Food Ration Research Articles

“Who Could Be Strong When Hungry?”: Food Supply and Nutrition of the Civilian Population in Maribor at the End of and after World War I

AbstractThe end of World War I brought not only the end of a great slaughter but also the creation of new countries, great expectations of better living conditions, and the promise of an end of scarcity. In Maribor, a contested border town occupied by Slovenian troops and annexed to the newly established State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, expectations were even higher. A part of the population opposed the town's annexation to the newly established state and compared the living conditions at home with those in Austria. As early as November 1918, the Slovene City Food Council was established in Maribor to feed the city's population. It introduced measures similar to those introduced during the war, such as food ration cards. Despite these measures, food shortages and hunger were part of everyday life, especially in the winter of 1918–19. This article discusses civilians' survival strategies, as well as continuities and discontinuities between wartime and postwar measures to improve the food supply. It shows that despite the efforts of the new Yugoslav authorities, they often continued wartime practices and food remained of poor quality and difficult to access for most of the population throughout 1919.

Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the psycho-socioeconomic health of families in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state

Background: The aggressive COVID-19 restrictive mitigation measures of lockdown by nations are with consequent effects on the populations. This study aimed to assess the psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown among families in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study of 409 household heads in Enugu metropolis. Data were analyzed using IBM statistical package 23.0 and test of significance set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 37.2±8.7 years. Majority, 83.1% were restricted in movement. Stress (5.9%) and sexual abuse (6.5%) were noted psychological effects. About 44.3% were not satisfied with life, basic social services of market (34.2%), banking (23.5%) and educational services (9.3%). Also 44.5% were not satisfied with their economic situation as 35.2% had their working conditions affected, 30.3% complain of price increase and 20.0% had restriction to basic needs. Coping strategies adopted were reduced food ration (27.9%), low wages (22.5%) and sale of assets (6.8%). Conclusions: The psychological and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 lockdown significantly affected quality of life. Population will benefit from economic subsidies, psychotherapy and information, communication and technology (ICT) skills for learning and working from home.

Effects of Zoovit probiotic on faecal microbiota in cattle

The amount of pathogenic bacteria in feces is an indicator characterizing the health status of animals. This is important to protect the environment and the health of farm workers. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of probiotic Zoovit on the microbiome of the faecal mass of Holstein cattle. In the experiment, two groups were formed - experimental and control, 30 each. A probiotic was added to the combined feed of the experimental group, but not to the control group. The food ration with the participation of probiotic is placed twice a day. To determine the microbiome in fecal matter in cattle, PCR analyzes were used for the detection of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, a species-specific PCR assay for the presence of total DNA in L. delbrueckii and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and methods for determination of sulfite-reducing colonies. No representatives of Staphulococccua aureus and Clostridium sp were isolated in the faecal mass of the animals from both groups. For Escherichia coli and Coliforms, a significant decrease in the faecal mass of cows fed with feed containing probiotics was found. The presence of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in animals receiving a probiotic. Colonies with a colonial characteristic typical of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were isolated in the animals receiving probiotic Zoovit and in the control group, no colonies typical of Lactobacillus bulgaricus were found.

The rise and fall of Britain’s Golden Cohort: how the remarkable generation of 1925–1934 had their lives cut short by austerity

The British born between 1925 and 1934 experienced exceptional improvements in their annual mortality; earning them the title ‘the Golden Cohort’. They were the goldilocks generation; almost all too young to fight in WWII, but the right age to benefit from food rationing; too old to be hit by 1980s youth unemployment, and the right age to benefit from increased health and social care spending of the late 1990s and early 2000s. This group has befuddled demographers for many years, and as recently as 2014 it was predicted that their golden luck would continue. However, using the latest data from the Human Mortality Database, we show how the Golden Cohort’s luck changed in 2012 when their outstanding health record was reversed, cutting short most of their remarkable lives. This change coincides with the introduction of austerity in 2010, consistent with the evidence on the harms of austerity in Britain.

Chronic toxicity of core–shell SiC/TiO2 (nano)-particles to Daphnia magna under environmentally relevant food rations in the presence of humic acid

To date, research on the toxicity and potential environmental impacts of nanomaterials has predominantly focused on relatively simple and single-component materials, whilst more complex nanomaterials are currently entering commercial stages. The current study aimed to assess the long-term and size-dependent (60 and 500 nm) toxicity of a novel core–shell nanostructure consisting of a SiC core and TiO2 shell (SiC/TiO2, 5, 25, and 50 mg L−1) to the common model organism Daphnia magna. These novel core–shell nanostructures can be categorized as advanced materials. Experiments were conducted under environmentally realistic feeding rations and in the presence of a range of concentrations of humic acid (0.5, 2, 5, and 10 mg L−1 TOC). The findings show that although effect concentrations of SiC/TiO2 were several orders of magnitude lower than the current reported environmental concentrations of more abundantly used nanomaterials, humic acid can exacerbate the toxicity of SiC/TiO2 by reducing aggregation and sedimentation rates. The EC50 values (mean ± standard error) based on nominal SiC/TiO2 concentrations for the 60 nm particles were 28.0 ± 11.5 mg L−1 (TOC 0.5 mg L−1), 21.1 ± 3.7 mg L−1 (TOC 2 mg L−1), 18.3 ± 5.4 mg L−1 (TOC 5 mg L−1), and 17.8 ± 2.4 mg L−1 (TOC 10 mg L−1). For the 500 nm particles, the EC50 values were 34.9 ± 16.5 mg L−1 (TOC 0.5 mg L−1), 24.8 ± 5.6 mg L−1 (TOC 2 mg L−1), 28.0 ± 10.0 mg L−1 (TOC 5 mg L−1), and 23.2 ± 4.1 mg L−1 (TOC 10 mg L−1). We argue that fate-driven phenomena are often neglected in effect assessments, whilst environmental factors such as the presence of humic acid may significantly influence the toxicity of nanomaterials.

Zootechnical Performance of Cyprinus carpio Fry in Unfertilized Ponds Fed a Local Feed Formulated with Musca domestica Larvae Flour

Objective: this study on the effect of the level of incorporation of Musca domestica maggot flour on some zootechnical performances of Cyprinus carpio fry in unfertilized ponds. Study design: The study took place at the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Demography of Fisheries Resources (LADRHa) in the Yabassi District, Nkam department, coastal region-Cameroon and duration 2 months. Methodology: 375 Cyprinus carpio fry with an average weight of 1.73±0.13g were used. After reception and acclimatization for two days. Five food rations were formulated T0+ (coppens), T0- without maggot flour and three other food rations T25, T30 and T35 were formulated from the basic ration T0- by incorporating 25%, 30%, 35% maggot flour. The fry were distributed in 15 circular basins of 40L each and a diameter of 395mm in a completely redomized device and repeated three times, installed in an unfertilized pond of 200m2 fed by a water retention dam. Each happa contained 25 fry. The fry were fed manually, 02 times per day at 10% of their ichthyo biomass until the end of the experiment. Control fishing was carried out every fourteen days. Results: The survival rate was significantly higher (p˂0.05) with the T0- treatment and low with the T35 treatment. The highest average weight was recorded with the T0+ treatment (coppens) and the lowest with the treatment containing 35% maggot meal. Daily weight gain was high with the T0+ (coppens) treatment and lower with T35. The specific growth rate was higher with the T0+ (coppens) treatment and lower with the T30 treatment. The consumption index was lower with the T0+ treatment (coppens) and higher with the T35 treatment. Conclusion: It emerges from this study that the fry of Cyprinus carpio nouris fed feed containing 25% of Musca domestica maggot meal recorded higher zootechnical performances compared to those fed feed containing 30 and 35%.

Food and nutritional skills of the edible caterpillar Cirina butyrospermi vuillet (Lepidoptera: Attacidae) on non-ordinary diets for industrial breeding

The shea caterpillar C. butyrospermi has exceptional nutritional features. This insect is however univoltine, specific to shea and its larvae are mature only in July and August. Their food capacity apart from shea is poorly documented to suggest mass production and dietary diversification. This study aimed at evaluating the feeding and nutritional abilities of the caterpillar on non-ordinary natural diets. The approach consisted of feeding 21-day-old larvae with diets of choice or by imposition and then measuring some biological parameters of the edible insect. Nine diets including a control (shea leaves) were used in eight repetitions to the larvae in order to evaluate their preference index using the Chesson formula. Nutritional abilities were assessed for 12 days in a Fischer design with seven treatments (seven diets) randomized in four repetitions. Each treatment contained a single diet and one solitary or three gregarious larvae. The trace elements of the diets were measured by Inductively Coupled Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Caterpillars feed day and night and it does not matter whether they are gregarious or solitary. They preferentially feed on diets D1 (ƛ: 0.931) and D3 (ƛ: 0.791). Food rations were significantly higher in the control (989.86 mg/day), D3 diets (931.92 mg/day) and D1 (478.00 mg/day). Only the control and the D1 diet presented respective positive FCRs of 20.54% and 31.94% and respective positive AWGs of 53.63 mg/larva and 23.38 mg/larva. The pupation rate was 57.23% with the Control and 6.97% with the D1 diet. These two diets had similar levels of trace elements and macronutrients. The D1 diet could be used for mass breeding and contribute to the dietary diversification of the caterpillar

Analysis Of the Elderly and Young People, Food Ration, Hygienic Materials (Republic of Uzbekistan)

a healthy diet is essential at any age, but in old age, it is especially important to avoid the risks associated with heart disease, diabetes, obesity and other chronic ailments. The quantity and quality of food are determined by age, sex and the nature of the work performed.The diet of the elderly differs significantly from that of the young. But a reduced calorie diet should contain a sufficient amount of mineral salts, vitamins, and proteins. The total caloric intake of the daily diet for the elderly should be reduced mainly by animal fats and simple carbohydrates.

Life is like a reservoir into which a scientist who is completely devoted to his work plunges

The article is devoted to the description of the pages of the life and scientific activity of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist N. I. Zagubizhenko, who made a great contribution to the formation of the theoretical base on the enrichment of natural and artificial water bodies with fodder resources in the conditions of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Being a student of the doctor of biological sciences, professor P. O. Zhuravel [1,2], who believed that the enrichment of the benthic fauna of the Steppe zone of Ukraine can be carried out by introducing animal organisms that are absent in these reservoirs, which are characterized by wide plasticity and high vitality [9,12,15], Nadezhda Ivanovna Zagubizhenko was engaged in the study of the reconstruction of the benthic fauna of the reservoirs of southeastern Ukraine. In connection with the instability of the fodder base of water bodies in the Steppe zone of Ukraine, the question of the introduction of representatives of the estuarine fauna, their habituation and inclusion in the food rations of a number of commercial fish was and remains relevant in the current period of time. According to the nature of nutrition, most acclimatizers are biofilters [9], for which there is a sufficient amount of food in the form of detritus, the remains of higher aquatic vegetation, in most reservoirs of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. The conduct and substantiation of these research works were of a positive nature and have a significant contribution to the scientific base, theory, and practice of enriching water bodies with fodder resources and preserving the environment. The quality of water at all times has been and is one of the main indicators of the standard of living, therefore, all developed societies make every effort to provide the population and economy with a sufficient amount of water of a quality that is adequate to the requirements of the consumer. Most of the water comes from natural sources – rivers, lakes, reservoirs, the water quality of which must not only be assessed, but also predicted. Two main components are responsible for the quality of water in nature – the catchment basin and the ecological system of the water body [6, p. 36]. Each of them is located in certain conditions of geography and climate, characteristic of the region under study, in our research – the Steppe zone of Ukraine.

Effects of Women Vulnerability in Wassa Internally Displaced Persons’ Camp in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study examines the effects of women vulnerability in the management of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Wassa Camp Abuja, Federal Capital Territory. Intersectionality Gender theory and Human Needs theory were utilized. The paper adopted both primary and secondary methods of data collection. For primary data, the paper administered 120 Questionnaires, out of which 100 were returned: for 60 women and 40 men. 7 Key Informant Interviews were also conducted with management staff of the camp, including security operatives assigned to the camp. Simple statistical tools and content analysis were used to analyse the data. The secondary data consulted books, journals, newspapers, reports of NGOs and internet materials. Simple statistical tools and descriptive content analysis were used to present the data. The findings revealed that the strategies deployed in the management of the camp include aligning with the National Policy on IDPs, construction of makeshift tents as shelters, partnership with NGOs, occasional rationing of food and provision of security. It was further discovered that the management strategies adopted by the IDP have negative impacts on women within the facility in terms of discomforting sheltering, health related concerns, maternal mortality, sexual harassment and exploitation. Some of the measures that have been put in place by the management of the camp and government (FCTA) include proposal to relocate the camp to another conducive environment, increase in supply of essential materials and consumables, improvement in partnerships with NGOs and other stakeholders and introduction of schools for the children. This study concluded that despite the efforts of stakeholders at addressing some of the challenges cited above, their negative impacts on women still largely persist. It is therefore recommended that state and non-state actors, being the stakeholders should always conduct thorough gender-sensitive needs assessment in the camp to better understand the unique challenges and vulnerabilities being faced by women.

Негативные эффекты легкого голодания на примере модельного объекта, комнатной мухи Musca domestica L.

The consequences of starvation (limited access to food) during the maturation of the reproductive system of the adults were studied using a model object – two strains of houseflies with contrasting lifespan (LS) indices. Virgin individuals, separated by sex, were fed for 30 minutes throughout the day for 8 days. During this time, females ate half of the daily food ration, and males ate a third. The weight of the adults at the end of the starvation period did not differ from the weight of individuals in the control groups. Then, crosses were carried out in 4 variants: 1) control females and males; 2) control females and starved males; 3) starved females and control males; 4) starved females and males. In the parent generation, life span and the number of laid egg clutches were recorded, and in the offspring, in addition to this, the body weight of individuals and the concentration of hemolymph protein were determined at all stages of ontogenesis. A negative effect of starvation on the indices of metabolic processes at the larval and puparium stages has been established. A decrease in the fertility of the offspring is shown, which resulted in a significant reduction in reproduction in all variants of crossing with starved individuals. The role of maternal and paternal contributions to the manifestation of transgenerational effects of starvation is discussed.

The use of Chitosan hydroxyapatite in improving the Clinico-physiological indicators of broiler chicks, as well as in increasing productivity and preservation

Experiments were carried out on 15-day chicks of 160 heads belonging to the Ross-308 cross. For the experiment, 4 groups were formed. Group 1 chicks were a control group and fed mixed feed, which was used in the farm until the end of the experiment. Group 2-3-4 experimental group chicks were given different amounts of chitosan hydroxyapatite (grower) with food ration for 13 days from the 15th to the 28th. Including: experimental group 2 chicks were given 0.4 g/kg, Experimental Group 3 chicks were given 0.7 g/kg and Experimental Group 4 chicks were given 1g/kg. At the end of the experiment, the best results were observed in the chicks of the third experimental group. In the control group in particular, the body temperature from the clinical-physiological indicators turned out to be 2.4% higher than in Group 3. And the number of breaths increased by 6.2% compared to control. Body weight was 8.3% higher. Sustainability was 100% in the 3rd experimental group at the end of the experiment and 92.5% in the control group.

18세기 프랑스 서민의 빵과 일상

Due to low yields of wheat-a main crop for subsistence-and the implementation of the three-poly system intended to guard power over the land, the French farmers of the late Old Regime essentially had to own and cultivate more than 8 to 9 hectares of farmland to be able to make a living. To produce food, they had to not only endure intense labor involving plowing, sowing, harvesting, and threshing depending on their agricultural skills, but also put in endless hours and great effort going through the different process of milling, kneading, and baking to be able to put bread on the table on a daily basis. As the French people ate bread at every meal, including breakfast, lunch, and dinner, a wide variety of breads got produced to ensure that people from all social classes would be able to afford them according to their income levels. By legislating economic freedom, the Revolution eventually abolished traditional regulations on the market. Yet, it also established an economic system of war after the start of the Revolutionary war, as it implemented a price ceiling system for daily necessities and wages. It also put in place a food rationing system and punished hoarding as a counter-revolutionary act. Even these revolutionary measures, however, failed to fundamentally change the daily routine and dietary habits of the French people which had been passed along for thousands of years. One had to wait until the completion of the industrialization and agricultural mechanization of the late 19th century to see these change happen.

Response of Broiler to Addition Dimethylglycine of Normal and Low-Energy Diets in Productive Performance

The research was conducted in poultry fields in the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar for the period starting from the third of September 2022 until the fourteenth of December 2022 (42 days), and The purpose of the study was to find out the effect adding dimethylglycine to diets Regular and low-energy diets on productive performance of broiler chickens. 180 Ross 308 unsexed chicks, 1 day old and average weight of 37.8 g, were used, distributed to two groups depending on the energy level in the diet (normal diet and low energy diet), each group was treated with dimethylglycine at levels (0, 300 and 600 mg / In kg of fed), The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) for the addition treatments 0, 300 and 600 mg / kg feed in average body weight, weight gain and feed conversion factor compared to control treatments. As for the interaction between the trait of the diet and the additives, a significant improvement (P < 0.05) was observed in the treatment of the regular ration by adding 300 DMG / kg feed compared to the rest of the treatments, then this was followed by the treatment with reduced food rations without addition or with the addition of 300 DMG / kg fed. We conclude that adding DMG at the above levels to the regular and low-energy diets The productive performance of broilers improved without any negative effect.

Benefits of Early Enteral Feeding with a Locally Prepared Protein-Energy Ration after Surgery for Acute Generalised Peritonitis: A Randomised Trial in Two Hospitals in Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

Acute generalised peritonitis (AGP) is a common and serious digestive surgery pathology. Undernutrition exacerbates patient condition and compromises their postoperative prognosis. Early enteral nutrition is recommended to reduce postoperative complications, but its availability and cost are problematic in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of providing early enteral feeding (EEF) to postoperative patients with intestinal perforation AGP using a locally prepared protein-energy food ration in two hospitals in Bukavu, a city of South Kivu, in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A prospective, randomised controlled trial with two groups of patients was conducted to investigate the effects of EEF with a local mixture versus enteral feeding after peristalsis had returned (control group) in patients who underwent laparotomy for AGP caused by ileal perforation. The local mixture consisted of soybean, maize, white rice, and pineapple. The trial included 66 patients with ileal perforation peritonitis. The results comparing early enteral fed and nonfed patients showed significant differences in peristalsis recovery time (2.1 (0.6) days vs. 3.8 (1.2) days, p < 0.0001) and length of hospital stay (25.5 (14.9) days vs. 39.4 (25.3) days, p = 0.0046). Bivariate analyses indicated a significant early enteral feeding (EEF) reduced of 9.1% (vs. 36.4%, p = 0.0082) in parietal infections and 3.4% (28.1%, p = 0.009) in fistulas (p = 0.009) when EEF was included. In addition, EEF significantly reduced reintervention rates by 9.1% (p = 0.0003) and eliminated evisceration rates. EEF was also shown to reduce the incidence of malnutrition by 63.6% (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that enteral nutrition significantly reduced the time to recovery of peristalsis (p = 0.0278) with an ORa of 0.3 and a 95% CI of 0.1-0.9. Moreover, EEF reduced malnutrition (p = 0.0039) with an ORa of 0.1 and a 95% CI of 0-0.4. EEF with locally sourced protein-energy rations can enhance a patient's nutritional status and facilitate postoperative recovery. This procedure is advantageous and involved early enteral nutrition using locally manufactured rations, especially for those operated on for acute generalised peritonitis in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Innovations in cooking technologies using non-traditional raw materiais

The priority direction of the development of food industries of the 21st century is the production of healthy-prophylactic, functional purpose food, which get due to using the innovation technologies and also the use of non- traditional plant raw materials, including the wild plants, with the aim improving the qualitative adequacy of food rations namely ensuring compliance their chemical composition to the physiological needs of human body, improvement of their taste, aroma and other properties. Nowadays, the action of biologically active substances of plant origin for the creation of dishes with a health-improving, preventive functional effect remains insufficiently studied. Therefore, one of new recipes with an improved composition of raw materials, and also using new methods of processing and preparation of products which will allows to keep all nutrients and enriching the body with the necessary nutrients. In this context, in order to expand the range of dishes, we searched for non-traditional raw materials with a significant content of biologically active substances among the biodiversity of the vegetation of the Carpathian region and improved the technologies for the introduction them into Ukrainian cuisine. The properties of non-traditional raw materials of local origin are considered and proposed the priority of directions its use in the development of dishes with health-improving properties for sanatorium – resort complex and restaurants. Changes have been made to innovative manufacturing technologies dishes using traditional vegetable raw materials. Llingonberry and cranberry berries, and green leaves of stinging nettle were used as innovative ingredients taken to improve and expand the assortment of dishes with health-improving properties. Using innovative ingredients with the application of high technologies expands the possibilities of obtaining a technologically new product enriched with biologically active substances, macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, dietary fibers, and other functional additives. The nutritional and biological value of food products using unconventional raw materials of plant origin is given, and the priority directions of its use in the development of dishes with health-improving properties for sanatorium-resort complexes and restaurant establishments of the Western region of Ukraine are proposed.

Hungry and warm; cold and fed? The intersection of food and fuel poverty

Abstract Background The UK news has been increasingly reporting of people forced to choose between “heating and eating.” The (self-)rationing of food and fuel has harmful health repercussions, yet the intersection food poverty and fuel (or energy) poverty has been largely neglected in academic literature. This study looks to triangulate reports from the UK news and stakeholders in food and fuel poverty (FFP) mitigation to determine and compare how FFP is framed relationally between the sources. Methods Using the Nexis Lexis database, we searched for UK news articles on FFP, published between January 2010 and April 2022. Stakeholders in the FFP mitigation space, identified via hand-searching grey literature and snowball sampling, were interviewed between April and June 2023. Twenty interviews were conducted, and 185 news articles were included. Relying on framing analysis, extracted news data fragments and interview transcripts were thematically coded, analysed, and triangulated. Results Three descriptive frames of FFP were inductively identified across both data sources: 1) FFP is experienced as “trade-off” - a choice between heating and eating; 2) FFP is experienced as “mutual cutbacks” - an effort to reduce both necessities; 3) FFP is “not distinct” - the problem is income poverty. A fourth frame, that FFP is “situational” - it does not involve decisions but is a situation people find themselves in, only emerged from interviews. The UK news most prominently framed FFP as a “trade-off” (70%), followed by as a “mutual cutback” (29%), and rarely as “not distinct” (1%). Whereas stakeholders largely framed the issue as “mutual cutbacks” (45%), followed by as a “trade off” (30%), as “not distinct” (25%) and as “situational” (10%). Conclusions The varied and mismatched framings between the news and stakeholders suggests that FFP is complex and potentially poorly understood. Centring the framing of people with lived FFP experience may help towards meaningfully tackling FFP. Key messages • Food and fuel poverty (FFP) is largely framed differently between the UK news and FFP mitigation stakeholders. • Centring the framing(s) of people with lived experience may help towards tackling FFP.

Effects of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus fruit bean powder in feed as a growth activator on the zootechnical performance of Oreochromis sp (red Tilapia) fry in concrete tanks

This study focused on the effect of feed supplementation with Afrostyrax lepidophyllus fruit bean powder on some zootechnical performances of Oreochromis sp (red tilapia) fry in concrete tanks. 360 monosex fry of Oreochromis sp with an average weight of 1.95 ± 0.34g were divided into 12 happas, including 30 subjects per happa in triplicate in a completely randomized system for four food rations. TS (Imported Skreting feed), T0 (feed without supplement), T(0.1%F) (feed containing 0.1% A. lepidophyllus fruit bean powder), T(0.2%F) (food containing 0.2% fruit bean powder of A. lepidophyllus). These feeds were distributed 4 times a day to the fry at a regular time interval of 3 hours including 7 a.m., 10 a.m., 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. the fry were fed at 11% of their biomass for one month and then at 10% for six weeks. The analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) in the survival rates (97.66 ± 1.02%-98.66 ± 0.90%) but a trend on the rise in favor of feeds supplemented with the spice. Live weight (19.37 ± 0.47), average weight gain (16.96 ± 0.47), total length (7.80 ± 0.04), daily weight gain (0.22 ± 0.01g/d), the specific growth rate (9.12 ± 0.25g%/d) were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) with fry fed with feed supplemented at 0.2 % fruit beans of A. lepidophyllus (T0.2%F) compared to the fry fed with the feed without supplement (T0) but significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower compared to the values ​​recorded with the fry fed with the feed imported feed Skreting (TS). The feed conversion ration was not significantly (p &gt; 0.05) affected regardless of the treatment considered. Total length was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher with fish fed imported feed (TS) and feed supplemented with 0.2% A. lepidophyllus fruit bean powder compared to treatments. Fed with feed without supplement (T0) and with feed supplemented with 0.1% of this spice (T0.1%F). The significantly higher feed cost of production (p &lt; 0.05) was recorded with the treatment fed imported feed Skreting (TS) compared to the other treatments which were also comparable to each other for this parameter. The condition factor K was not significantly (p &gt; 0.05) affected by the treatments. The supplementation of 0.2% of A. lepidophyllus bean powder in the feed can advantageously be used to improve the zootechnical performance of Oreochromis sp fry in the pre-fattening phase.

Probiotics improve survival and growth of larval Pacific Lamprey in laboratory culture

AbstractObjectiveThe Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a First Food for members of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and other Columbia Plateau tribes in the Pacific Northwest. Declines in Pacific Lamprey abundance have prompted restoration efforts, including development of artificial propagation. Laboratory rearing of larvae has focused on maximizing survival and growth to conserve resources and increase production. To test the hypothesis that bacterial supplements increased the survival and growth of first‐feeding larval Pacific Lamprey, we conducted two controlled experiments.MethodsFirst, a probiotic supplement (EPI‐CIN G2; Epicore, Bionetworks) was added to a standard food ration (yeast and Otohime mix) at two levels (2 and 5 mg/L) in a replicated, randomized design.ResultGrowth at 10 weeks was measured, and larvae that were fed probiotics at both levels grew significantly faster (2 mg/L: 11.0 μm/day; 5 mg/L: 13.3 μm/day) than controls that were fed the standard ration alone (6.6 μm/day). Larvae that received the probiotic supplement also had a higher survival (2 mg/L: 36%; 5 mg/L: 44%) than those fed the standard ration (24%). Next, a different cohort of larval lamprey was fed the same two levels of probiotic (at the same rate as in the first experiment), but the lamprey was kept in larger rearing pans and were fed for 28 weeks. Overall growth rates in the second experiment (2 mg/L: 4.6 μm/day; 5 mg/L: 5.7 μm/day; control 3.4 μm/day) were lower than those in the first experiment, but growth and survival (2 mg/L: 71.4%; 5 mg/L: 78.6%; control: 55.7%) were both highest in the treatments with probiotic. Moreover, in both experiments, we observed the highest growth in the probiotic treatments that also had high larval density.ConclusionThis suggests that probiotics may help to overcome density‐dependent growth, which is a common problem in lamprey culture. Successful artificial propagation and culture of Pacific Lamprey are vital to the long‐term restoration goals for this imperiled First Food.

Hospital Facilities of the Mid-19th — Early 20th Centuries: Kirensky Hospital of Irkutsk Welfare Board

By the middle of the 19th century departmental hospitals have gained a predominant position in the network of medical institutions in Russia. The introduction of strict regulation of the activities of public charity hospitals, uniform catalogs of medicines, limits on expenses for medicines and other attributes of hospital life make it possible, using the example of one hospital, in our case, the Kirensky Civil Hospital of the Irkutsk welfare board, to give an idea of the main directions of their “financial and economic activities”. As such, the study examined the maintenance of the hospital’s economic infrastructure and financial support for the care of patients. The study analyzed paperwork documentation, which made it possible for the first time to introduce data on the volume of food rationing for patients, to provide a description of hospital premises with detailed parameters and functional purposes. As a result of the study, the author concluded that the economic activities of administrative hospitals in the mid-19th — early 20th centuries was a priority direction (compared to medical activities) and included solving a wide range of problems, despite the fact that the costs of maintaining the hospital facilities fell entirely on the Irkutsk public charity, reflecting the main feature of “departmental medicine”.