Fool Proof Research Articles

English

INTRODUCTION: Pre auricular sinus (PAS) is a common clinical finding seen in the ENT outpatient department. The patients complain only when it is infected, when cheesy material is extruded often form the aural pit. Initial control of infection, incision and drainage of the abscess becomes the primary step in its treatment. This is followed by the attempt to excise the tract to avoid recurrence of cellulitis and abscess. Simple sinectomy leads to recurrence; hence requires microscopic dissection and excision. The present study attempts to analyze the genetic penetration, incidence in various socio-economic groups and at the same time to review the micro surgical management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 62 patients diagnosed with Preauricular sinus attending department of ENT, GGH; Kurnool were analyzed for genetic role in its etiology in addition to the prevalence of the condition according to the social and economic status. Thorough clinical examination and where necessary audiological evaluation to rule out innner ear pathology was done. Bacteriological study was done subjecting the pus and material extruded from the sinus pits. After a surgical profile all the patients except 4 were subjected to Total excision of the sinus tract using circular incision around the sinus pit and extending it posteriorly around the root of the pinna. All were followed for a period of 12 months to evaluate recurrence rate, Infection rate and wound dehiscence. OBSERVATIONS: Among the 62 patients there were 37 females and 25 males. The patient's age range was from 9 months to 36 years. 18 patients had undergone surgery at least once before presenting in this study. The commonest organism isolated was Staph aureus followed by bacillus fragilis and pseudomonas aeroginosa. Incomplete gene penetration was noted in 34 out of the 62 patients, as PAS was noticed in parents, siblings and grandparents. Follow up showed no recurrence over 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: PAS is a congenital condition within complete genetic penetration; not commonly associated with inner ear or kidney disease. Recurrence is common if only sinectomy is attempted; instead total excision with medial to lateral dissection and post aural extension of incision would give an almost fool proof method to get rid of the sinus once for all.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Well Intended Poorly Executed

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was introduced by the Indian Government in 1997-98 as an initiative to create self-employment opportunities to alleviate urban poverty. Under this scheme the Central and the State governments share the financial responsibility in the ratio of 75:25 for providing subsidised loans to the self-help groups (SHGs) promoted by local government bodies in urban areas. Various studies conducted on this scheme all over India indicate that due to various lacunae in the implementation of the scheme it has failed to achieve the objective of poverty alleviation through self-employment generation. This study is based on a random sample of SHGs from below poverty line households in Thane city for the implementation of SJSRY. The study shows that SJSRY has not achieved the desired results due to poor implementation. While greater emphasis was laid on the delivery of financial assistance, other vital linkages and support mechanism did not get the desired attention. The scheme can do well if an ecosystem is created by establishing institutional linkages for training, marketing and technical support for the SHGs combined with a fool proof supervisory framework to monitor the scheme.

An Efficient Authentication Protocol for Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Adhoc Network(MANETs) is a collection of mobile nodes that communicate by forming a network dynamically that lacks fixed infrastructure and centralized control. Secure routing is of at most importance in such networks because of dynamically changing topologies, absence of centralized monitoring points and lack of clear lines of defense. This paper discusses a fool proof key exchange mechanism and a network model to protect the network containing malicious nodes. The reputation of a node increases as long as the node transfers the message properly and decreases otherwise. Moreover, it has minimum computation and communication overhead which makes it viable.

Type 1 ribotoxin-curcin conjugated biogenic gold nanoparticles for a multimodal therapeutic approach towards brain cancer

BackgroundGliomas have been termed recurrent cancers due to their highly aggressive nature. Their tendency to infiltrate and metastasize has posed significant roadblocks to in attaining fool proof treatment solutions. An initiative to curb such a scenario was successfully demonstrated in vitro, utilizing a multi-conceptual gold nanoparticle based photo-thermal and drug combination therapy. MethodsGold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized with a highly environmentally benign process. The Au NPs were PEGylated and conjugated with folate and transferrin antibody to achieve a dual targeted nano-formulation directed towards gliomas. Curcin, a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein, was attached to the Au NPs as the drug candidate, and its multifarious toxic aspects analyzed in vitro. NIR photo-thermal properties of the Au nano-conjugates were studied to selectively ablate the glioma cancer colonies. ResultsHighly cyto-compatible, 10–15nm Au NP conjugates were synthesized with pronounced specificity towards gliomas. Curcin was successfully conjugated to the Au NPs with pH responsive drug release. Prominent toxic aspects of curcin, such as ROS generation, mitochondrial and cytoskeletal destabilization were witnessed. Excellent photo-thermal ablation properties of gold nanoparticles were utilized to completely disrupt the cancer colonies with significant precision. ConclusionThe multifunctional nanoconjugate projects its competence in imparting complete arrest of the future proliferation or migration of the cancer mass. General significanceWith multifunctionality the essence of nanomedicine in recent years, the present nanoconjugate highlights itself as a viable option for a multimodal treatment option for brain cancers and the like.

Antler casting in relation to parturition in semi-domesticated female reindeer

We investigated the timing of the right and left antler casting in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in relation to parturition using 139 antlered adult individually marked females in 2008-09 between May 5 and June 2; a period when all calves were born and all females cast their antlers. We analysed time of casting of right and left antler in relation to pregnancy, female age and body weight, weight and sex of the calf, and birth date. Seven of the females were non-pregnant (barren) and cast their antlers during the second week of May and at the same time as some of the females that gave birth initiated antler casting. Postpartum retention of antlers varied from 0 to 15 days. We found no difference between left and right antler casting schedule and within two days apart, 91% of the females had cast both antlers. The maximum number of antler castings per day occurred on the seventh day after parturition. Of the 132 females that gave birth, 7 females (5.3%) cast both antlers 5 – 23 days before calving, three females cast right antler 6 – 10 days before and the left antler 2 – 5 days after calving and one female that bore only a left antler casted a day before calving. Antler casting among lactating females was related only to female age, indicating that older females cast antlers earlier than younger females (i.e. 3 days earlier than the pooled mean of 7.6 days). Apart from calving date being two days later among the 7 females that alternated their casting schedule, female body weights, calf sex and calf birth weight among them did not differ between the two years. We conclude that it is a small but consistent antler casting overlap between barren and pregnant/lactating females, indicating that the control mechanism for casting of antlers is not “fool proof” and that antler status prior to parturition does not accurately predict pregnancy status in this domestic reindeer group.

Automatic detection of a one dimensional ranging pole for robust external camera calibration in mobile mapping

A mobile mapping system (MMS) is the answer of the geoinformation community to the exponentially growing demand for various geospatial data with increasingly higher accuracies, captured by multiple sensors. As the mobile mapping technology is pushed to explore its use for various applications on water, rail, or road, the need emerges to have an external sensor calibration procedure that is portable, fast and easy to perform. This way, sensors can be mounted and demounted depending on the application requirements without the need for time consuming calibration procedures. A new methodology is presented to provide a high quality external calibration of cameras which is automatic, robust and fool proof. The method uses a portable, standard ranging pole which needs to be positioned on a known ground control point. While the literature focuses on solving the absolute orientation problem of the calibration, an automatic method to detect the calibration object is missing. Here, we present a mutual information based image registration technique for automatic sub-pixel localization of the ranging pole under realistic outdoor conditions. We include several robust error detection rules to allow the calibration to run without human intervention, giving as little outliers as possible, to ensure a correct calibration. Several tests are performed under various lighting and noise conditions which prove the methodology’s robustness.

Programmer Protocol for Identification and Defense of Latest Web Application Security Threats using Open Source Tools

has been an exponential increase in the number of attacks on web applications during the recent years. This paper presents a guideline for programmers to develop robust web applications in terms of security by identification of latest web application security vulnerabilities and devising their control using open source dynamic and static web application security assessment tools. A highly vulnerable web application is taken as a sample and it is projected to dynamic tools which lookup for security loopholes in it according to its behavior in the actual working environment and static tools lookup for security loopholes in the programming logics by static analysis of the actual source code. Finally, the concept of a static analysis monitoring tool is given which can serve a fool proof solution for one of the most encountered attack namely, Cross Site Scripting (XSS).

Cohorts in chronic disease research: experiences from the PRO-LIFE cohort, Varkala, South India

This study demonstrates the setting up of a cohort study in a resource poor setting. The study began as an initial survey in 2001 conducted at Varkala, Kerala by Health Action by People, a non-profit research group. It was a cross sectional study of all households in seven Panchayaths and an urban segment coming under the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme) block. Eventually with multiple funding sources, the study was extended as a cohort study, in the form of a registry for births, deaths and major health events in the community from 20022006. The cohort was named PRO-LIFE (Population registry of lifestyle diseases) with the objectives of setting up a community registry for coronary disease, hypertension, stroke, COPD & type 2 diabetes and to initiate community level action for prevention of these diseases. The study was conducted by trained grass root level workers of the ICDS programme and the comprehensive survey included socio-demographic characteristics, food frequency information, detailed lifestyle attributes and information on births and deaths. A cause of death analysis was also conducted during the period 2002-2006 which showed a similarity with USA except neoplasms. However the age standardised death rates were much higher than USA. Other findings include a high suicide rate among the young population, higher prevalence of diabetes in the affluent group and a reduced relative risk for mortality from coronary heart disease in more physically active men and women. The follow up was stopped after 2006 due to lack of funds and unreliable collection of information. It is currently proposed to resurvey the project population including anthropometry and biochemical profile with periodic follow up and fool proof system of reporting births, deaths and major events. The experience showed that full support of the local self government and political units is very important. Existing health workers need to be carefully selected for long term follow up. Discussion points included the reasons for high suicide rate among young females and the social gradient of non-communicable diseases. The high rate of suicide among youngsters may be due to their high aspirations and pressures such as entrance examinations. The higher prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in the affluent classes may be due to their lifestyle, however it may change very soon as we move from a situation of food scarcity to plenty of food.

Some Challenges Facing European Central Banks as Supervising Authority

This article analyses the changes that have been made to the role of the central banks as prudential supervisors in four European member states since the crisis of 2008–2010. In Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and Germany the duty of financial supervision was either attributed to various entities or to one single institution. Since the crisis we see a much higher involvement of central banks in financial supervision, which means that central banking and supervisory powers are moving closer. The increased involvement of central banks has, in the four countries that are discussed in this article, been embedded in a Twin Peaks model, thereby combining macro- and micro prudential supervision. The Netherlands had already moved to a Twin Peaks model in 2002, so well before the crisis. However, the fact that the Dutch central bank was prudential supervisor did not prevent the failure of a couple of large financial institutions in the Netherlands. The question is whether any model is fool proof.

On the existence of a long range correlation in the Geomagnetic Disturbance storm time (Dst) index

The Dst (Disturbance storm time) index is a measurement of earth geomagnetic activity and is widely used to characterize the geomagnetic storm. It is calculated on the basis of the average value of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at four observatories, namely, Hermanus (33.3° south, 80.3° in magnetic dipole latitude and longitude), Kakioka (26.0° north, 206.0°), Honolulu (21.0° north, 266.4°), and San Juan (29.9° north, 3.2°) and is expressed in nano-Teslas. The strength of the low-latitude surface magnetic field is inversely proportional to the energy content of the ring current around earth caused by solar protons and electrons, which increases during geomagnetic storms. Thus a negative Dst index value indicates that the earth’s magnetic field is weakened which is specifically the case during solar storms. Predicting Dst index is a difficult task due to its structural complexity involving a variety of underlying plasma mechanism. For characterizing and forecasting this complex time series, a formal model must be established to identify the specific pattern of the series. Persistent demand for a fool proof model of Geomagnetic Dst index prompted us to investigate the Dst Time Series mechanism with a very recent technique called Visibility Algorithm and it is observed that the Dst time series follows the same model that of a Stochastic Fractional Brownian motion having long range correlation.

A survey of system security in contactless electronic passports

A traditional paper-based passport contains a Machine-Readable Zone (MRZ) and a Visual Inspection Zone (VIZ). The MRZ has two lines of the holder’s personal data, document data, and verification characters encoded using Optical Character Recognition font B (OCR-B). The encoded data include the holder’s name, date of birth, and other identity information of the holder. The VIZ contains the holder’s photo with signature and is usually placed on the data page of a paper passport. However, the MRZ and VIZ can be easily duplicated with normal document reproduction technology to produce a fake passport which can pass traditional verification. Neither of these features actively verify the holder’s identity; nor do they bind the holder’s identity to the document in a fool proof way. A passport also contains blank pages for visa stamps and country entry or exit dates. Any of this information can be easily altered to produce fake permissions and travel records. The electronic passport, supporting authentication using secure credentials on a tamper-resistant chip, is an attempt to improve the security of paper-based passport at minimum cost. This paper surveys security mechanisms built in first-generation electronic passports and compares them with second-generation passports. It analyzes and describes the cryptographic protocols used in Basic Access Control (BAC) and Extended Access Control (EAC).

‘To be Dutch or not to be Turkish, that is the question’, or, how to measure the reception of a community-based play about living between cultures

In this article, the authors experiment with an interdisicplinary, partly empirical investigation into the reception of a community-based theatre production created by three generations of Turkish migrants in the Netherlands. Although community arts has been experiencing a boom of sorts in the Netherlands and local funding agents increasingly call for evidence, very little empirical research has been done in the low countries so far. Prompted by the assumption that community-based theatre has a stronger effect on spectators who are peers of participant-performers than on relative outsiders, the researchers explore the possibilities and drawbacks of two different kinds of measuring reception of this particular community play. In the first, one of the researchers returned to respondents one year after they first saw the play to verify what impact, if any, still remains. In the second, another more psychologically inclined researcher attempted to find out how Turkish and non-Turkish spectators identified differently with particular characters in the play. These combined investigations lead the authors to conclude that the play was relatively effective in causing (inter-)cultural identification processes and sustained (inter-)cultural learning and that in all this there was a marked difference between Turkish and non-Turkish audiences. They also realise their approach is far from fool proof and call for further fine-tuning instruments for reliably measuring reception and participation in community arts projects.

An innovative nuclear reactor for electricity and desalination

A new era of nuclear energy is emerging through innovative nuclear reactors that are to satisfy the new philosophies and criteria that are being developed by the INPRO program of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It is establishing a new paradigm in relation to nuclear energy. The future reactors should meet the new standards in respect to safety, economy, non-proliferation, nuclear waste, and environmental impact. The fixed bed nuclear reactor (FBNR) is a small nuclear reactor that meets all the requirements. It is an inherently safe and passively cooled reactor that is fool proof against nuclear proliferation. It is simple in design and economic. It can serve in a dual purpose plant to produce simultaneously both electricity and desalinated water, thus making it especially suitable to the needs of the Middle-East Countries. FBNR is being developed with the support of the IAEA under its program of small reactors without on-site refueling. The reactor uses the pressurized water reactor technology. It fulfills the objectives of design simplicity, inherent and passive safety, economy, standardization, shop fabrication, easy transportability, and high availability. The inherent safety characteristic of the reactor dispenses with the need for containment; however, a simple underground containment is envisaged for the reactor in order to reduce any adverse visual impact. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A survey of emerging biometric modalities

Abstract Biometric recognition is the task of identifying an individual on the basis of his/her physiological or behavioral traits. Necessity of developing fool proof security systems has provided biometric research much needed impetus. Over the last three decades there has been a lot of work done on development of systems based on fingerprint, face, iris, voice etc., but in the recent past some new biometric measures have emerged which have shown prospect of enhancing the performance of the traditional biometrics by fusing these new biometric modalities with established ones. Some of these biometric measures have shown tremendous potential in forensic applications. In this paper a review of two of these emerging biometric modalities is presented.

Fourier transform infrared and near-infrared spectroscopic methods for the detection of toxic Diethylene Glycol (DEG) contaminant in glycerin based cough syrup

Recently there have been reports of the contamination of cough syrups with Diethylene Glycol (DEG). The consumption of such cough syrups has devastating effects on the health. In this paper we report evidence that Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic techniques are viable, simple, cost effective, rapid and fool proof methods for the identification and quantification of DEG in glycerin based cough syrups. The FT-IR and NIR spectra of the glycerin based cough syrup and up to 50:50 mixtures of DEG in cough syrup are recorded. The major peaks in the FT-IR spectrum of the cough syrup are assigned to the OH stretching (∼3300 cm−1), CH stretching (∼2900 cm−1), CH bending (1500–1200 cm−1) and C–O stretching (1200–900 cm−1) vibrational modes. In the FT-IR spectra of the mixtures, DEG contribute distinct peaks due to the vibrations of the C–O (920 cm−1) and OC2H4(892 cm−1) moieties of its backbone and form the basis of the DEG detection and quantification. The prominent peaks of the NIR spectra of cough syrup and DEG are assigned to the first overtones of OH and CH, and to the combination of OH and CH fundamental vibrations. Both FT-IR and NIR Partial Least Square (PLS) calibrations produced correlation coefficients of 0.98.

Marrying Microfinance to Small-Holder Agriculture - A Conceptual Framework for Involving Small and Marginal Farmers in Agricultural Diversification

Resource constraints and small farm sizes make crop diversification a difficult proposition in India. Though, contract farming systems do offer a solution by reducing the risk for the producers as well as processors, but, farmer enrolments are generally limited to large farms only in such contract farming arrangements. However, no contracts are said to be fool proof as both the partners' exhibit opportunistic behaviour in maximizing returns, this brings to fore the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for getting small-holder agriculturists into crop diversification, which is a key ingredient in agriculture transformation in India. Cooperative models and models based on microfinance improvisations do offer a scope for broad based relationship models that doesn't terminate with contracts and facilitates greater participation of small-holder agriculturists. The framework suggested charts the role of intermediaries like aggregators. The paper argues that fair contract systems can be achieved if the farmer power is aggregated to mutually benefit and enable more longer and sustained relationships.

Strategies to evade false positives in the in situ analysis of peptide antibiotics in SDS–PAGE gels

In situ activity assay is one of the promising techniques for the characterization of peptide antibiotics. This assay was carried out for the peptide purified from a new bacterial isolate Paenibacillus alvei and commercial peptide antibiotic polymixin E. Towards this, the routine and new protocols were tried. Interestingly, the unexpected result of these experiments - the “switch over activity” has led us to have further investigations. Here, we have addressed the potential problem in the methodology of in situ assay and demonstrated a fool proof protocol to evade the false positive results.

M631: Are You Truly Ready for an Office Anesthetic Emergency?

In every oral and maxillofacial surgery office the care providers must be ready for a medical or anesthetic emergency that could happen on any day, at any time. However, when many new employees begin working in an oral and maxillofacial surgery office, they have limited medical background.Death or serious injury always turns a bright light on the oral surgery office, particularly when it involves delivering conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Claims of substandard care often focus on deficiencies in resuscitation due to poor planning and ineffective or delayed implementation. This program will review the legal obligations and the consequences of being unprepared for an office emergency.Even though resuscitating a patient is not a routine event, the administrators of sedation and general anesthesia must maintain the tools and data to use in the event of an emergency. Legal standards mandate having a team that can resuscitate a patient just as if it were from an ICU unit at a hospital or EMT’s. This course will show you how to create that team, through organization and effective staff training.You will learn how to organize your crash cart and the rest of your emergency preparedness program, and train the members of your staff to be knowledgeable, effective team members in the management of emergencies. We will review how to store and organize your emergency medications, intubation supplies, intravenous drip supplies, etc in your crash cart for instant retrieval. Plans for virtually “fool proof” labeling and organization for all items—from drugs to batteries—will be discussed. Tips will be provided on how to effectively use your office computer to help provide first–rate teaching materials for your entire office staff.Actual clinical and legal case examples will be utilized to demonstrate fatal outcomes associated with insufficient office organization and emergency drills. In addition, videos of emergency drills will illustrate how to maximize the teaching potential of the drills. The program will benefit, and is appropriate for, surgeons, managment, and staff. In every oral and maxillofacial surgery office the care providers must be ready for a medical or anesthetic emergency that could happen on any day, at any time. However, when many new employees begin working in an oral and maxillofacial surgery office, they have limited medical background. Death or serious injury always turns a bright light on the oral surgery office, particularly when it involves delivering conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Claims of substandard care often focus on deficiencies in resuscitation due to poor planning and ineffective or delayed implementation. This program will review the legal obligations and the consequences of being unprepared for an office emergency. Even though resuscitating a patient is not a routine event, the administrators of sedation and general anesthesia must maintain the tools and data to use in the event of an emergency. Legal standards mandate having a team that can resuscitate a patient just as if it were from an ICU unit at a hospital or EMT’s. This course will show you how to create that team, through organization and effective staff training. You will learn how to organize your crash cart and the rest of your emergency preparedness program, and train the members of your staff to be knowledgeable, effective team members in the management of emergencies. We will review how to store and organize your emergency medications, intubation supplies, intravenous drip supplies, etc in your crash cart for instant retrieval. Plans for virtually “fool proof” labeling and organization for all items—from drugs to batteries—will be discussed. Tips will be provided on how to effectively use your office computer to help provide first–rate teaching materials for your entire office staff. Actual clinical and legal case examples will be utilized to demonstrate fatal outcomes associated with insufficient office organization and emergency drills. In addition, videos of emergency drills will illustrate how to maximize the teaching potential of the drills. The program will benefit, and is appropriate for, surgeons, managment, and staff.

Are You Really Prepared for an Office Emergency?

In every oral and maxillofacial surgery office the care providers must be ready for a medical or anesthetic emergency that could happen on any day, at any time. However, when many new employees begin working in an oral and maxillofacial surgery office, they have limited medical background. Death or serious injury always turns a bright light on the oral surgery office, particularly when it involves delivering conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Claims of substandard care often focus on deficiencies in resuscitation due to poor planning and ineffective or delayed implementation. This program will review the legal obligations and the consequences of being unprepared for an office emergency. Even though resuscitating a patient is not a routine event, the administrators of sedation and general anesthesia must maintain the tools and data to use in the event of an emergency. Legal standards mandate having a team that can resuscitate a patient just as if it were a from an ICU unit at a hospital or EMT’s. This course will show you how to create that team, through organization and effective staff training. You will learn how to organize your crash cart and the rest of your emergency preparedness program, and train the members of your staff to be knowledgeable, effective team members in the management of emergencies. We will review how to store and organize your emergency medications, intubation supplies, intravenous drip supplies, etc in your crash cart for instant retrieval. Plans for virtually “fool proof” labeling andorganization, such that all items—from drugs to batteries—will be discussed. Tips will be provided on how to effectively use your office computer to help provide first-rate teaching materials for your entire office staff. Actual clinical and legal case examples will be utilized to demonstrate fatal outcomes associated with insufficient office organization and emergency drills. In addition, videos of emergency drills will illustrate how to maximize the teaching potential of the drills. The program will benefit, and is appropriate for, surgeons, management and staff.

Genotoxicity of industrial wastewaters obtained from two different pollution sources in northern India: A comparison of three bioassays

The genotoxicity of industrial wastewater samples from Aligarh and Ghaziabad cities was compared using the Ames plate incorporation test, the Ames fluctuation test and the Allium cepa test. While TA102 and TA104 strains exhibited the highest sensitivity against the Aligarh sample (AWW) in terms of the slope ( m) of the dose–response curve in the plate incorporation assay, TA98 and TA97a were the most sensitive strains based on the induction factor, Mi( p). TA98 once again, was the most sensitive strain against the test sample from Ghaziabad (GWW) in terms of ‘Mi( p)’ while TA102 was the most sensitive strain on the basis of the slope ( m). TA100 displayed the highest susceptibility towards the samples from Aligarh in the fluctuation test. However, TA102 and TA98 responded maximally to GWW in this bioassay. The mutagenicity of the test samples seemed to be partly mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) as evidenced by the use of free radical scavengers. Mannitol brought about the maximum decline in the number of revertants of TA102 by the Aligarh sample, whereas such a reduction in case of Ghaziabad sample was exhibited with superoxide dismutase. Both the test water samples induced various anaphase aberrations in the root cells of Allium cepa. Fragmentation of the chromosome was the predominant effect of the Aligarh water sample while the Ghaziabad sample induced chromosome stickiness. The crucial roles of heavy metals and pesticides in the genotoxicity of AWW and GWW, respectively, have been suggested. In view of the problem associated with the interpretations of data, we recommend that all the test bioassays should be carried out in the presence of ROS scavengers for the fool proof evaluation of the genotoxicity of water samples.