evidence on whether integrated women's football teams (which may benefit from brand spillover effects, among other things) attract larger crowds to their stadiums is limited at best. Naturally, this raises the question of whether being an integrated football club matters for women's football stadium attendance demand. Research Method Using ordinary least squares regression with season-level fixed effects with a dataset of 1,506 games played over 11 seasons before and after the COVID pandemic in Germany, France, and Sweden, we are the first to present robust evidence on the association between being an integrated football clubs and stadium attendance demand for European women’s football across multiple markets. Results and Findings We find that integrated women's football teams can attract larger crowds. Intriguingly, such demand synergies, however, are not a given emerging from a strong brand effect, per se. Instead, women's football club executives must proactively unlock these synergies to avoid adverse effects. Implications Our findings suggest that women’s football may achieve a higher potential through integration, but only if the women’s team is managed as more than an ancillary second team. As such, despite being formulated with the best intentions, forced integration policies might backfire.

Sports selection of goalkeepers in modern strategies of the game of football teams

A goalkeeper in a football team is a player of a special playing role. Since ancient times, a simple sporting truth has been defined in football: if a team has a reliable goalkeeper, this is half of the overall success of the team's game. However, it is precisely due to their "professional peculiarity" that goalkeepers for a long time have been partially deprived of due attention in the process of sports selection of players of various roles. At present, certain attempts have been made to introduce into the system of functioning and training of football teams the position of coaches who would be engaged in specialized training and sports training of goalkeepers. This approach mainly applies to highly qualified teams and powerful football academies. Real Holistic Concepts of Specialized Training and Sports Training of Goalkeepers as a System Product of the Process of Sports Selection in the Ukrainian scientific and methodological space are practically absent. Usually, the educational and training process with the participation of goalkeepers is, as a rule, the result of the generalization of their own professional and playing experience of goalkeeper coaches. The significant relevance of the study of competitive activity based on the use of methods of sports selection of goalkeepers in modern football has led to the choice of the topic and the structure of writing and forming the concept of this scientific and practical study.

An Empirical Study on Offensive and Defensive Ability of College Men's Football Teams Based on TOPSIS-RSR Comprehensive Evaluation Method

This study aimed to explore the characteristics and rationality of ranking offensive and defensive abilities of 32 college football teams and their division into tiers, as well as the application effects in teaching and training experiments. A combination of literature review, questionnaire survey, TOPSIS method, RSR method, and experimental method were primarily employed. The objective was to furnish a more extensive theoretical reference basis for future college football team training. The findings revealed that the TOPSIS-RSR method was capable of assessing each team's outcomes objectively and quantitatively. However, potential errors were identified in the evaluation process stemming from the final match results, necessitating multifaceted considerations between teams and players. Numerous internal and external uncertain factors, such as time, individuals, and coaches, were acknowledged. The application of the TOPSIS-RSR comprehensive evaluation method to football training technology was found to assist college students with specific football skills in enhancing their technical proficiency. It was concluded that for athletes with variable factors such as age, athlete level, and training years at different phases, the rational arrangement of training cycles must be thoroughly considered.

Effect of the away goal rule on the technical performance of football teams in the UEFA Champions League

ABSTRACT Despite significant debate surrounding UEFA’s removal of the away goal rule in 2021, its impact on technical performance has not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how selected technical performance indicators were impacted by the change in the away goal rule during the UEFA Champions League. Data were sourced via the Wyscout platform. The sample consisted of 112 UEFA Champions League games played during the knock-out stages of the competition, in which 56 games were played during seasons with an away goal rule (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) and 56 were played in seasons without an away goal rule (2021–2022 and 2022–2023). The findings showed that the removal of the away goal rule was accompanied by significant (p < 0.05) decreases in average pass length, long passes, progressive passes, passes to the final third, offsides, duels, duels won, and counterattacks. Furthermore, a significant (p < 0.05) interaction was found between the away goal rule and the leg of competition, affecting the number of counterattacks with shots. Therefore, UEFA should take cognisant of the present findings when considering the use of the away goal rule in future competitions.

Correlation Between Kinesthetic Perception and Confidence Against Soccer Penalty Kick Results

This study aims to determine the correlation between kinesthetic perception and self- confidence in the results of soccer penalty kicks by the players of the Medan State University Student Soccer Team. And to find out the joint correlation between kinesthetic perception and self-confidence on the results of the penalty kicks of the Medan State University Student Soccer Team players. The sample consisted of 30 players from the Medan State University Student Soccer Team who were selected by simple random sampling. The results of the research carried out are: In the first hypothesis there is a significant correlation between kinesthetic perception and the results of a soccer player's penalty kick at the State University of Medan obtained a t-count of 26.39 which is greater than the t-table of 1.70. The second hypothesis is that there is a significant correlation between self-confidence and achievement in the results of the soccer penalty kicks of the Medan State University team, which has a t- count of 6.59 and is greater than a t-table of 1.70. In the third hypothesis, there is a significant correlation between kinesthetic perception and self-confidence in the results of the Medan State University soccer penalty kick with a t-count of 160 which is greater than a t-table of 3.33. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between variables and jointly on the penalty kick ability of the students of the Medan State University football team.

The Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury Risk in Semiprofessional Football Players.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association and predictive capacity between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and non-contact injuries in a semiprofessional football team. Seventeen football or soccer players from a Spanish Third Division football team participated voluntarily in this study. A prospective longitudinal study was developed during the 2020/2021 season. Twenty-four weeks were analyzed from October to March, including a regenerative microcycle due to the absence of competition during Christmas. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and session-rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) were registered for every training and game session. Afterward, acute and chronic workloads were calculated, and ACWR was subsequently derived from them. Furthermore, non-contact injuries were registered during the period mentioned. The main findings were that there is a poor correlation between the ACWR and non-contact injuries (r=0.069 (p<0.05)), and the use of the ACWR by itself is insufficient to predict the occurrence of non-contact injuries in a semiprofessional football team. Consequently, the ACWR is not an useful predictive tool for injuries in semiprofessional football teams.

Management Report on a Sports Organization: French Football Team

This paper provides a thorough examination of the French football management system, highlighting its distinctive features within Western Europe characterized by substantial administrative intervention. Emphasizing the significant influence of governmental oversight, it explores how this intervention has shaped both the national team and domestic football, contributing to notable successes such as World Cup and European Championship victories. By delving into the motivations behind this governance model and analyzing its socio-economic foundations, the study offers valuable insights into the unique characteristics of French football management. Moreover, it identifies and scrutinizes contemporary challenges confronting French professional football, aiming to contribute to broader reform initiatives within the global football system. Through scholarly discourse, the paper presents a comprehensive analysis of French football management, elucidating its complexities and underlying rationale.