Food Security Knowledge Research Articles

Understanding Cassava Ethnovarieties in the Brazilian Amazon: Harnessing Traditional Knowledge For Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Objective: To characterize ethnovarieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in traditional communities on the border between Juruti (Pará) and Parintins (Amazonas), focusing on the diversity and management practices associated with the cultivation of this plant in the Brazilian Amazon. Theoretical Framework: Cassava is vital for food security and the economy in the Brazilian Amazon. The loss of traditional varieties or ethnovarieties in border communities in Amazonas and Pará is a reality. By focusing on morphological descriptors, ancestry and management practices, we can identify the use of these varieties and thus highlight ecological and diverse adaptations in the region. Method: With ethical approval and community consent, ethnobotanical interviews, farm walks and participatory analysis were carried out in four communities. Morphological descriptors were used, such as leaf shape and root pulp color, as well as climatic variations, to understand the relationship between traditional knowledge and the adaptation of local varieties to the conditions. Results and Discussion: The data was analyzed using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and a statistical dendrogram, which revealed high similarity between areas 2 and 3, followed by area 1, indicating similar agricultural practices and environments. This diversity of ethnovarieties reflects an ancestral and consolidated agricultural management system, showing a deep cultural identity and knowledge about the adaptability of varieties to the region. Research Implications: In this research, the importance for community members to conserve ethnovarieties in situ for social justice resistance, income and culinary quality, important factors for the conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity, can be seen in the localities. Originality/Value: In order to give greater value to the use and conservation of these ethnovarieties, this research shows the potential for genetic improvement programs and public policies in these locations aimed at food security and strengthening family farming in the Amazon.

OPINIE STUDENTÓW WYBRANYCH KIERUNKÓW STUDIÓW NA TEMAT BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ŻYWNOŚCIOWEGO I BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ŻYWNOŚCI

In every country and on every continent, food security is one of the most important and even fundamental human needs, and thus feeding people should be an overriding goal at the in- ternational, national, and even household level. Food security involves meeting three conditions – physical access to food, economic access to food, and production of healthy food ensuring a nu- tritionally optimal diet. The aim of the study was to assess basic knowledge of food security and safety among students of agriculture and medicine at the global and household level. The survey found a satisfactory level of knowledge on the subject of the research. Students indicate differences in the concepts of food security and safety as well as variation in economic access to food and the need to eliminate it. They indicate the causes of hunger and malnutrition, and particularly the need to ensure production of safe food. Most respondents regarded food security in their households as satisfactory and stated that an increase in income does not necessarily lead to an increase in ex- penditures on food. Irrespective of their area of study, the survey participants correctly identified the main causes of hunger and malnutrition in the world, as well as the regions and countries in which these phenomena occur. The main causes of hunger and malnutrition in the world were considered to be the increase in the population, authoritarian systems of government and associated armed conflicts, and unfair distribution of food.

The Impact of COVID-19 and Climate Change on Food Security in Pamijahan District, Bogor Regency

Food security is a requirement for meeting household food demands and is expressed in the availability of enough food that is sufficient both in quantity and quality, safe, equitable, and inexpensive. Academics and practitioners have attempted to revise food security models that may depict disaster-prone places, particularly Pamijahan District; however, these varied models each have their setbacks when compared to the world’s various global conditions. This study aims to examine how food security is affected by the availability, accessibility, and consumption of food under the influence of climate change and the COVID-19 outbreak in the period 2017–2022. The methods used in this study were mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative). In this study, participants underwent SMART PLS 3.0 analysis, followed by quantitative analytic techniques. Study results showed that the total food security condition of Cibunian Village in Pamijahan District in the period 2017–2022 can be categorized as vulnerable. Based on the FSVA analysis, it revealed that Cibunian Village was in the category of being vulnerable to food insecurity in general for the 2017–2022 period, while based on the SKPG analysis from the perspective of food access, there has been a 33.3% increase in food insecurity. The COVID-19 outbreak, climate change, and food consumption are the causes, and they all significantly and positively affect food security. This work advances our knowledge of food security in the COVID-19 outbreak age and the issues posed by global climate change. Everywhere, even in disaster-prone areas, complete food security should be attained.

Assessment of consumers’ knowledge, attitude and perception of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food security in Caribbean Small Island Developing States

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic and recent international crises including the Russia-Ukraine conflict have resulted in significant disruptions along multiple segments of the Caribbean’s agri-food system, thus compromising regional food security. These impacts are still ongoing with the potential to worsen. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sociodemographic factors on consumers’ knowledge of food security along with their attitude, and perception towards the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food security in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States.MethodA cross-sectional on-line survey was conducted between January 1 and November 30, 2021. The sampled population included consumers from nine Caribbean countries (Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines). Survey data were analyzed using Chi-square, one way analysis of variance, and univariate logistic regression.Results and discussionA total of 237 consumers participated in the survey. Consumers were generally knowledgeable about food security and had favorable attitudes and perceptions of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food security. Significant associations (p<0.05) and significant differences (p<0.05) were obtained for consumers’ knowledge, attitude and perception among the sociodemographic variables assessed. The results suggest that there were different levels of vulnerability to food insecurity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable households. Policies that support disadvantaged households and ensure adequate employment opportunities are important to support Caribbean consumers throughout and post the COVID-19 pandemic recovery.

The impact of digital technology use on farmers’ low-carbon production behavior under the background of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality goals

In the digital economy era, as a new production factor, digital technology can break through the information blocking constraints on farmers’ behavior, become an important driving force affecting farmers’ low-carbon production behavior, and provide new opportunities for agricultural green low-carbon transformation and the realization of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality goals. Based on the field survey data of 571 farm households in Jiangsu Province, China, this paper employs the Ordered Probit model and the mediating effect test method, and takes risk cognition as the mediating variable to empirically analyze the impact of digital technology use on farmers’ low-carbon production behavior and its path. The study results show that environmental risk cognition, health risk cognition, agricultural product safety risk cognition, and pesticide residue risk cognition have a significant positive impact on farmers’ low-carbon production behavior. Study findings also reveal that, on one side, the use of digital technology has a direct effect on the farmers’ low-carbon production behavior, on the other side, it indirectly affects the farmers’ low-carbon production behavior by affecting their risk cognition, that is, risk cognition plays a partial mediation role in this relationship. Furthermore, the results indicate that among the control variables, joint cooperative membership, food security knowledge, agricultural income, technical guidance, and following instructions have a significant and positive impact on farmers’ low-carbon production behavior. Based on study findings, the variable “number of the labor force” has a negative and significant impact on farmers’ low-carbon production behavior. Based on study findings, to effectively realize carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality goals and promote sustainable and high-quality agriculture development, agricultural policy makers should pay attention to the role of digital technology to actively promote low-carbon production behavior.

Understanding Consumers' Intentions to Purchase Clean Label Products: Evidence from Taiwan.

In light of the fact that increasing consumer emphasis is being placed on the concepts of safety, health, and environmental protection, and that consumer groups are now attentive to the issues of “greenism” and sustainable development, the certification label has become an important tool. This study explores individual needs from the perspective of food “clean label” certification, highlighting that the importance of general food certification to consumers is different from the previous literature that only focused on the impact of organic labeling, nutrition labeling, and food safety certification on consumer behavior. In this study, the consumer purchase intention for the use of the “clean label” and its influencing factors are discussed, using product knowledge and involvement as the independent variables. The target is the consumer who has experience with “clean label” products. This study employs snowball sampling. A formal questionnaire was sent to 292 participants. After eliminating the invalid samples, we retained 265 valid questionnaires for the analysis (a valid response rate of 90.75%). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that: (1) consumers’ involvement with “clean label products significantly influences their purchase intention; and (2) consumers’ product knowledge of “clean label” products significantly influences their purchase intention and involvement. Based on these results, enhancing consumers’ knowledge of food security is suggested. Furthermore, the findings provide crucial insights for marketing channels, suggesting that the food industry can target consumer confidence over certification labeling and “clean label” products as keys to purchase intention, and to attract business by developing practical marketing strategies.

Women’s Contribution to Indigenous Knowledge Food Security in the Lokaleng village, North West Province, South Africa

There is an increasing trend of directing food security policies toward empowering women, because, studies have found that indigenous knowledge among women plays a significant role in reducing poverty and food insecurity in their rural households. Although South Africa is considered food secure, many households still suffer from food insecurity. This study intends to investigate women’s contribution to indigenous knowledge of food security. This study employs a qualitative approach and exploratory research design to solve the research objective. Thirty participants took part in the study and data was collected using semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Data analysis was thematic and themes identified were: indigenous knowledge technologies, indigenous food types and contribution to food security. The study found that most women used indigenous technologies, such as animal traction, plough-pull by donkey, kraal manure and cow dung to improve food security. Women also used paraffin, wild onion and “sunlight” bar soap mixture solution to control pests. However, indigenous knowledge of food security might disappear because young people (women) in the community have no interest in indigenous knowledge due to modernisation. Workshops and seminars could be organised to train, empower and educate women on indigenous knowledge and food security. Previous Article

Using Community Project in Teaching Food Security: A Student-centered Approach

This study aimed to implement community action-based project to help students apply knowledge of food security to the real world. The project had students involved in choosing a food security related topic, collecting data from a community, creating a data-driven action that is beneficial to the selected community, and reporting their work. To aid educators in successfully adopting a project-based learning approach in food security at undergraduate level, this manuscript explained the course framework, demonstrated students’ works, discussed benefits and challenges when employing the community project in the course. The approach described here is applicable in other multidisciplinary fields.

Health Interventions with Video Tutorial Media on Knowledge of Food Security and Family Nutrition

Food security and the problem of fulfilling nutrition during the Covid-19 pandemic are new problems in the community because people are required to do physical distancing so that the spread of the virus can be reduced. This study aimed to analyze the effect of health interventions with video tutorials on food security and family nutrition knowledge during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was an experimental study with a group pre and post-test design with a sample of 70 people. This research was carried out in 4 villages in Tasikmalaya City, namely Sukahurip Village, Sumelap Village, Sukamaju Kidul Village, and Cipedes Village with several samples. The intervention in this study was the provision of video tutorials on how to obtain food needs through planting in polybags and cultivating budikdamber which were published on youtube and distributed via WhatsApp to the public. Based on the Paired Sample T-test Dependent test between pretest and posttest scores, p-value=0,000 (p-value<0,05), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between knowledge about family food security before and after being given a video. Giving videos affects increasing subjects knowledge. Researchers suggest further studies on the practice of directly applying it in real life at home.

Improving Food Insecurity Education in Medical School Through Integrative Service Learning.

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has left more than 38% of households food insecure in the United States. Improved education of food security topics in medical school can improve screening for food insecurity and improve health outcomes. The first aim of this study was to address if participation in an experiential integrative service learning program improved medical students’ understanding of food insecurity. The second aim was to compare knowledge of food insecurity between the general body of medical students and those who participated in the service learning program.MethodsThis was a cohort study at a large medical school in southeast Michigan in 2019–2020. We administered the Food Insecurity for Health Professionals (FISHP) survey to medical student participants; higher scores on the FISHP survey suggest higher knowledge and comfort with food security topics. We administered online Qualtrics surveys to the volunteer group before and after volunteering 12 hours at an urban farm. We also administered a one-time survey to a control group of medical students. We performed univariable and bivariable statistical analyses with StataSE 16. The study was exempted by the institutional IRB.ResultsMedical students in the volunteer group (n = 18) and the control group (n = 66) completed online surveys. Participants in the volunteer group had increased knowledge of food security after volunteering in the service learning program (p = .03). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean FISHP scores for the control group and the volunteer group (p = .001).ConclusionMedical student participation in an experiential integrative service learning program improved knowledge of food security topics and increased comfort discussing food insecurity with patients, compared to students who did not participate. Experiential integrative service learning may improve holistic patient care through physician recognition of food insecurity and other social determinants of health.

Impact on the risk of malnutrition and depression of a clinical trial with nutritional educational intervention in non-institutionalized elderly subjects receiving a telecare service in Terrassa (Spain)

Introduction: the elderly are a growing and vulnerable population. Depression and malnutrition are frequent, and there seems to be associated. Objectives: to assess the impact of a nutritional educational intervention on the risk of malnutrition and depression in elderly subjects. Methods: Analytical, experimental, randomized longitudinal study in 38 autonomous, non-institutionalized elderly subjects. Nutritional and depression risk were measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF), respectively. The impact of the intervention was measured with nutrition and food security questionnaires. Statistics were performed with Spearman's correlation coefficient, and comparisons between means with the Student's t-test. A p-value  0.05 was considered significant. Results: 63.2 % of the sample had a good nutritional status, 28,9 % were at risk of malnutrition, and 7.9 % had malnutrition. Of the total of participants, 28.9 % had depression. A statistically significant, moderate and negative linear relationship was found between depression and nutritional risk (rho = -0.489; p  0.01). The nutritional educational intervention produced a significant increase in knowledge of food security (2.95 ± 2.53 compared to 0.37 ± 1.46; p  0.0005). Conclusions: the risks of malnutrition and depression are significantly associated in older adults. Furthermore, the nutritional educational intervention improved knowledge of food safety, but did not improve nutritional status or in the degree of depression.

FOOD SECURITY MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT

Food security is a multidisciplinary and multidimensional subject, rendering food security governance a complex issue. However, it is important for food security researchers, policy-makers, and other interested parties to realize the international food security framework. Understanding the dimensions of the food security framework facilitates planning and improves the national food security system. As achieving national food security requires collaboration and coordination among several domestic organizations, an efficient food security framework should be in place that highlights the roles of each contributing organization. Furthermore, governments should apply measures to ensure the suitability and adequacy of their state of food security. National food security should be regularly assessed using sound, accurate, and up-to-date food security indicators and internationally recognized food security assessment models to support the decision-making process. This review paper highlights the international food security framework to provide insight for national governments regarding the governance of food security. However, based on an extensive review of the international food security framework, this paper suggests five major dimensions thereof. These dimensions should be considered for any national food security system, as they are crucial to achieving national food security by improving food availability and affordability. 
 These dimensions are a sustainable agriculture and food system, food trade, nutrition, food security knowledge and databases, and fighting poverty.

Knowledge Change and Donation Intentions of Field Day Attendees

Participation in field days increases adoption of new techniques and fosters learning. Since 1977, the Iowa State University (ISU) Department of Horticulture has hosted several Home Demonstration Garden (HDG) field days at ISU research farms each year to educate consumers on best practices and cultivars for growing annual flowers and vegetables. Gardens are planted at the farms and feature a specific topic or theme. In 2016 and 2017, 12 HDG field days were hosted in July or August. The objective of these field days was to showcase cultivars of vegetables that are in demand at food pantries and that home gardeners could grow easily for donation to these pantries. In addition to showcasing crops, presentations were delivered that focused on food insecurity implications in Iowa and how community members could impact food security locally. Of more than 400 field-day attendees in 2016, 151 (38%) participated in an optional survey at the end of the day. Similarly, in 2017, 140 of 350 (40%) attendees participated in the survey. Participants reflected on their food security knowledge and intentions to donate fresh produce before and after participation in the field day. Slightly more than a third (39.53% and 37.12%, respectively) of attendees reported some increase in food-security knowledge after participation. In addition, 85% and 72.5% of respondents reported that they will or would consider donating fresh produce to a local pantry after participation in this field day in 2016 and 2017, respectively. This was a change of more than 40% from previous donation patterns in both years. Results from this study are being used to focus future programming of the HDG field days and content of the field day surveys.

The Development of Food Security Behavior Model through Environmental-Based Learning: A System Dynamics Approach

Food security behavior is essential to be developed through continuous development of knowledge, awareness, attitudes, values, skills, and responsibility. Utilization of system dynamics methodology in educational research in the field of food security is still limited. Thus, this research aimed to develop a model of food security behavior through environmental-based learning by utilizing a system dynamics methodology. This approach starts with defining problems dynamically, developing concepts in circular causality, identifying stocks, flows, simulating, and validating the model. Through quantification of variables involved in the development of food security behavior model, the results showed that during 6 years of simulation, environmental-based learning could improve food security behavior sustainably (from 10.60 at the beginning to 74.19 at the end of simulation year) having the growth forming an exponential curve. The increase of food security behavior occurred gradually through increasing food security attitudes (from 2.09 to 7.45), food security awareness (from 0.55 to 2.34), food security values (from 0.23 to 0.85), food security knowledge (from 1.53 to 6.17), food security skills (from 0.61 to 1.83), and food security responsibility (from 0.88 to 1.67).

Enlarging the Application of the Food Security Index at European Union Regions

The food security remains a major priority and a typical issue that requires immediate international solutions. Recent studies reveal the increasing complexity of food security issues focusing on the necessity to address formal actions and solve the dramatic situations. New tools are always welcome to facilitate solutions’ implementation.In September 2015, the United Nations Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development among the goals of which the followings are fundamental: no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, clean water and climate action. The European Union joined the Program, expressing the full commitment to its implementation. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the number of undernourished people reached in 2017 about 821 million peoples, representing an increase from about 804 million peoples in 2016. The 2018 statistics of FAO state that 22% of children under-five are affected by malnutrition, while over 38 million children in the same age group are overweight.Beyond the premises, as a novelty, we contribute at the food security knowledge by calculating a regional index at European and Romanian levels to better outline the realities and provide the decision-makers with a new tool to find better solutions.

مستوى وعي طلبة الصف الحادي عشر في سلطنة عمان بالأمن الغذائي في ضوء بعض المتغيرات

The purpose of the current study was to explore the level of grade eleven students’ awareness of the food security topic in relation to gender and academic specialization (science vs. literature). A 36-item questionnaire was developed and administered to 622 male and female students selected from schools in three Educational Governances in the Sultanat of Oman. The questionnaire items were classified into three main domains. The validity and reliability of the instrument were checked. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) coefficient was 0.85. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and MANOVA-Wilkes Lambda. The study findings showed that there was a high level of awareness among students about food security. In addition, the students’ awareness of the “role of the Sultanat in achieving food security” domain was the highest compared to the other domains, followed by their general knowledge of food security and their awareness of the “role of the individual in achieving food security” domain. The results also indicated that female students significantly outperformed male students in their awareness of the topic of food security. Furthermore, science stream students outperformed literature stream students. The study recommended that school curriculum should include topic related to food security and further research needs to be conducted in this area.

Assessment of the knowledge and attitude of infants\u2019 mothers from Bushehr (Iran) on food security using anthropometric indicators in 2016: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAmong the main elements of food security, in terms of food usage, are knowledge and attitude. These are particularly important during the initial two years of a child’s life. The present study was conducted in 2016 and aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of infants’ mothers from Bushehr (Iran) towards food security using anthropometric indicators.MethodsThe present cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was performed on 400 mothers of children aged 1-2 years in Bushehr, Iran. Data were collected using a 20-item knowledge questionnaire (CVR = 0.95, CVI = 0.95, and reliability 0.7), a 26-item attitude questionnaire (CVI = 0.94, CVR = 0.91, and reliability 0.76), and a 16-item Radimer/Cornell questionnaire, which were completed by all mothers. Anthropometric indicators of children, including height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height were also measured in accordance with the z-score benchmark of the World Health Organization.ResultsA positive and significant relationship was found between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.26, P = 0.0001) as well as between knowledge and household food security (r = 0.11, P = 0.02) in complementary feeding. Approximately 26% of the studied children fell under the risk category of overweight to obese. A significant relationship was found between inadequate knowledge of the mothers and height-for-age (OR = 4.87, P = 0.001) and weight-for-height (OR = 2.33, P = 0.04) indices, as well as between the negative attitude of the mothers and weight-for-height index (OR = 2.91, P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe knowledge of food security purely relates to the dimension of the household food security of a family and not to the individual/child level of food security. It seems that the knowledge of a mother, as a positive factor, does not support child’s food security when the severity of household insecurity triggers the child’s hunger and food inaccessibility. Also, inappropriate knowledge and negative attitude towards food security were associated with an increased risk of obesity. Increased weight, in addition to being affected by the knowledge and attitude of the mothers, is probably also influenced by the incorrect conduct of the mothers. Further investigation on this topic is recommended.

Mothers' Knowledge and Attitude toward Food Security in Complementary Feeding of 1-2 Year Old Children and its Relation with Demographic Indices

Background: Food insecurity denotes failure to provide adequate food. Knowledge and attitude play a key role in food security, which is of paramount importance in the first two years of life. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate mothers' knowledge and attitude towards food security in complementary feeding of 1-2 year-old offspring. Method: Using a cross-sectional study, 400 mothers of children 1-2 years old were selected from comprehensive health service centers in Bushehr, in 2016. The data collection instrument included a self-made questionnaire with 20 knowledge questions with CVR=0.95, CVI=0.95, and reliability 0.7 as well as a questionnaire with 26 questions on the attitude with CVI=0.94, CVR=0.91 and reliability 0.76 which were completed by the mothers and analysis with Spearman correlation, logistic regression and descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 29.5±4.9 years. We found that 74 (18.5%) of the mothers had an inappropriate level of knowledge and 10.5% of them had a negative attitude toward food security in complementary feeding. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (r=0.26, P=0.001). Maternal age (OR=1.10, P<0.001), maternal occupation (OR=3.09, P=0.01), mothers with diploma (OR=3.25, P=0.01) and academic education (OR=12.29, P<0.001), fathers with diploma (OR=3.37, P=0.004) and academic education (OR=5.59, P<0.001), household income (OR=7.13, P=0.001), and babysitting in kindergarten (OR=3.17, P=0.03) were the factors associated with mothers' knowledge of food security. Attitude was significantly related to maternal occupation (OR=3.33, P=0.05) and income higher than 2000$ (OR=4.87, P=0.03). Implications for Practice: Long-term planning regarding demographic determinants such as educational level and identifying factors related to food security should be considered.

Food safety practices, levels of knowledge, and problems of dairy companies in Turkey

AbstractMilk contains a large number of essential nutrients that should be consumed at every stage of human life. As a subsector, the dairy industry is extremely important to the national economy. The dairy industry constitutes 16% of the output of the food industry in Turkey. Burdur is one of the major cities in Turkey in terms of the dairy industry. Burdur province has significant potential both in terms of dairy farming and the processing industry. Burdur province produces 258,000 tons of milk annually. There are 16 milk processing plants in the province. The total capacity of these enterprises is 184,807 tons per year, but capacity use is only 69,480 tons per year. In addition, milk powder and whey powder are available at only one processing facility; the capacity of this facility is 4,554 tons per year. Although the province's milk processing capacity is 68.44%, only 26.9% of the milk produced in the province is traded in the province; 73.1% is processed outside the province.Practical applicationsIn this study, we examine the general characteristics of the 13 operating dairies in Burdur province. We used questionnaires to determine problems and solutions concerning food safety, the level of information on food safety among managers, resources, and current practices. This study used an in‐depth interview method to survey business managers and employees. We surveyed managers and employees concerning their knowledge of food security, sources of information, and problems and solutions.

Consumer Responsibility for Food Safety

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nowadays, food safety and quality have a key role in maintaining the health of consumer, as the ultimate link in the food chain. Foodborne diseases can be a problem for every individual, but are particularly important to children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although food hygiene experts widely accept many cases of foodborne disease occur as a result of improper food handling and preparation by consumers, the consumers themselves are still not aware of this fact. Correct personal hygiene measures are a well known step facilitating reductions in the risk of these diseases. However, actual implementation of personal hygiene and sanitation behaviors at home remains insufficient. The aim of many studies is to assess consumers’ knowledge of food security and to determine whether that knowledge is applied in practice. Such information can be of great help to professionals who deal with education of consumers about food safety, should help promote the principle among consumers that they themselves have a critical role in reducing the risk of foodborne disease.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;