Football Injuries Research Articles

Influence of Embedded Microprocessor Wireless Communication in the Ankle Joint Proprioception Training on the Prevention of Football Sports Injuries

This study synthesizes the relevant publications on the therapy of horizontal joint destabilization of the functional ankle and investigates the effect of anterior motion ankle drills on the inability to cause ankle injuries in soccer teams. We chose university soccer teams as the study population and divided them into five men’s and five women’s squads and five control groups. Embedded microcontrollers are also called microcontrollers. Generally, we focus on a specific type of microprocessor center, integrating ROM/EPROM, RAM, Bus Logic, Timer/Counter, Watchdog, I/O, Serial Port, Pulse Width Modulation Output, A/D, D/A, and more. Functions and Devices. Representative embedded microcontrollers include PSIXA, 8051, MCS-251, MCS96/196/296, and C166/167. With the continuous improvement of the processor’s computing power and chip integration, the differences between embedded microprocessors and embedded microprocessors have further increased. Blurred. The test subjects experienced force testing and the trial subjects involved in ankle native sensory drilling. The experimental results show that the average direction has a statistically significant effect on the front, back, left, and right running ability, which increases significantly after 0.017, 0.032, and 0.043 P, respectively, providing a more scientific basis for preventing football injuries.

Assesment for Professional Football Players to Avoid Injuries, Using Huber® 360

"The motor behavior of six football players aged 21 to 25 is investigated in this research. We examined the players using the HUBER® 360 platform and several functional tests such as the Stability test, Unipodal test, Stability limit test, Mobility restrictions test, and Upper and lower limb coordination test to obtain the information needed to avoid injuries while participating in performance sports. This study is relevant to footballers because injuries have a short-term detrimental impact on the health of the enhancers if they are discovered in time and a long-term negative impact if they are not detected. The preliminary testing on the HUBER® 360 equipment is specialized in defining the performance capacities of footballers and not only, by recognizing specific characteristics of the athletes, it is possible to correct them and thus improve sports performances.The data taken on such a group of football players are significant to the sport practiced as a professional, and so can be used to develop training methods and techniques for the sportsmen in question. Among those researched, it is discovered that corrective training sessions must be utilized, but it is also possible to specify which directions, positions, and speeds of movement must be avoided or used with caution. Keywords: football, balance, HUBER® 360, football injuries "

Management of lumbar spondylolysis in the adolescent athlete: a review of over 200 cases

BACKGROUNDSpondylolysis is a defect of the pars interarticularis of vertebrae, most commonly seen at L5 and L4. The etiology of spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis is generally considered to be a result of repetitive mechanical stress to the weak portion of the vertebrae. A higher incidence of spondylolysis is observed in young athletes. Symptomatic spondylolysis can be successfully treated conservatively, but there is currently a limited consensus on treatment modalities and a lack of large-scale clinical trials. PURPOSEThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the optimal treatment algorithm for symptomatic spondylolysis in adolescent athletes and evaluate the functional outcomes of those undergoing the nonoperative treatment. STUDY DESIGNA retrospective review. PATIENT SAMPLETwo hundred one adolescent patients ranging from age 10 to 19 involved in athletics OUTCOME MEASURESInjury characteristics (age, mechanism, time), sports played, bone stimulator use, bony healing at 3 months on computed tomography (CT) scans, return to sports, corticosteroid injection use. METHODSTwo hundred one adolescent athlete patients (62 females and 139 males) diagnosed with spondylolysis between 2007 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was based on plain radiography followed by magnetic resonance imaging. All patients were treated conservatively with cessation of sports activity, thoracolumbosacral orthosis, and external bone stimulator for three months after diagnosis. CT scans were obtained for the 3-month follow-up visits to assess bony healing. Subsequently the patients received 6 weeks of rehabilitation focused on core strengthening. Symptomatic patients after the treatment were referred for steroid injections and continued with the rehabilitation protocol. RESULTSThe most common age of injury was 15 years old, following a strong normal distribution. The most commonly played sport was football, followed by baseball/softball. The primary mechanism of injury was weight training closely followed by a football injury. The first quarter of the calendar year had the highest incidence of injuries with the most injuries occurring in March and the least occurring in December. One hundred fifty-two athletes reported using bone stimulators as prescribed, and these patients showed a significantly higher rate of bony healing on follow-up CT scans than those who did not use bone stimulators. One hundred ninety-seven patients (98%) returned to sports or similar level of activities. Thirty-seven patients (18%) received facet or epidural steroid injections due to continued pain and one patient underwent a surgical procedure. Follow-up CT scans showed 49.8% bony healing. CONCLUSIONSConservative treatment of spondylolysis in adolescent athletes with cessation of sports, thoracolumbosacral orthosis, and bone stimulator followed by rehabilitation was associated with excellent outcomes in terms of return to sports.

Epidemiology of Campus Football Injuries in Ningxia, China: Occurrence, Causes, and Management.

ObjectiveBy 2022, the Chinese government intends to have more than 30 million primary-, middle- and high-school children and adolescents regularly participate in campus football. In contrast, epidemiology of campus football injuries is completely missing. The goal of this descriptive epidemiological study was to determine the current state of campus football injuries and then to recommend appropriate prevention and management strategies.MethodsThis retrospective epidemiological study conducted a survey of students, physical education and football teachers in primary, middle and high schools in the Ningxia Autonomous Region to determine the campus football injuries that occurred throughout the preceding 12-month period. The survey comprised questions on demographic characteristics, the occurrence, causes, and management of campus football injuries.ResultsA total of 1,285 students and 200 teachers returned eligible surveys. 25.7% of students had encountered injury accidents while participating in campus football activities. 31.3% of high school students, 23.8% of middle school students, and 19.2% of primary school students have sustained injuries. Football competition, accounting for 45.4% of all injuries, is the leading cause of injury. Football class teaching, which accounted for 3.0% of all injuries, had the lowest injury rate of any campus football activity. Students and teachers reported that a lack of safety awareness and injury prevention education were the primary causes of injuries. Only 18.7% and 11.4% of students are familiar with first aid basics and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respectively. 10.6% and 7.5% of students lack any first aid basics and skills, respectively. 43.9% of students lack insurance coverage for athletic injuries. 62.5% and 38.5% of teachers reported that schools lack first aid training and an emergency plan for injuries, respectively.ConclusionStudents in Ningxia's campus football programs have a high injury risk. Injury prevention and management strategies lag significantly behind the mainstream nationwide promotion of campus football in China.

Monitoring Muscle Oxygen Asymmetry as a Strategy to Prevent Injuries in Footballers

ABSTRACT Purpose: It has been hypothesized that sports injury risk is explained by muscle metabolism. The objective was to evaluate the muscle oxygen saturation slopes (ΔSmO2 slopes) and muscle oxygenation asymmetry (MO2Asy) at rest and to study their associations with injuries during the pre-season. Methods: A total of 16 male and 10 female footballers participated in this study. Injuries were diagnosed and classified by level of severity during the pre-season. The workload was also evaluated using the rate of perceived exertion × training time, from which the accumulated loads. The SmO2 was measured at rest in the gastrocnemius muscle using the arterial occlusion method in the dominant and non-dominant legs. The repeated measures ANOVA, relative risk, and binary logistic regression were applied to assess the probability of injury with SmO2 and workload. Results: Higher MO2Asy and ΔSmO2 Slope 2 were found among footballer who suffered high-severity injuries and those who presented no injuries. In addition, an MO2Asy greater than 15% and an increase in accumulated load were variables that explained a greater probability of injury. Conclusion: This study presents the new concept of muscle oxygenation asymmetry in sports science and its possible application in injury prevention through the measurement of SmO2 at rest.

Common Sports Injury in Football Players: A Review

Football is the most popular sport worldwide, played by athletes of all ages, it is associated with a high injury rate. The injuries occur during football games and practice due to a combination of high speed and full contact. The authors of different studies showed in their results that the incidence of football injuries a range from 0.5 to 45 injuries per 1000 hours of practice and games. Football injuries most commonly affect the knee and ankle joints, muscles, and ligaments of the thigh and calf. Most commonly affected region is lower extremity with an incidence of 61% to 90%. There are two types of risk factors intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors which are responsible for football injury. We found through this review of literature that ankle injuries are the most common injuries in football players. Other injuries which is also common in football players are such as, ligament of knee, hamstring strain, football concussion, wrist injury. Keywords: Footballers, Sports injury, High speed, Injury incidence.

Surveillance of media-based studies on football-related injury characteristics, prevention, education and management

The significance of football in promoting health and physical wellbeing has been well described. However, football-related injuries are viewed as professional hazards. Thus, research has specified the need for valid conclusions to provide useful information for the prevention and management of football-related injuries. Several imperial analyses of football injuries have been conducted with different designs and dimensions, including media-based analysis as a growing approach. Therefore, this paper reviews media-based studies on football-related injury types, locations, and mechanisms. The outcomes of this review showed that lower extremities, such as knee, ankle, and hamstring, are the most common injuries sustained by football players. Additionally, this review demonstrated that strikers are more prone to injuries compared with midfielders, goalkeepers, and defenders. Interestingly, the findings of media-based studies of football-related injuries concur with most experimental analyses. It was envisaged that valuable conclusions could be drawn to help manage and prevent football-related injury occurrences.

Change of Direction Speed and Reactive Agility in Prediction of Injury in Football; Prospective Analysis over One Half-Season.

Agility is an important factor in football (soccer), but studies have rarely examined the influences of different agility components on the likelihood of being injured in football. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the possible influences of sporting factors, i.e., flexibility, reactive agility (RAG), and change of direction speed (CODS), on injury occurrence over one competitive half-season, in professional football players. Participants were 129 football professional players (all males, 24.4 ± 4.7 years), who underwent anthropometrics, flexibility, and RAG and CODS (both evaluated on non-dominant and dominant side) at the beginning of second half-season 2019/20 (predictors). Over the following half-season, occurrence of injury was registered (outcome). To identify the differences between groups based on injury occurrence, t-test was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were calculated to identify the associations between predictors and outcome. Results showed incidence of 1.3 injuries per 1000 h of training/game per player, with higher likelihood for injury occurrence during game than during training (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.63–5.88) Univariate logistic regression showed significant associations between players’ age (OR = 1.65, 95%CI: 1.25–2.22), playing time (OR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.560–2.58), and RAG (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09–1.35, and OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04–1.33 for RAG on dominant- and non-dominant side, respectively), and injury occurrence. The multivariate logistic regression model identified higher risk for injury in those players with longer playing times (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.55–2.11), and poorer results for RAG for the non-dominant side (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.02–1.28). To target those players who are more at risk of injury, special attention should be paid to players who are more involved in games, and those who with poorer RAG. Development of RAG on the non-dominant side should be beneficial for reducing the risk of injury in this sport.

Most amateur football teams do not implement essential components of neuromuscular training to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries and lateral ankle sprains

PurposeNeuromuscular training (NMT) is effective at reducing football injuries. The purpose of this study was to document the use of NMT to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries and lateral ankle sprains in adult amateur football and to identify barriers for using NMT.MethodsA preseason and in-season online survey was completed by players and coaches of 164 football teams. The survey contained questions concerning injury history, type and frequency of NMT, and barriers when NMT was not used.ResultsA total of 2013 players (40% female) and 180 coaches (10% female) completed the preseason survey, whereas 1253 players and 140 coaches completed the in-season survey. Thirty-four percent (preseason) to 21% (in-season) of players used NMT, but only 8% (preseason) to 5% (in-season) performed adequate NMT (i.e. both balance and plyometric exercises, at least twice per week). In the subpopulation of players with an injury history, 12% (preseason) and 7% (in-season) performed adequate NMT. With respect to the coaches, only 5% (preseason) and 2% (in-season) implemented adequate NMT. Most important barriers for using NMT for both players and coaches were a lack of belief in its effectiveness, a lack of knowledge, the belief that stretching is sufficient, and not feeling the need for it.ConclusionMost amateur football teams do not implement essential components of NMT. The results highlight the urgent need for developing strategies to enhance the adequate use of NMT in amateur football.Level of evidenceII.

Sports Injuries Among Players of The Polish National Team in Amputee Football in The Annual Training Cycle.

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency, type and origin of the occurrence of injuries in amputee football. The studied group comprised all members of the Polish national amputee football team (n = 25). During the 9-month observation period, 13 players incurred 22 injuries. The incidence proportion was 48.0 per 100 athletes (95% Cl, 28.4-67.6) and the incidence rate was 5.73 per 1000 athlete-days (95% Cl, 3.33-8.12). The study showed that 32.8% of the injuries were to the thigh, 13.6% to the ankle, and 9.1% to the knee. The obtained results indicate that amputee football players rather frequently incur play-related injuries, but a single athlete incurs relatively few of them, with the lower limb being most commonly injured.

Use of GPS to measure external load and estimate the incidence of muscle injuries in men's football: A novel descriptive study.

Measurement of external load in players provides objective information to optimise the weekly balance between training and recovery to improve performance and prevent injuries. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of sports-related muscle injuries of the lower limb in relation to external load, measured by global positioning system (GPS), in football players. A descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 71 professional male football players (30 professionals and 41 youth players) from an elite football club competing in the Spanish and European League in the 2017-2018 season. As external load variables, we measured High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD), High Speed Running (HSR), Player Load (PL), and Total Distance (TD) through GPS. Injury rate (IR) was calculated both in relation to such GPS load metrics and to load exposure time. We considered categories (youth and professional), playing positions (centre back, full back, midfielder, and forward), and training day with respect to match-day (-4MD, -3MD, -2MD, -1MD, MD, +1MD, +2MD). The GPS load metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD showed very similar patterns across categories and positions, but varied according to training session or MD. The highest loads were observed on MD and three days prior to the match (-3MD). Similarly, the overall IR, both calculated per load exposure time and per GPS load metrics, was highest on MD and -3MD. Again, no differences were observed between youth and professional players. Midfielders demonstrated the highest IR in all metrics, followed by the forwards. In conclusion, this study suggests that external load and incidence of muscle injuries are directly proportional. Therefore, the measurement of more external load variables other than load exposure time, such as the GPS metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD may help to describe the pattern and magnitude of injuries. Future studies based on ours may help to further improve the understanding of the incidence of muscle injuries on the basis of external loads measurements in different football teams.

Return to match running performance after a hamstring injury in elite football: a single-centre retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo determine the number of matches to return to pre-injury match running performance after sustaining an acute hamstring injury.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, the injuries of the players of the...

Injuries in Recreational Footballers and the Severe Consequences of Player-to-Player Contact: A Prospective Observational Study.

IntroductionFootball is the most popular sport in the world with its wide audience and important economic effects. This game is mainly played by professional football players, it is also an activity that is frequently played by non-professionals. Although members of the public mostly engage in this sport as a hobby and to develop a healthy lifestyle, vital injuries, such as head and thorax trauma can also occur during these recreational activities. In this study, our aim was to identify these severe traumas, investigate their causes and mechanisms, and make suggestions to reduce trauma among recreational football players.MethodsThis prospectively designed study included players aged over 14 years who presented to the emergency department with an injury incurred during a recreational football match activity. The demographic characteristics of the patients, warm-up status, match conditions, field conditions, and injury mechanisms, as well as post-injury outcomes, were recorded and analyzed with appropriate statistical methods.ResultsThere were 167 patients included in the study and 140 of these patients were eligible for the study. We identified 45 cases with poor outcomes such as pneumocephalus, rib fractures, pneumothorax, Achilles tendon rupture, and bone fractures. (32.1%). Factors that could have an effect on poor outcomes were determined as a pre-match warm-up, pre-match sleep duration, and suitability of equipment. Player-to-player contact was determined as a mechanism of head and thorax trauma.ConclusionsIt may be beneficial to inform recreational football players about how player-to-player contact can cause head and thoracic trauma and establish a database of sports injuries in hospitals.

A novel multifactorial hamstring screening protocol: association with hamstring muscle injuries in professional football (soccer) - a prospective cohort study.

The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the potential association of a novel multifactorial hamstring screening protocol with the occurrence of hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) in professional football. 161 professional male football players participated in this study (age: 24.6 ± 5.36 years; body-height: 180 ± 7.07 cm; body-mass: 77.2 ± 7.70 kg). During the pre- and mid-season, players performed a screening protocol consisting of 11 tests aimed to evaluate their performance in regards to four main musculoskeletal categories: posterior chain strength, sprint mechanical output, lumbopelvic control and range of motion. Univariable cox regression analysis showed no significant association between the isolated test results and new HMI occurrence during the season (n = 17) (p > 0.05). When including injuries that took place between the pre- and mid-season screenings (~90 days), maximal theoretical horizontal force (F0) was significantly associated with higher HMI risk between pre- and mid-season evaluations (n = 14, hazard ratio; 4.02 (CI95% 1.08 to 15.0, p = 0.04). This study identified that 1) no single screening test was sufficient to identify players at risk of HMI within the entire season, while 2) low F0 was associated with increased risk of HMI when occurring closer to the moment of screening. The present results support the potential relevance of additionally including frequent F0 testing for HMI risk reduction management. Replication studies are needed in larger cohorts for more accurate interpretations on “univariable and multivariable levels levels. Finally, future studies should explore whether improving F0 is relevant within a multifactorial HMI risk reduction approach.

Study protocol for a prospective cohort study identifying risk factors for sport injury in adolescent female football players: the Karolinska football Injury Cohort (KIC)

IntroductionFootball is a popular sport among young females worldwide, but studies concerning injuries in female players are scarce compared with male players. The aim of this study is to identify...

Cases of head injuries in football sport: A case study of Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh.

In recent years public awareness of the potential long-term effects of concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries sustained in sport of football has increased. Players purposely use their head to direct the ball during play. There is a growing understanding of the link between blows to the head suffered in football and the potential for increased risk of injuries in later life.[1] This study aim is to reveal the similarities and differences the understanding of the link between blows to the head suffered in football and the potential for increased risk of injuries more specifically dementia in later life.[23] Heading an incorrect sized football can result in head injuries. As per FIFA guidelines a different sized football shall be used for different age groups. The schools in the Ghaziabad city were asked to fill in the questionnaires containing certain questions on Sports in general and football in particular. Descriptive and evaluative approach was used, which is generally used in comparative studies. The findings by various Universities established how heading can affect the brain, cognition, and speech of a person. It was found that a few developed nations like USA, England, Ireland have taken note of this issue and have issued guidelines based on the data and studies available. This study establishes that over-inflated footballs are being used in schools and also most of the schools have with them a single-sized football (which is against FIFA guidelines). Moreover, awareness of physical education instructors about different sizes of football and head injuries due to football is lacking. Also, clear guidelines on this issue are needed from the Ministry of Sports in India.

Patterns of Injury in the Spanish Football League Players.

Background: The study of football injuries is a subject that concerns the scientific community. The problem of most of the available research is that it is mainly descriptive. The objective of this study is to discover and analyse the patterns of injury in the Spanish Football League (2016–2017 season). Methods: The sample data consisted of 136 given injuries identified by the official physicians of the football clubs. The analysis was performed by using traditional statistic tests, T-pattern detection and polar coordinate analysis. Results: The analysis revealed several patterns of injury: (a) The defender suffered a rupture of the hamstring muscles after a sprint, (b) knee sprains happened due to a received tackle, (c) fibrillar adductor rupture appeared mostly among defenders and (d) fibrillar ruptures took place mostly throughout the first part. Conclusions: There is a marked shift in the tendency regarding the player who gets more injured, from the midfielder to the defender. The most common injury was fibrillar rupture. The most common scenario in which this injury occurred was that in which the player injured himself after a sprint (24%). A week without competing seems to be insufficient as a prevention mechanism for injuries.

Role of MRI in diagnosis of knee injuries in footballers

MRI findings are essential to diagnose the severity of ligament tears in knee injuries in footballers. By using Magnetic Imaging Resonance we can accurately make diagnose and can determine the extent of damage to tissues and ligaments by grading them according to injuries. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the MRI findings in patients of knee injuries in football players. MethodS: A multicenter descriptive study conducted at University of Lahore Teaching hospital and National hospital during 4 months period. All symptomatic football players of both genders and age ranging from 16-40 year are included in this study. Our calculated sample size is 80. 1.5T MRI machine used for scans. All images were Proton density and T2 weighted images. Results: This study includes 80 footballers complaining knee pain. Mean age of all subjects was 31.4 +, - 5.7 year. Among 80 patients who had knee injuries, 56 patients (70%) had ACL injuries, 14 patients (17.5%) had PCL injuries, 14 patients (17.5%) had LCL injuries, 8 patients (10%) had MCL injuries, 24 patients (30%) had LM injuries, and 31 patients (38.8%) had MM injuries. Conclusion: MRI is useful imaging modality for the detection of soft tissue injuries most commonly sports injuries. It gives more accurate and detailed information of ligaments and muscle tears than any other modalities. In our study most common injuries that are detected by MRI are ACL tear, bucket handle tear of medial meniscus and MCL injuries. PCL injuries are less common than ACL injuries.

Intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris in a young elite athlete: A Case Report

Injuries to the rectus femoris muscle are common in sports. It is the second most common cause of lower limb muscle injuries in track and field events and third most common cause of injuries in football. It also hasprevalence among basketball, American football and rugby. Intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris is a very uncommon injury and has been reported in a few recent case reports. This injury is very specific for rectus femoris because of its peculiar anatomy. However uncommon the injury may be, its inclusion in muscle injury classification system is important in recognising it and treating it as per laid down guidelines. The various classification systems of muscle injury do not have a mention of intramuscular degloving injury. Hence, such injuries are most often missed in diagnosis and present a clinical dilemma to the clinician in terms of rehabilitation protocol and prognosis. The present report is about a rare case of intramuscular degloving injury of rectus femoris in a track and field athlete presenting two years after initial episode with multiple recurrences and loss of flexibility and strength.

The Role of the Results of Functional Tests and Psychological Factors on Prediction of Injuries in Adolescent Female Football Players.

Football is a popular sport among adolescent females. Given the rate of injuries in female footballers, identifying factors that can predict injuries are important. These injuries are often caused by complex reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate if the combination of demographic (age, number of training and match play hours/week), psychosocial (perceived stress, adaptive coping strategies) and physiological factors (functional performance) can predict a traumatic injury in adolescent female footballers. A cohort consisting of 419 female football players aged 13–16 years was established. Baseline questionnaires covered potential risk factors for sport injuries, and measurements included football-related functional performance tests. Data were collected prospectively with a weekly online questionnaire for 52 weeks covering, e.g., injuries, training, and match play hours/week. A total of 62% of the players reported at least one traumatic injury during the 52 weeks. The coping strategy “positive reframing” had the strongest association with the risk of traumatic injuries. The combination of more frequent use of the coping strategy, positive reframing, and high levels of physical performance capacity may prevent a traumatic injury in adolescent female footballers. Coaches are encouraged to adopt both physiological and psychological factors when preventing injuries in young female footballers.