Food Reserves Research Articles

СИСТЕМА УПРАВЛІННЯ СТІЙКІСТЮ ТА АДАПТИВНІСТЮ ЛАНЦЮГІВ ПОСТАЧАННЯ РОЗДРІБНИХ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧИХ МЕРЕЖ

The article examines the primary meanings of 'supply chain adaptability' and 'supply chain resilience'. The aim is to assess the resilience and adaptability of retail food supply chains during the declaration of martial law in Ukraine. Supply chain adaptation is focused on responding to specific changes or challenges, while supply chain resilience encompasses a broader range of measures and strategies to ensure the continuity and efficiency of the supply chain during stressful or crisis situations, such as times of civil emergency. Supply chain adaptation is the process of modifying supply chains to address specific challenges or conditions, such as changes in market conditions, technological progress, or changes in consumer demand. In situations where martial law is in effect, supply chain adaptation may include changing suppliers, revising logistics processes, seeking alternative sources of supply, and taking other measures to ensure continuity of the supply of goods and services. Supply chain resilience refers to the capacity of a supply chain to endure challenging situations and sustain operations, even in the face of adverse impacts, such as military conflict. It is important to acknowledge that supply chains can face diverse challenges, and it is crucial to maintain efficiency and productivity, irrespective of external circumstances. The main problems of implementing resilience and adaptability of the food supply chain in Ukraine during the declaration of martial law are identified to ensure the reliability and food security of the country in the context of military conflict. It suggests that studying the resilience of the food supply chain is crucial for ensuring its smooth and efficient functioning, particularly during times of crisis and stress, to maintain the country's food security. Under such conditions, there may be a risk of supply disruptions, transportation issues, reduced production, and higher food prices. It is important to consider developing and implementing strategies and measures to ensure stability and food security under martial law. This could include crisis response planning, the exploration of alternative supply routes by retailers, the organization of food reserves, and the coordination of efforts between various sectors and governing bodies. The methodology proposed by the author assesses the factors that affect the resilience of food supply chains during the declaration of martial law in Ukraine.

<span><span>Possible Violation of Public Finance Management Act Through Use of Public Trusts by the Government of Malawi - Case Studies of National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA), Central Medical Stores Trust (CMST) and Smallholder Farmers Fertiliser Revolving Fund of Malawi (SFFRFM)</span></span>

<span><span>Possible Violation of Public Finance Management Act Through Use of Public Trusts by the Government of Malawi - Case Studies of National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA), Central Medical Stores Trust (CMST) and Smallholder Farmers Fertiliser Revolving Fund of Malawi (SFFRFM)</span></span>

Exploring the Role of Calcium in the Physiology of Tulipa: A Comparative Study across Different Cultivars

Cut tulip flower production, typically cultivated using hydroponic systems, often faces the challenge of stem toppling due to calcium (Ca) deficiency in the nutrient solution. Growers generally grow various tulip cultivars to meet market demands. In hydroponic production, plants require precise nutrient concentrations to promote growth and development, as the food reserves in the mother bulb are insufficient and vary depending on the plant cultivar. This study aimed to assess the impact of different tulip cultivars and Ca deficiency on tulip growth, flowering, and physiological changes. Two cultivars of tulip, namely, ‘Strong Gold’ and ‘Orange Juice’, were subjected to three distinct nutrient solution treatments, namely (1) deionized water (DI) only (without any plant nutrition added), (2) complete solution (Hoagland’s complete nutrient solution), and (3) Ca deficiency solution. The results indicate that the ‘Orange Juice’ tulip was particularly susceptible to Ca deficiency, exhibiting stem toppling and flower abortion similar to those grown in DI. Ca deficiency led to a reduction in root length and leaf area but did not affect the plant height. Additionally, it had a negative impact on bulb qualities, resulting in a decreased bulb fresh weight and bulb circumference in both tulip cultivars. Furthermore, Ca deficiency and DI reduced the photosynthetic rates, and Ca deficiency increased the transpiration rate in the tulip. The leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and Ca were decreased under Ca deficiency and DI, while magnesium (Mg) levels increased under Ca deficiency treatment compared to the complete nutrient solution treatment.

Agile Method in Developing Electronic Local Government Food Reserve Distribution Services (E-CPPD) in Sukabumi City

Indonesia is a country with a region that has disasters here. As a Regional Apparatus Organization which must distribute regional government food reserves to the community when natural disasters strike, Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Peternakan dan Perikanan Kota Sukabumi took the initiative to develop an application that can speed up the distribution of aid to the community. This national food reserve policy can support national defense in emergency conditions. The hope is that the development of this application can speed up the administration of official correspondence, where the administration of this correspondence is an element that slows down actions in almost every department, resulting in the length of time that citizens receive assistance. There are many discussions and interviews with various users who need to adapt an environment that requires flexibility in changes to system development, so this system development uses the spiral method. As a result, based on the user requirement list, 100% of user needs can be completed on time. The result, almost nine (9) tons of rice have been distributed to residents spread across 22 of the 33 sub-districts in Sukabumi City.

Analysis Of Urban Food Poverty And Policy Strategies For Food Control In The City Of Medan

This research analyzes food poverty in the city of Medan and formulates food control policy strategies. The analysis of the proportion of food consumption expenditures indicates high poverty rates in several districts, particularly in Medan Belawan and Medan Marelan. The SWOT approach identifies policy alternatives in quadrant 1, leveraging opportunities and strengths to address the food security and vulnerability of impoverished households. Five priority strategies were obtained, involving the optimization of food price control, increasing the availability and reserves of food, business collaboration strategies, supply control from hinterland areas, and improving economic access. The research conclusion emphasizes the need for simultaneous policy implementation covering aspects of food availability, distribution, and quality. Recommendations involve cross-sector collaboration to ensure policy sustainability and a focus on priority strategies. It is hoped that the implementation of these policies can reduce food poverty levels and improve the well-being of impoverished households in the city of Medan.

Prunings in fruit species, source of food reserve for beef cattle breeding

Summer pruning of fruit species as an alternative for feeding with vegetable waste in beef cattle breeding is observed. The experiment was conducted in 2020 in an experimental farm for beef cows (Hornless Hereford breed) of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan (Bulgaria). The animals were fed in a controlled manner with standardized amounts of foliar fodder, obtained after summer pruning of fruit crops (plums, apples, pears). The main purpose of the study is to consider the potential and opportunity of using plant matter after summer pruning (green pruning) in various orchards, as a food reserve in beef cattle breeding. The highest appetite was shown by the leaves and twigs obtained during plum pruning (combined group of two cultivars) (46.6%), followed by those of the apple (31.2%) and the lowest value was registered for pear species (22.2%). The total amount of the three types of fodder is accepted as 100%. Compared to the other studied species, the foliar fodder from Prunus domestica had the highest content of crude protein (20.3%), minerals (11.7%), calcium (2.2%), phosphorus (0.6%) and nitrogen (3.2%).

Plant‐Based Products as Control Agents of Stored Product Insect Pests: Prospects, Applications and Challenges

Stored product insect pests pose a significant threat to global food security and economic stability, as they cause substantial damage to stored grains and other food commodities. Traditional pest control methods often rely on chemical insecticides, which can have adverse effects on the environment, human health, and food safety. In light of these concerns, there is growing interest in exploring sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives for managing stored product insect pests. This abstract highlights the potential of plant-based products as a viable and environmentally friendly approach to control stored product insect pests. Plant-based products, such as botanical extracts and essential oils, are derived from various plant sources and have shown promise in repelling, deterring, and even killing insect pests. These products offer several advantages, including biodegradability, reduced chemical residues, and minimal harm to non-target organisms. This review summarizes recent research on the efficacy of plant-based products against a range of stored product insect pests, including but not limited to beetles, weevils, and moths. It discusses the mechanisms through which these products exert their pest control effects, such as disrupting insect behavior, affecting their reproduction, or inducing mortality. Moreover, the potential synergistic effects of combining plant-based products with other pest management strategies, like hermetic storage and modified atmospheres, are explored. In addition, this abstract examines the challenges and limitations associated with the use of plant-based products in pest management, including issues related to formulation, stability, and the need for further research to standardize application protocols. The economic feasibility and scalability of plant-based pest control methods are also considered. The findings presented in this abstract emphasize the importance of incorporating plant-based products into integrated pest management strategies for stored product insect pests. These products have the potential to contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to safeguarding global food reserves, while minimizing the risks associated with chemical pesticides. Further research and collaboration between the scientific community, agricultural industry, and policymakers are essential to harness the full potential of plant-based products in the fight against stored product insect pests.

Comparative Altitudinal Gradient Aspect on Natural Regeneration of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus in Renuka Ji Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India

Quercus leucotrichophora forests are a repository for biological diversity, carbon, nutrient reserves, and multipurpose Himalayan tree species and crucial for sustaining rural livelihoods, controlling ecosystem services. As a result, their protection and sustainable usage in the future are essential to reduce the effects of climate change, as well as the biological and environmental stability of sensitive ecosystems in North-western Himalayan ecosystem. Hence the present investigation was carried out to document the natural regeneration status of Quercus leucotrichophora across different altitudinal gradients i.e., A1 (1200-1500 m), A2 (1500-1800 m) and A3 (1800-2100 m) above mean sea level (amsl) in Himachal Pradesh Forest ranges. Statistical procedures were used for collection of data, analyzation, and interpretation. The present study reveals that the decreasing trend of natural regeneration of Quercus leucotrichophora with altitude: A1 > A2 > A3 were recorded maximum at lower altitudinal gradient (1200-1500 m) (A1) and minimum at higher altitudinal gradient (1800-2100 m) (A3).

Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Humic Acid and Brassinolide on Morpho-physiological and Yield Parameters of Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

During the Kharif season of 2022-2023 at Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the “Effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid and brassinolide on morpho-physiological and yield parameters of Black gram (Vigna mungo).” The experiment was designed using a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments. Compared to the other treatments, RDF + humic acid 0.1% + brassinolide 0.1ppm (foliar application) was the optimal treatment for most morphological and yield parameters. Plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, dry matter accumulation (g), chlorophyll Index (SPAD), and leaf area (cm2) were highest under T7- RDF + humic acid 0.1%+brassinolide 0.1ppm (foliar applied) conditions. Minimum phenological observations were recorded for soil and foliar applications of brassinolide, including days to first flowering, days to 50 percent flowering, and days to pod initiation. Number of pods /plant, pod length(cm), pod weight (g), no. of seeds /pod, test weight (g), seed yield (q/ha), stover yield (q/ha), and harvest index (%) were significantly influenced by the T7 and recorded higher values. The increased seed yield may be attributable to plants treated with growth regulators remaining physiologically more active to accumulate sufficient food reserves for developing blossoms and seeds.

DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTABILITY OF FLOUR FROM GREEN CAVENDISH BANANA (MUSA ACUMINATA CAVENDISH) AND ITS POTENTIAL PRODUCT

Green Cavendish banana is a variety of banana (Musa acuminata Cavendish) that is harvested while still unripe and green, commonly used for cooking or processing into various food products.This study aimed to develop bread made from green Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata Cavendish) flour as the raw material. Green Cavendish bananas, sourced from a banana plantation, underwent phytochemical analysis to assess antioxidant components, health benefits, and potential foaming properties. The study conducted a thorough nutritional analysis of banana flour, scrutinizing components such as oil, moisture, protein, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, potassium, and manganese through various methods. It also delved into the characteristics, bioactive elements, nutritional value, and sensory appeal of Green Cavendish Banana Flour and its derivative products. Notably, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of beneficial compounds like flavonoids, phenols, condensed tannins, and saponins in Green Cavendish Bananas, implying potential health benefits and foaming properties. Moreover, the research furnished a detailed breakdown of the nutritional composition of Green Cavendish Banana Flour, incorporating vital information about its oil, protein, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, potassium, and manganese content, alongside the methods used for measurement. The study also elucidated the ingredients and processes involved in creating banana bread.Importantly, the sensory evaluation demonstrated the high overall acceptability of banana bread made from Green Cavendish Banana Flour, encompassing favorable responses to its appearance, aroma, texture, and taste. Collectively, these findings underscore the promising potential of Green Cavendish Banana products, both from a nutritional perspective and in terms of consumer preferences and sensory appeal. In conclusion, the study highlights the rich reserves of bioactive compounds and essential nutrients in Green Cavendish Banana and its derivative products. The phytochemical analysis emphasized these benefits, while the composition analysis illuminated their nutritional content. Additionally, the high acceptability of banana bread made from Green Cavendish Banana Flour underscores its role as a nutritious and delightful food choice.

Dehydration yields distinct transcriptional shifts associated with glycogen metabolism and increases feeding in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

AbstractWe examined water balance characteristics and the influence of desiccating conditions on the physiology and behavior of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Western flower thrips are globally invasive and likely to contend with shifts in water availability across their expansive geographic range. Basic water balance characteristics, including water mass and dry mass, were established for adult males and females, revealing a distinct sexual dimorphism wherein females are larger, and males retain a larger percentage of their body mass as water. Males lose relative water mass more quickly and their survival times are shorter compared to females. RNA‐seq analysis identified significant enrichment of a multitude of factors including carbohydrate transport and metabolism in dehydrated males and females. This was validated by altered glycogen levels, suggesting a rapid depletion in glycogen during dehydration. The probability of thrips feeding significantly increases when desiccation occurs, potentially to replenish water content and nutrient reserves. Our results establish the fundamental water balance characteristics of adult thrips and indicate that dehydration significantly influences the survivorship and feeding behavior of thrips; all of which being crucial factors that contribute to their capacity as vectors for plant pathogens.

Innovative Approaches for Improving the Quality and Resilience of Spring Barley Seeds: The Role of Nanotechnology and Phytopathological Analysis.

This study emphasizes the importance of seed quality in the context of yield formation. Based on the research data, this paper emphasizes the role of proper diagnosis of seed-borne pathogens in ensuring high and stable grain yields. Particular attention is paid to the study of the effect of the treatment of mother plants with fullerenol-based nanopreparations on the qualitative characteristics of spring barley seeds. The results showed that such treatment contributes to the increase in varietal purity, weight of 1000 grains as well as to the increase of nutrient and moisture reserves in seeds. Phytopathological analysis confirmed the presence of various diseases such as Alternaria, helminthosporiosis, fusarium, mold and mildew on the seeds. However, some samples showed a high resistance to pathogens, presumably due to the use of carbon nanopreparations. These results open new perspectives for the development of strategies to improve barley yield and disease resistance through seed optimization.

LCA-Net: A Lightweight Cross-Stage Aggregated Neural Network for Fine-Grained Recognition of Crop Pests and Diseases

In the realm of smart agriculture technology’s rapid advancement, the integration of various sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices has become prevalent in the agricultural sector. Within this context, the precise identification of pests and diseases using unmanned robotic systems assumes a crucial role in ensuring food security, advancing agricultural production, and maintaining food reserves. Nevertheless, existing recognition models encounter inherent limitations such as suboptimal accuracy and excessive computational efforts when dealing with similar pests and diseases in real agricultural scenarios. Consequently, this research introduces the lightweight cross-layer aggregation neural network (LCA-Net). To address the intricate challenge of fine-grained pest identification in agricultural environments, our approach initially enhances the high-performance large-scale network through lightweight adaptation, concurrently incorporating a channel space attention mechanism. This enhancement culminates in the development of a cross-layer feature aggregation (CFA) module, meticulously engineered for seamless mobile deployment while upholding performance integrity. Furthermore, we devised the Cut-Max module, which optimizes the accuracy of crop pest and disease recognition via maximum response region pruning. Thorough experimentation on comprehensive pests and disease datasets substantiated the exceptional fine-grained performance of LCA-Net, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 83.8%. Additional ablation experiments validated the proposed approach, showcasing a harmonious balance between performance and model parameters, rendering it suitable for practical applications in smart agricultural supervision.

From the Old Financial to the New Commodity Economy in the Era of Stagflation

In the process of reducing the speculative financial adjustment that artificially stimulates consumer demand in developed countries, the importance of suppliers of physical goods (commodities) from developing countries will increase. I don’t believe in a complete dictate of commodities producers because they are dependent on counter deliveries of technologies from developed countries. However, relationships will be built between holders of physical goods, and technologies will change significantly. The pricing function for commodities will be transferred to several exchanges of developing countries which will be controlled by the commodity producers. Food consumers from Asian and African developing countries will be provided with the BRICS assistance in the creation and protection of reserve food warehouses on their territory as well as supporting their key exports through the creation of a network of new commodity exchanges. The article substantiates the need for independent formation of regional prices by the BRICS countries for the primary goods of their exports on their exchanges. I propose various combinations among the founding countries for new commodity exchanges for mineral fertilizers, oil, diamonds, titanium, vanadium, palladium, wheat, and uranium. Trading on all these new commodity exchanges must take place entirely in the currencies of the engaged countries.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND STUNTING IN TODDLER AT THE HUSADA CLINIC, JOMBANG

Background: The occurrence of failure to thrive in children under five is caused by chronic malnutrition so that children under five are short according to their age, which is usually called stunting. One of the factors causing stunting is pregnancy. Pregnant women with CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency) cause the reserves of nutrients needed by the fetus in the womb to be weak. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and stunting in toddlers at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. Method: This research was conducted in July at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. This type of research is retrospective analytical. The population in this study was 55 toddlers with a sample of 33 toddlers. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. The independent variable in this research is the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women, the dependent variable is Stunting in Toddlers. The instrument in this research is a questionnaire. Results: The results of the research from 33 respondents at the Husada Clinic showed that the majority of toddlers, 59.22%, had the status of pregnant women with CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency). The majority of toddlers, 62.14%, experienced stunting in the short category. Data analysis from the Chi-Square correlation test and asymptotic significance (2-sided) resulted in a p-value of 0.02 < 0.05. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and stunting in toddlers at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. Conclusion: Based on this research, it can provide input and information to health workers to provide education about nutrition for pregnant women through activities, namely pregnant women's classes and posyandu so that health workers play a big role in efforts to prevent stunting.

Strategi Bertahan Hidup Pelaku Usaha Penggilingan Padi Di Desa Kopiwangker Kecamatan Langowan Barat

This study aims to describe the survival strategies of rice mill business actors in Kopiwangker Village, Langowan Barat District. This research was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023. This study uses 2 types of data, namely primary and secondary data. Sampling uses a saturated sample method where all members of the population are used as samples. The data analysis method used in this study is a descriptive method through a qualitative approach. The results showed that the two rice mill business actors in Kopiwangker Village, West Langowan Subdistrict, implemented three strategies to be able to meet family needs and survive, namely: 1) The active strategy carried out by rice mill business actors was by doing side jobs and utilizing family work force to increase income. 2) The passive strategy carried out by rice mill business actors is to minimize expenses by eating with makeshift side dishes, storing weapons as food reserves, buying cheap clothes when needed and taking traditional medicine or drug stalls and seeking treatment at the puskesmas. 3) The network strategy applied by rice mill business actors is by establishing relationships with rice farmers so that grain remains available besides asking for help when in trouble from relatives, cooperatives and banks when they need money.

Differential responses of Ceratitis capitata to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum.

The medfly Ceratitis capitata is one of the most damaging fruit pests with quarantine significance due to its extremely wide host range. The use of entomopathogenic fungi constitutes a promising approach with potential applications in integrated pest management. Furthermore, developing insect control methods can involve the use of fungal machinery to cause metabolic disruption, which may increase its effectiveness by impairing insect development. Insect species, including C. capitata, relies on reproduction potential, nutrient reserves, metabolic activities, and immune response for survival. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum on C. capitata pre-mortality. The medfly V8 strain was subjected to laboratory bioassays, which consisted on determining the virulence of P. lilacinum on the medfly. Purpureocillium lilacinum was applied on abdominal topical of 5-day-old males and females. Following the fungal inoculation, we have confirmed (i) a significant increase in tissue sugar content, (ii) a significant decrease in carbohydrase activities, digestive glycosyl hydrolase, and proteinase activities in whole midguts of treated flies, (iii) the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes expression profile was significantly influenced by fly gender, fly status (virgin, mature, and mated), and time after infection, but infection itself had no discernible impact on the AMPs for the genes that were examined. This study provides the first insight into how P. lilacinum could affect C. capitata physiological mechanisms and provides the foundation for considering P. lilacinum as a novel, promising biocontrol agent.

Comparison of APIStrip passive sampling with conventional sample techniques for the control of acaricide residues in honey bee hives

Western honey bees are very sensitive bioindicators for studying environmental conditions, hence frequently included in many investigations. However, it is very common in both research studies and health surveillance programs to sample different components of the colony, including adult bees, brood and their food reserves. These practices are undoubtedly aggressive for the colony as a whole, and may affect its normal functioning and even compromise its viability. APIStrip-based passive sampling allows long-term monitoring of residues without affecting the colony in any way. In this study, we compared the effectiveness in the control of acaricide residues by using passive and conventional sampling, where the residue levels of the acaricides coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and amitraz were evaluated. Conventional and APIStrip-based sampling differ in methods for evaluating bee exposure to residues. APIStrip is less invasive than conventional sampling, offers more efficient measurement of environmental contaminants, and can be stored at room temperature, saving costs and minimizing operator error.

Quantifying exchangeable base cations in permafrost: a reserve of nutrients about to thaw

Abstract. Permafrost ecosystems are limited in nutrients for vegetation development and constrain the biological activity to the active layer. Upon Arctic warming, permafrost thaw exposes large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) to decomposition and minerals to weathering but also releases organic and mineral soil material that may directly influence the soil exchange properties (cation exchange capacity, CEC, and base saturation, BS). The soil exchange properties are key for nutrient base cation supply (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+) for vegetation growth and development. In this study, we investigate the distributions of soil exchange properties within Arctic tundra permafrost soils at Eight Mile Lake (Interior Alaska, USA) because they will dictate the potential reservoir of newly thawed nutrients and thereby influence soil biological activity and vegetation nutrient sources. Our results highlight much lower CEC density in surface horizons (∼9400 cmolc m−3) than in the mineral horizons of the active layer (∼16 000 cmolc m−3) or in permafrost soil horizons (∼12 000 cmolc m−3). Together, with the overall increase in CEC density with depth and the overall increase in BS (percentage of CEC occupied by exchangeable base cations Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+) with depth (from ∼19 % in organic surface horizons to 62 % in permafrost soil horizons), the total exchangeable base cation density (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ in g m−3) is up to 5 times higher in the permafrost than in the active layer. More specifically, the exchangeable base cation density in the 20 cm upper part of permafrost about to thaw is ∼850 g m−3 for Caexch, 45 g m−3 for Kexch, 200 g m−3 for Mgexch, and 150 g m−3 for Naexch. This estimate is needed for future ecosystem prediction models to provide constraints on the size of the reservoir in exchangeable nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, and Na) about to thaw. All data described in this paper are stored in Dataverse, the online repository of Université catholique de Louvain, and are accessible through the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.14428/DVN/FQVMEP (Mauclet et al., 2022b).

Структура кормовой базы шмелей рода Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) в лесных биотопах Ленинградской области

Шмели, как опылители многих растений - важнейший экологический компонент природных и природно-антропогенных экосистем. Цель работы - выявление структуры кормовой базы шмелиных, обитающих в лесных биотопах Ленинградской области, и исследование динамики её изменения за период активности шмелей с апреля по сентябрь. В состав кормовой базы шмелей лесных биотопов исследуемого района Ленинградской области входит 81 вид растений, относящихся к 23 семействам, что составляет 43% от общего разнообразия медоносных и пыльценосных растений Ленинградской области. По срокам цветения и включения видов в структуру кормовой базы выделено четыре периода: весенний (апрель - май), раннелетний (июнь), летний (июль - август) и осенний (сентябрь). Весенний период характеризуется низким видовым разнообразием кормовой базы; раннелетний - резким ростом видового разнообразия кормовой базы; летний - стабилизацией на уровне максимальных значений; осенний - резким падением видового разнообразия кормовых растений. В начале первого периода (апрель) основой кормовой базы составляют растения семейства ивовых ( Salicaceae ). Начиная со второй декады мая, происходит перестройка структуры кормовой базы, в результате чего единый доминант не выделяется. В июне (второй период) важное значение приобретают бобовые ( Fabaceae ), а на третьем и четвертом периоде они вытесняются сложноцветными ( Asteraceae ). Наибольшим видовым разнообразием характеризуются сложноцветные ( Asteraceae ) - 19 видов. Вторую группу (9 - 10 видов) составляют бобовые ( Fabaceae ) и губоцветные ( Lamiaceae ). Третья группа (7 - 4 видов) - норичниковые ( Scrophulariaceae ), ивовые ( Salicaceae ), розовые ( Rosaceae ), зонтичные ( Apiceae ). 16 семейств растений представлены в кормовой базе 1 - 2 видами. Таким образом на группу из 7 семейств приходится 74% видового разнообразия растений в кормовой базе шмелей. Bumblebees, as pollinators of many plants, are the most important ecological component of natural and natural-anthropogenic ecosystems. The purpose of the research is to identify the structure of the food reserve of bumblebees living in the forest biotopes of the Leningrad province, as well as to study the dynamics of its changes during the period of bumblebee activity from April to September. The food reserve of bumblebees of forest ecosystem of the studied area of the Leningrad province includes 81 species of plants belonging to 23 families, which is 43% of the total diversity of honey-bearing and pollen-bearing plants of the Leningrad province. According to the timing of flowering and the inclusion of species in the structure of the food supply, four periods can be distinguished: spring (April - May), early summer (June), summer (July - August) and autumn (September). The spring period is characterized by a low species diversity of the forage base. Early summer - a sharpincrease in the species diversity of the food supply. Summer - stabilization at the level of maximum values. Autumn - a sharp drop in the species diversity of forage plants. Analysis of the structure of the bumblebee food supply shows that at the beginning of the first period (April), the core of the food supply are plants of Salicaceae. Starting from the second decade of May, the structure of the fodder base is being restructured, as a result of which a single dominant is not allocated. In June (the second period), Fabaceae become the nucleus, and in the third and fourth periods they are replaced by Asteraceae. The greatest species diversity is characterized by Asteraceae - 19 species. The second group (9 - 10 species) consists of Fabaceae and Lamiaceae . The third group (7 - 4 species) - Scrophulariaceae , Salicaceae , Rosaceae , Apiceae . 16 plant families are represented in the food reserve by 1 - 2 species. Thus, a group of 7 plant families accounts for 74% of the species diversity of plants in the food reserve of bumblebees.