Food Safety Index Research Articles

Construction of a Food Safety Evaluation System Based on the Factor Analysis of Mixed Data Method.

Food safety evaluation, which aims to reflect food safety status, is an important part of food safety management. Traditional food evaluation methods often consider limited data, and the evaluation process is subjective, time-consuming, and difficult to popularize. We developed a new food safety evaluation system that incorporates simple qualification degrees, food consumption, project hazard degrees, sales channels, food production regions, and other information obtained from food safety sampling and inspection to reflect the food safety situation accurately, objectively, and comprehensively. This evaluation model combined the statistical method and the machine learning method. The optimal distance method was used to calculate the basic qualification degree, and then expert elicitation via a questionnaire and the factor analysis of mixed data method (FADM) was applied to modify the basic qualification degree so as to obtain the food safety index, which indicates food safety status. Then, the effectiveness of this new method was verified by calculating and analyzing of the food safety index in region X. The results show that this model can clearly distinguish food safety levels in different cities and food categories and identify food safety trends in different years. Thus, this food safety evaluation system based on the FADM quantifies the real food safety level, screens out cities and food categories with high food safety risks, and, finally, helps to optimize the allocation of regulatory resources and provide technical and theoretical support for government decision-making.

Analysis, distribution, and health evaluation of 8 biogenic amines in Chinese mackerel products by CoFe2O4/MEG solid phase extraction-HPLC

A CoFe2O4/MEG solid-phase extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography was used for determination of 8 biogenic amines (Bas) in canned Spanish mackerel products. A new comprehensive evaluation system, including dietary exposure, food safety index, chemical quality index and biogenic amine index, was used for investigating the pollution distribution, exposure and health assessment of BAs in four sea areas/provinces of China. The pollution levels in the Yellow Sea-Jiangsu, Bohai Sea-Shandong, Yellow and Bohai Sea-Liaoning regions were equivalent, with ∑8BAs equalling 34.7–36.5 mg/kg, while in the South China Sea-Guangdong region ∑8BAs was lowest at 18.9 mg/kg. The concentration range of ∑8BAs and ∑4BAs were ND (not detected)-113 mg/kg and ND-80.8 mg/kg, respectively. All results showed that the main components of BAs were putrescine, histamine, and spermine, with detection rates ranging from 23.1% to 42.3%. The dietary exposure level range of 8 BAs was 85.8–266 μg∙kg−1∙d−1, IFSc was 0.00800–0.0248, CQI values range in the four regions was 1.21–3.93, with a mean CQI of 1.98. The total value of BAI ranges ND-0.840 mg/kg, with a mean BAI of 20.3 mg/kg. Statistical analysis showed that the overall health risk of BAs exhibits different trends in terms of gender, age, and region.

Exploring the adoption of food safety measures in smallholder dairy systems in Ethiopia: implications for food safety and public health

Milk is highly perishable and can be a conduit for the transmission of zoonotic foodborne pathogens. This cross-sectional survey involving 159 farming households and 18 participant observations in participating farms was undertaken in Addis Ababa and surrounding areas in Oromia, Ethiopia to assess the adoption of food safety measures in smallholder farms. Adoption of food safety measures at the farm level influences milk quality and safety across the entire milk value chain, from “grass to glass”. This study considered the adoption of 36 different food safety measures (FSM) including animal health, milking hygiene, hygienic milk storage, and hygienic milking premises. A weighted food safety index (FSI, ranging from 0 to 100) was calculated for each household based on FSM adopted. Ordinary Least Squares linear regression was used to quantify the factors of FSM adoption by smallholder farmers. The overall food safety index ranged between 59.97—60.75. A majority of farmers may be classified as moderate adopters of FSM (index ranging between 30–70%). Farm and farmers’ characteristics such as herd size, farmer’s education level, farmer’s expertise in dairying, and participation of the farm in the formal milk value- chain, were shown to positively influence the level of adoption of FSM. Low farm-level adoption of FSM has food safety and public health implications as it can lead to milk contamination and, therefore, expose consumers to foodborne diseases. There is an imperative for policymakers to design and implement policies and intervention strategies that lead to increased farmer training related to livestock production and awareness of the important role that FSM adoption can play in improving food safety and public health.

Multiresidue analysis and health risk assessment of sulfonamides and quinolones from edible Batrachia and other aquatic products

Tailless amphibians belonging to the order Batrachia are a significant component of human consumption. However, there is limited literature on the consumption of these amphibians by humans. Therefore, the present work aimed to examine the presence of drug residues in edible Batrachia, and compare them with other aquatic products. We assessed 22 veterinary drug residues, including 12 sulfonamides (SAs) and ten quinolones (QNs), in various aquatic products, including edible Batrachia. To provide a comparative analysis, we referenced literature from China between 2005 and 2020 regarding SAs and QNs detected in aquatic products. Additionally, we calculated the food safety index (IFS) of antibiotics, and conducted a health risk assessment. The findings revealed that the detection rate, average residual amount, and over-standard rate of antibiotics in edible Batrachia were higher than most other aquatic products. Furthermore, the systematic cluster analysis demonstrated that edible Batrachia could serve as a potential sentinel animal, distinguishing them from several other aquatic products. The total IFS of all residues obtained from different aquatic products in the present work was less than 1, thus indicating their safety in terms of public health. Nevertheless, it is essential to conduct detailed investigations into the maximum residues of certain antibiotics in specific aquatic products that exceed the safety limits to understand their impact on human health.

Pollution, Exposure and Risk of Biogenic Amines in Canned Sea Fish: Classification of Analytical Methods Based on Carbon Spheres QuEChERS Extraction Combined with HPLC.

This study investigated the pollution characteristics, exposure levels and health risk assessments of seven kinds of biogenic amines (BAs) in eight varieties of canned sea fish products (n = 131) on the Chinese market. Carbon spheres QuEChERS mixed dispersion solid phase extraction combined with HPLC was used for the classification and analysis of batch samples. The average recovery of single BAs obtained by this method is 92.3~97.7%, and the relative standard deviation is 1.9~4.8%. Different varieties of samples have different degrees of pollution, the mass concentration of single BAs range 0.45~27.74 mg/kg, and the total concentration of ΣBAs range 18.77~368.50 mg/kg, of which the concentration of Σ4BAs range 11.53~368.50 mg/kg. The composition of four BAs is mainly putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine, which always play an important role in the exposure level and risk assessment of samples. The exposure level of BAs in the human body ranges 67.03~209.52 μg∙kg−1∙d−1. The health risk assessment shows that the gender trend of exposure risk level of BAs is male > female (young age), female > male (middle and old age), the age trend is young age > old age > middle age, and the regional trend is city > countryside. The food safety index of BAs in samples is 0.0062~0.0195, which is far less than 1, so the risk is within the controllable range.

Food safety in milk: Adoption of food safety practices by small-scale dairy farmers in Sri Lanka and their determinants

This study assesses the degree of adoption of food safety measures by milk producers in Sri Lanka representing different production systems. The study is based on primary data collected from 500 dairy producers across different milk-producing districts. To assess the intensity of adoption of food safety practices, a Food Safety Index (FSI) was calculated. Taking FSI and the share of practices adopted, the determinants of compliance with food safety practices were assessed using the Multiple Linear Regression model, Ordered Logit model and Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model. Results confirm that the intensity of adoption (IoA) of safety practices by dairy farmers is at a moderate level in Sri Lanka, an average FSI score of 0.54 out of a maximum of 1. IoA moreover varies by production systems. Farmers who managed their farms under intensive systems are comparatively high adopters of food safety practices vis-a-vis farmers under extensive farming systems. Farmers who received training to produce safer milk and farmers who received a subsidy to construct animal sheds were better adopters of safety practices. Importantly, less commercialized farmers with a greater share of home consumption in production were greater adopters of safety practices indicating demand-pull of the markets to be limited in inducing safety of milk. To improve compliance with food safety practices, knowledge gap needs to be bridged through training programs on safer milk production. With additional cost of compliance, there seems to be a need for financial incentives, at least in the short run before markets begin to reward producers adequately for delivery of non-price attributes like food safety.

Investigation and health risk assessment of veterinary drug residues in chickens and eggs sold in Ningxia from 2016 to 2020

To understand the monitoring status of veterinary drug residues in chickens and eggs sold in Ningxia from 2016 to 2020, and to evaluate the health risks of human intake. A total of 303 chicken and 237 eggs were collected from 2016 to 2020, and the veterinary drug residues in chickens and eggs sold in Ningxia were detected and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The food safety index method was used to assess the health risks in combination with the dietary intake of residents. The detection rate of veterinary drug residues in chicken was 38.0%(115/303), and the over-standard rate was 7.6%(23/303). The detection rate of veterinary drug residues in eggs was 26.6%(63/237), and the over-standard rate was 19.8%(47/237). The food safety index of doxycycline in chicken was 4.59, and the food safety indexes of doxycycline, flumequine and flufenicol in eggs were 7.09, 26.5 and 2.33, respectively, all of which were much higher than 1, suggesting that there were health risks. The food safety indexes of other substances were all less than 1, and the food safety indexes were all acceptable. Veterinary drugs were widely detected in chicken and eggs in Ningxia from 2016 to 2020. Some veterinary drugs had hidden health risks.

Adoption of food safety practices in the informal milk processing units of Haryana, India – A value chain approach

In this paper, we analysed how the adoption level of food safety practices varies with milk procurement system in the informal milk processing sector and also developed a composite food safety index (FSI) deliberating the interplay of factors and actors. Primary data were collected from value chain actors, viz ., small and micro dairy processing units (main actors), milk supplier, i.e. , dairy farmer and milk vendors (upstream actors) and traders (downstream actors) in Karnal district of Haryana state of India. FSI of two identified milk procurement systems, viz. , (i) own collection centres, and (ii) private vendors were compared. Processing units with own collection centres in production catchments have been able to establish better linkages with dairy upstream actors and resulted in better overall FSI (0.66) than those processing units procuring milk from private vendors (with FSI as 0.51). Further, the profitability of the processing unit is positively associated with the FSI, as consumers are willing to pay higher prices for safe milk. There was a need to design efficient milk procurement systems; design and development of efficient milk transport systems and processing technology along with training in post-milking handling for small vendors and processors for better food safety compliance in the milk value chain of the informal sector.

The Residues and Risk Assessment of Sulfonamides in Animal Products

Objective. To investigate and assess the risk of sulfonamide residues in livestock and poultry products in Shijiazhuang and determine the risk level of the dietary intake of sulfonamides, in order to provide the basis for the safety production, consumption, and safety supervision of livestock products. Methods. Totally, 1200 samples of livestock products were collected, and the samples were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the data of Chinese residents’ dietary survey in 2015, a nonparametric probability assessment model was constructed to assess the risk of sulfonamides in the livestock and poultry products of Shijiazhuang residents by using the professional risk assessment software @Risk. Risk assessment of the consumption of sulfonamide veterinary drugs in livestock and poultry products of Shijiazhuang residents was conducted. Results. Of the 1200 main livestock products tested, 8 were found to have sulfonamide residues, which were mainly sulfadiazine residue, sulfadiazine, and sulfadimethoxy, with the detection rates of 0.17%, 0.25%, and 0.25%, respectively. The average residual concentrations were 0.66, 0.50, and 0.50 g/kg, respectively, which were lower than the national residue limit of China (100 μg/kg). The food safety index was 2.95 × 10−4, which was far less than 1. Conclusion. The risk of residual exposure to sulfonamides in livestock and poultry meat in Shijiazhuang is very low and is at a very safe level. However, it is still necessary to strengthen the supervision of animal products in order to reduce the residues of veterinary drugs in the human body.

Integrated Salmonella control in Turkey Production

In recent years, an increase of fattening turkey flocks positive for Salmonella spp. was noted in the European Union. Considering these latest trends, there is a high need to increase knowledge on specific risk factors for fattening turkey flocks in conjunction with successful control measures to combat Salmonella infections on farm. Here, we report a commercial turkey fattening farm that was found positive for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for two consecutive batches. By means of the Food Safety Program, a risk assessment developed by Elanco (Antwerpen, Belgium) and a farm walk, a Food Safety Index was generated, highlighting specific risk factors. Consequently, an action plan was set up, leading to a favorable increase in the Food Safety Index from 45% to 67%. Among others, vaccinating fattening turkeys was an important control measure. Monitoring of the Salmonella status of the batches was performed by sampling paper coming from the transport boxes at day of arrival and boot sock samples at the age of 14 weeks. Finally neck skin samples were taken at the slaughterhouse. Uptake of the vaccine was evaluated by sampling of the caeca and taking cloacal swabs 24 hours after first and second vaccination, respectively. Results coming from the analysis of the caeca indicate that vaccination at day one was efficient. Analysis of the cloacal swabs taken after second vaccination was inconclusive. Cooperatively, these actions improved the overall biosecurity of the farm as shown by the negative Salmonella stat us of the boot sock and neck skin samples in the third batch.

Food Safety Practices of Household Food Preparers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

Generally, study analysed the food safety practices of household food preparers in Akwa Ibom state. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect cross-sectional data from 457 respondents. Specifically, study determined the prevalence, margin and intensity of and factors influencing food safety practices of household food preparers. Given two critical indices 0.62 and 0.42, the study showed that the prevalence of best food safety practices is 49.45% and 97.8% respectively. Results of the disaggregated mean prevalence show that households that carry out less than best food safety practices do so sometimes and not often respectively while those who carry out best practices, do so most times. The mean margins, based on the two respective critical indices 0.62 and 0.42, suggest that, minimally, policy could seek to raise the value of the food safety and dietary practices index of households with less than best practices by 0.08 and 0.04 respectively. The values of the intensity (of the mean margin)0.009, 0.002 and 0.004, 0.0003 , in pairs each representative of the two critical indices-0.62 and 0.42, show that the deviation is more severe when the mean is adopted as critical index both when only deviating and all households are considered. Results of the fractional probit regression indicated that education, household income and confidence in safety labels are statistically significant in explaining the probability of households carrying out food safety practices. The gap between households who carry out less than best and best food safety practices should be bridged.

English

This study evaluated good hygienic practices (GHP) of food establishments in seven food markets in Maputo, Mozambique. A total of 191 food handlers were selected in this study. Information on demographic characteristics and hygienic-sanitary conditions were obtained through semi structured interviews. The results revealed that the majority of food vendors in Maputo are females (92.7%) and all the selected vendors (100%) have not been trained in food handling. Vendors had no access to ablution facilities and in instances where they are available, they are few and located far away from the area where food is prepared. In terms of storage, 91.1% of the food handlers kept their cooked food unrefrigerated with only 9.9% of the vendors having freezers. Of the 191 establishments, 85.76% had Food Safety Index (FSI) between 0.15 and 0.18 scale, being therefore classified as bad. Good hygienic practices are therefore necessary to improve market conditions and consequently prevent foodborne diseases. The recommendations from this study is to properly conduct food safety training for all food vendors improving vending infrastructure and implementing food safety inspections in the food markets of Maputo City. Key words: Good hygienic practices, food handlers, food establishment.

Importance of global food problem for Ukraine

Today, at the global level, special importance is given to the food problem. It is the interweaving of the interests of individual, social groups, society and the world community as a whole in terms of meeting the needs of people in food. Food safety is one of the UN’s global goals for sustainable development and needs to be studied in details.The purpose of the article is the description of the nature of the global food problem, the identification of its impact on food safety, the study of Ukraine’s ranking on the food safety index, the comparative analysis of the values of food safety sub-indices of Ukraine with the average world values, and the establishment of ways to adapt to the new and constantly changing conditions of the global environment.Methodology. The general scientific and special research methods, the method of theoretical generalization, in particular, are used to clarify certain concepts such as «global food problem» and «food safety»; the method of statistical analysis is used to assess the dynamics of Ukraine’s ranking in the Global Food Safety Index (GFSI); the method of comparative analysis of the values of Ukraine’s food safety sub-indices with average world values is applied.Results of the survey shows the existing approaches to the usage of categories «global food problem» and «food security". The assessment of food safety in Ukraine is confirmed on the values of the Global Food Security Index. It is based on the data published annually by The Economist Intelligence.In the analysis of the food, the safety level of the countries on the global index GFSI was found, it shows that in 2018 Ukraine ranked 63rd place out of 113 countries. In terms of food, the safety sub-indices got high scores and they are fixed at tariffs on agricultural imports and the level of urbanization. The average value of the country was obtained by means of social programs of food support of the population, the safety of food supply; the breadth of the product range, the content of nutrients. Ukraine shows constant GDP per capita, access to financial resources for farms, agricultural infrastructure, volatility of agricultural production, food standards.At the same time, the country has low rates in terms of political stability and level of corruption. Based on the comparative analysis of the values of Ukraine’s food safety sub-indices with the average world values, the author determines the possible ways of adaptation to the new and constantly changing conditions of the global environment in order to protect its leading positions in the world market of agricultural products and foodstuffs.Conclusions. The agrarian sector and food industry of Ukraine are able to meet the needs of both in the domestic market and provide leading positions in the world market of agricultural products and food, make a significant contribution to solving the global food problem.At the same time, the admission of Ukraine into the world economic space, the consolidation of globalization processes, trade liberalization need to be adapted to new and constantly changing conditions with further improvement of food standards, the development of agricultural infrastructure, access to financial resources for farms, etc.

Food Safety Level on Bivalves Consumption from Kenjeran Waters Surabaya, East Java

Kenjeran waters are one of the waters located in the eastern part of the city Surabaya which has been polluted by heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in the waters, automatically affect bivalves that live in these waters which will accumulate the metal on the body. This research aim was to determine the Health Benefit Value of Selenium (HBV-Se) as a food safety index from mercury contamination in bivalves consumption and to recognize MeanWeekly Intake (MWI) bivalves consumption in Kenjeran waters. The concentration analysis for Selenium using ICP-OES and Total mercury (THg) using Mercury Analyzer NIC-MA3000. Mercury and Seleniumwere calculated to gain HBV-Se index. The mercury concentration result showedPerna viridis 0.09 mg/kg, Siliqua patula 0.07 mg/kg, Trisidos tortuosa 0.08 mg/kg, and Anadara antiquata 0.08 mg/kg. The selenium concentration in bivalves between 0.91 mg/kg-2.49 mg/kg. The concentration of mercury below the quality standard on the limit determined by SNI, about 1 mg/kg. Total mercury from highest concentration were Perna viridis>Anadara antiquata>Siliqua patula>Trisidos tortuosa. From the calculation HBV-Se result showed positive value, it means indicating mercury contained in bivalves at Kenjeran Waters were not potentially to be toxic on the body. For the safety purpose, maximum consumption on bivalves for an adult is Perna viridis 8.64 kg/week, Siliqua patula6.62 kg/week, Trisidos tortuosa 3.91 kg/week and Anadara antiquata 4.49 kg/week. For the same reason, the maximum consumption for children Perna viridis 1.44 kg/week, Siliqua patula 1.10 kg/week, Anadara antiquata 0.65 kg/week, Trisidos tortuosa 0.75 kg/week

Health Benefit Value of Selenium (HBV-Se) of mercury from consumption of fishes from Tual, Indonesia

Our study reports the total mercury (THg) and total selenium (TSe) content measured in the tissue of fishes from the market at Tual (Indonesia), that was used to examine the Health Benefit Value of Selenium (HBV-Se) as a food safety index from mercury contamination in seafood consumption. Nine fish species that were usually eaten and predicted to have a high content of mercury were bought from the fish market. Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) NIC-MA3000 was used to analyze the total mercury (THg) content directly. While the fish sample for total selenium analysis must be prepared with microwave digestion prior to measure by ICP-OES. The mean THg concentrations varied from 0.009 up to 1.38 mg/kg-DW and the mean TSe concentrations varied from 1.56 up to 6.88 mg/kg-DW. Cephalopholis sonnerati and Epinephelus morrhua exceeded the SNI standard which has a limit of 0.5 mg/kg, but all the fishes exceeded the new BPOM guidelines (0.06 mg/kg) except Siganus lineatus. The THg values from the highest were Epinephelus morrhua > Cephalopholis sp > Cephalopholis ongus > Lutjanus gibbus > Ephinephelus ongus > Euthynus affinis > Rastrelinger kanagurta > Katsuwanus pelamis > Siganus lineatus. Measurement of HBV-Se value of all the fishes in Tual showed positive values, which means safe for consumption. HBV-Se index provided a comprehensive elucidation of human risk assessment on food safety compared with the single data of total mercury due to mercury contamination.

Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe Polski na tle wybranych krajów Europy Wschodniej

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie stanu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego Polski oraz trzech krajów Europy Wschodniej sąsiadujących z naszym krajem: Białorusi, Rosji i Ukrainy. Analizowane kraje różnią się między sobą zarówno pod względem wielkości posiadanego potencjału gospodarczego, wielkości samych gospodarek, jak i poziomem ich rozwoju. Gospodarki poszczególnych krajów charakteryzuje też określona specyfika. W pierwszej części opracowania ukazano podstawy teoretyczne analizy bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego jako elementu bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. W następnej części dokonano charakterystyki analizowanych krajów, ukazując ich specyfikę oraz główne determinanty rozwoju. W części analitycznej przedstawiono stan bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego analizowanych krajów, wykorzystując Global Food Security Index, który został opracowany na zlecenie firmy DuPont przez Economist Intelligence Unit. Ukazano trzy składowe indeksu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, jakimi są: dostępność cenowa, dostęp do żywności oraz jakość i bezpieczeństwo żywności. Biorąc pod uwagę niektóre determinanty składowych bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, podjęto próbę oceny wpływu rozwoju gospodarczego poszczególnych krajów na ich bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe.

Implications of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on spatial price transmission in the U.S. fresh spinach market

AbstractA regime switching error correction model is applied to weekly shipping point and terminal market spinach prices in order to assess the spatial price transmission impact of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on the U.S. fresh spinach market. A food safety index (FSI) related to the outbreak is calculated and used as the regime switching mechanism for 11 alternative farm‐to‐wholesale spatially separated market pairs. Results suggest not all markets responded uniformly to the FSI. The majority of the markets with alternative sources of spinach exhibited nonlinearities, whereas those which were primarily supplied by California producers did not. In general, shorter adjustment speeds were seen in terminal markets that were closer in proximity to the California shipping point. Southern market pairs exhibiting threshold behavior saw increased efficiency after the outbreak (potentially due to increased self‐regulation), whereas the remaining pairs saw a loss in efficiency. [EconLit citations: C32, Q11].

Construction and application of food safety index model for Chinese metropolises

Construction and application of food safety index model for Chinese metropolises

The Prediction of Food Safety Composite Index based on BP Neural Network and GA Algorithm

The study established a BP neural network prediction model to test the effect of the application to predict the food safety Index. The GA was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of BP neural network. The theoretical analysis and experimental results prove that the BP neural network prediction is feasible for the food safety Index. The index prediction has some value in the field of food index forecast.

Food Safety Evaluation System Construction Based on Artificial Neural Network

This study uses regression model and artificial neural network model to apply food safety index in food safety trend predication and makes policy advices in the construction and release of an authoritative food safety index, The results showed that the BP neural network was high-precision, fast and objective, which could be used to food safety evaluation of circulation links of production, processing and sales.