Food Legumes Research Articles

Potential protective effects of isoflavones in effective management of cardiovascular diseases

For human life, health, and biological growth, nutrition is crucial. A prominent example of a food that is nutrient rich at the moment is "Soybean”. In Asian nations, it is thought to be a significant source of proteins and may be used in place of dairy products and meat. When compared to other food legumes, soybeans offer several nutritional benefits in terms of their composition in macro- and micronutrients. As more information on negative effects of chemical treatments is being available to people, they are now is search of potential phytocompounds. The aim of the present review is to provide potential evidence of isoflavones in management of cardiovascular diseases like heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension and coronary artery disease. Nevertheless, soy isoflavones can have certain adverse consequences since they are endocrine disruptors. Thyroid function abnormalities have sparked concerns. In light of the aforementioned findings, an effort has been undertaken to examine the literature on the beneficial and harmful roles of isoflavones, soy-derived bioactive compounds.

Genome-wise association study identified genomic regions associated with drought tolerance in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek).

A total of 282 mungbean accessions were resequenced to identify genome-wide variants and construct a highly precise variant map, and drought tolerance-related loci and superior alleles were identified by GWAS. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is an important food legume crop that is highly adapted to drought environments, but severe drought significantly curtails mungbean production. Here, we resequenced 282 mungbean accessions to identify genome-wide variants and constructed a highly precise map of mungbean variants. A genome-wide association study was performed to identify genomic regions for 14 drought tolerance-related traits in plants grown under stress and well-watered conditions over three years. One hundred forty-six SNPs associated with drought tolerance were detected, and 26 candidate loci associated with more than two traits were subsequently selected. Two hundred fifteen candidate genes were identified at these loci, including eleven transcription factor genes, seven protein kinase genes and other protein coding genes that may respond to drought stress. Furthermore, we identified superior alleles that were associated with drought tolerance and positively selected during the breeding process. These results provide valuable genomic resources for molecular breeding and will accelerate future efforts aimed at mungbean improvement.

CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) GENOTYPES EVALUATION FOR HIGH YIELD THROUGH MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Assessment of crop accessions through yield components is the most popular way for selecting welladapted and stable genotypes for certain growing conditions. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important food legume crop in Uzbekistan. The 71 chickpea genotypes received an evaluation for morphological and yield traits through principal component, cluster, and biplot analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) estimated chickpea variables into two main components accounting for 76.32% of the total variation. In chickpea genotypes, the traits viz., plant height, number of pods per plant, pods weight per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, and seed yield showed a positive relationship with the first component (PC-I). Seed yield and the number of branches showed a positive correlation with the second component (PC-II). Biplot analysis indicated a positive association of seed yield (SY) with the number of branches (Br), number of pods per plant (NPP), number of seeds per plant (SPP), seed weight (SW), pod weight (PW), yet a negative association with plant height (PH). The 36 winter and 35 spring chickpea genotypes underwent analysis, then clustered based on various yield traits. The chickpea genotypes grouped into six clusters used the cluster analysis. Genotypes in cluster I and cluster VI showed the highest grain yield whereas cluster II and cluster III included the taller genotypes found suitable for mechanical harvesting. These findings can serve beneficial in chickpea hybridization for yield improvement in future breeding programs.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed germination improves the essential amino acid profile, flavonoid content and expansion index

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legume foods for the human diet. Common bean seed is gaining attention due to its content of secondary metabolites with positive effects on human health. The present work analysed the effect of common bean germination on the essential amino acid profile, active compound content, and expansion index after extrusion processing. The content of tryptophan (Trp) in raw common bean (RCB) and in germinated common bean (GCB) seeds was 6.1 and 7.9 mg·g–1 of protein, respectively. The limiting amino acids in RCB were sulphur amino acids and Trp, and in GCB only the sulphur amino acids were the limiting amino acids. The germination process in beans increases the levels of quercetin and kaempferol and allows the synthesis of daidzein and genistein, and significantly increases the expansion index after extrusion processing. The germination of common bean could be used as a strategy to improve nutritional, nutraceutical, and processing properties.

SEBUAH REVIEW: ANALISIS PROFIL METABOLIT MENGGUNAKAN GC-MS PADA SAMPEL SEREAL DAN MAKANAN KACANG-KACANGAN YANG DIFERMENTASI

Foodmics is one of the technological developments in food processing. Analysis of metabolite profiles in fermented cereal and legume food samples can be analyzed using GC-MS. Analytical aspects of current GC-MS technology to note include high resolution (in GC and MS technology), advances and improvements in the ionization process, reproducible fragmentation patterns (which is an advantage for compound identification) as well as fewer matrix effects. The time of fermentation is one of the main factors in the occurrence of differences in compounds analyzed using GC-MS, the use of computerized analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) is very helpful when the study has a very large number of variables

Assessing the nutritional content and adequacy of food parcels among vulnerable Lebanese during a double crisis: COVID-19 pandemic and an economic meltdown.

This study aimed to explore the nutritional content and quality of food parcels distributed in Lebanon and assess their adherence to dietary guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic and an unprecedented economic crisis. Cross-sectional study (June-July 2020); phone survey (thirty items). Lebanon. Food parcel providers (FPP; n 72) involved in food parcel distribution (FPD), mainly to Lebanese households. FPP included international non-governmental organizations (INGO) (n 3), local non-governmental organizations (n 45) and personal initiatives (n 24). Overall, low adherence to the World Food Programme (WFP) food parcel guidelines were observed among FPP for specific food items, including vegetables, fish, legumes and cereals, whereas salt content significantly surpassed the guidelines (all P-values <0·001). On average, a food parcel provided 608·4 ± 55 kcal/d/person. The greatest contributors to total energy intake (TE) in the food parcel were carbohydrates (46·4 %) and fats (46·8 %), while protein contributed to 7 %TE. In addition, %TE from fats and sugars significantly surpassed the dietary reference intakes (DRI) for a single person per d (134-234 % and 185 % of DRI, respectively, P-values <0·001). Only 10-15 % of daily needs for key micronutrients, including Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin and dietary folate, were met through the food parcels. Adequate food safety and hygiene practices were reported among FPP, yet dramatic changes in food costs due to overlapping crises affected the quality and quantity of food in parcels. Findings highlight the need to improve the nutritional content of food parcels and adherence to dietary guidelines to alleviate food and nutrition insecurity while preventing diet-related diseases among vulnerable beneficiaries in Lebanon.

Seed Priming Treatments to Improve Heat Stress Tolerance of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Heat stress seriously affects the production of cool-season food legume crops such as garden peas. Seed priming is a widely used technique that increases germination and improves plant growth and development, resulting in better field performance and higher yield of crops. In the current study, we investigated three seed priming treatments—hydropriming (dH2O), osmopriming (2.2% w/v CaCl2), and hormopriming (50 mg L−1 salicylic acid—SA)—and their effect on germination, initial seedling development, and physiological traits of two novel garden pea cultivars, under optimal conditions and heat stress. Seed priming with H2O, CaCl2, and SA enhanced garden pea performance under both optimal and stress conditions via significant improvements in germination energy, final germination, mean germination time, mean germination rate, seedling vigor index, shoot length, root length, fresh seedling weight, dry seedling weight, shoot elongation rate, root elongation rate, relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability index, as compared to control. The highest effect on the examined parameters was achieved by osmopriming and hormopriming in both cultivars, suggesting that these treatments could be used to improve the heat stress tolerance of garden pea, after extensive field trials.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the promoter of a novel Aspergillus flavus inducible gene (AhOMT1) from peanut.

Peanut is an important oil and food legume crop grown in more than one hundred countries, but the yield and quality are often impaired by different pathogens and diseases, especially aflatoxins jeopardizing human health and causing global concerns. For better management of aflatoxin contamination, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel A. flavus inducible promoter of the O-methyltransferase gene (AhOMT1) from peanut. The AhOMT1 gene was identified as the highest inducible gene by A. flavus infection through genome-wide microarray analysis and verified by qRT-PCR analysis. AhOMT1 gene was studied in detail, and its promoter, fussed with the GUS gene, was introduced into Arabidopsis to generate homozygous transgenic lines. Expression of GUS gene was studied in transgenic plants under the infection of A. flavus. The analysis of AhOMT1 gene characterized by in silico assay, RNAseq, and qRT-PCR revealed minute expression in different organs and tissues with trace or no response to low temperature, drought, hormones, Ca2+, and bacterial stresses, but highly induced by A. flavus infection. It contains four exons encoding 297 aa predicted to transfer the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The promoter contains different cis-elements responsible for its expression characteristics. Functional characterization of AhOMT1P in transgenic Arabidopsis plants demonstrated highly inducible behavior only under A. flavus infection. The transgenic plants did not show GUS expression in any tissue(s) without inoculation of A. flavus spores. However, GUS activity increased significantly after inoculation of A. flavus and maintained a high level of expression after 48 hours of infection. These results provided a novel way for future management of peanut aflatoxins contamination through driving resistance genes in A. flavus inducible manner.

Water relations and yield characteristics of mungbean as influenced by foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3)

Optimizing the dose and foliar application frequency of growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) may play an important role in ensuring food security under changing climate scenarios by boosting grain yield of food legumes such as mungbean. A trial was conducted to evaluate the growth promoting effect of foliage applied gibberellic acid (GA3) at various spraying frequencies for mungbean crop. The employed treatments included four gibberellic acid levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) and two application frequencies (single spray at 30 days after sowing DAS, and two sprays at 30 and 40 DAS). Water relations, yield contributing characteristics and mungbean grain yield were among the response variables investigated. The research findings revealed that GA3(200 ppm applied twice at pre-flowering and post-flowering stages) significantly improved the water relations, morphological and yield attributes of mungbean. This treatment combination remained unmatched by producing the highest relative water content in the stem (85.52), water retention capacity in the stem (17.24), and water uptake capacity in the stem and leaf (2.35). Furthermore, the same treatment combination resulted in the maximum plant height (50.04 cm), pods per plant (11.07), pod length (6.62 cm), grains number per pod (11.00), 100-grains weight (3.78 g), grain yield per plant (4.57 g), and a minimum water saturation deficit. Thus, GA3foliage application at 200 ppm at 30 and 60 DAS has the potential to stimulate growth and increase the yield attributes and grain yield of mungbean. However, additional in-depth field trials with various doses of GA3sprayed at a higher frequency may be required before recommending GA3for general adoption to mungbean growers.

Inheritance of Early and Late Ascochyta Blight Resistance in Wide Crosses of Chickpea.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a globally important food legume but its yield is negatively impacted by the fungal pathogen Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) causing necrotic lesions leading to plant death. Past studies have found that Ascochyta resistance is polygenic. It is important to find new resistance genes from the wider genepool of chickpeas. This study reports the inheritance of Ascochyta blight resistance of two wide crosses between the cultivar Gokce and wild chickpea accessions of C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum under field conditions in Southern Turkey. Following inoculation, infection damage was scored weekly for six weeks. The families were genotyped for 60 SNPs mapped to the reference genome for quantitative locus (QTL) mapping of resistance. Family lines showed broad resistance score distributions. A late responding QTL on chromosome 7 was identified in the C. reticulatum family and three early responding QTLs on chromosomes 2, 3, and 6 in the C. echinospermum family. Wild alleles mostly showed reduced disease severity, while heterozygous genotypes were most diseased. Interrogation of 200k bp genomic regions of the reference CDC Frontier genome surrounding QTLs identified nine gene candidates involved in disease resistance and cell wall remodeling. This study identifies new candidate chickpea Ascochyta blight resistance QTLs of breeding potential.

Purification, molecular docking and in vivo analyses of novel angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from protein hydrolysate of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Màrechal) seeds

The moth bean is a high-protein food legume. Enzymatic hydrolysates of food proteins demostrate health benefits. Search for diet related food protein hydrolysates is therefore within the scope of functional foods. Present study asertains to produce, screen and identify natural ACE-I inhibitory peptides derived from moth bean seed protein hydrolysates. The extracted protein was hydrolysed using alcalase, chymotrypsin, flavourzyme, papain, pepsin and trypsin respectively. Alcalase achieved the greatest degree of hydrolysis and ACE inhibition. The highest ACE-I inhibitory activity was exhibited by the peptide with the lowest molecular weight i.e. <3 kDa (IC50 11.19 ± 0.15 μg/mL). This was further separated by FPLC, followed by mass spectrometry. Molecular docking analysis showed the peptides IAWDFR and ADLPGLK bind to active sites whereas DKPWWPK and AVIPNAPNLR to non-active sites of the ACE molecule. In vivo administration of MBP hydrolysate to dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats reduced their systolic blood pressure (125 ± 0.76 mmHg) compared with positive control (155 ± 3.13 mmHg). Moth bean protein peptides exhibit functional nutraceutical properties with adequate antihypertensive activity.

Post-Harvest Fungi Associated with Cowpea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Vigna unguiculata&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L. Walp.) Seeds Produced in Burkina Faso

Cowpea is a very popular foodstuff among people in sub-Saharan Africa. In Burkina Faso, it is the main food legume, especially in rural areas. Its production is facing difficulties including post-harvest losses caused by fungi. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify fungal strains associated with cowpea seeds produced in Burkina Faso. Thus, a total of 108 seed samples were collected in the three agro-ecological zones of Burkina Faso. The sanitary analysis of the seeds was carried out using the direct contact method. The isolation and purification of the isolates were performed on Potato Dextrose Agar medium while their identification was done through macroscopic and microscopic phenotypical characterization using different culture media (Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Czapeck Dox Agar (CZA)) and different identification keys. A total of 10 fungal species were isolated, with predominance of Aspergillus flavus, Aspegillus niger, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporium and Rhizopus sp. whose infection rates were 70.8% to 100% of seed samples. In addition to being present in all three zones, the infection rates of Aspergillus flavus (56.55%), Aspergillus niger (20.35%) and Rhizopus (32.80%) were higher in the Sahelian zone. In the Sudano-Sahelian zone, Macrophomina (50.66%) and Fusarium (18.88%) presented the highest infection rates, while Penicillium sp. showed the highest infection rate (2.84%) in the Sudanian zone. This finding demonstrated the necessity to improve post-harvest and conservation techniques of cowpea to limit crop losses and preserve the sanitary quality of this important foodstuff.

Physiochemical response of Cicer arietinum to zinc-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles under water stress.

Chickpea is an important food legume cultivated in semiarid regions, where water scarcity and nutrient deficiencies negatively affect crop production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc and silicon from different sources, including bulk and nanostructures, on various biochemical traits of chickpea plants grown under field conditions in Maragheh, Northwest Iran. The main experimental factor consisted of three soil moisture levels: irrigation to 90% of field capacity (FC), 60% FC, and 30% FC. The subplots were assigned for foliar application of different fertilizers: control (distilled water), zinc sulfate (ZnSO), silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), ZnSO + SiO2 NPs, and zinc-containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs -Zn). The results showed that although decreased soil moisture had a negative impact on several biochemical processes, foliar application of Zn and Si in both conventional bulk and nanostructure significantly affected plant antioxidant system, plasma membrane integrity, and the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and compatible solutes. However, the most inducing effects on catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and anthocyanin were observed with the foliar spray of MSNPs-Zn and ZnSO + SiO2 under 60% FC. Moreover, foliar spray of MSNPs-Zn alleviated the negative effects of water deficit stress on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a /b and carotenoid content). Water stress significantly induced the accumulation of free proline in the leaves. Overall, the results indicated that foliar spray of MSNPs -Zn, especially under 60% FC, improved the plant's defense system, scavenged reactive oxygen species, and enhanced the accumulation and stability of pigments, thereby mitigating the effects of drought stress.

Evaluation of Improved Cowpea Genotypes for Yield and Resistance to Scab Disease in Uganda

Cowpea is one of the most important legume food crops in Uganda. However, grain yields as low as 400 kg ha−1 have been recorded in farmers’ fields despite a grain yield potential of 3,000 kg ha−1. Cowpea scab is a major production constraint, causing yield losses of up to 100%. Three hundred ninety (390) improved cowpea genotypes were evaluated for yield and scab resistance for one (1) year at NaSARRI, Serere, Uganda using an alpha lattice design with two replications. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) for grain yield, scab severity, incidence, and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) among genotypes, seasons, and for genotypes by seasons interactions. The mean grain yield of 981.6 kg ha−1 was recorded across the cowpea genotypes with genotype, TVU-1280 having the highest grain yield of 1790.8 Kg ha−1. The cowpea genotypes; 1195K-1093-5-A, TVU-2968, SanZi, Taef-14-inhaca.E, TVU-205-8 and TVU-13485 had low scab severity(range:8.0 - 9.0).Cowpea genotypes; Taef-14-inhaca.E(33.7%), TVU-14633(26.7%), TVU-151144(30.6%), and Cosiriele (31.4%), had low scab incidence. Low AUDPC (range: 788.8-883.5) was observed in cowpea genotypes; 1195K-1093-5-A (775.0), TVU2968(788.8), TVU-14633-A (883.8), and TVU-13388 (857.5). Grain yield had a significant negative correlation with AUDPC (r = −0.2279, p &lt; 0.001) and scab severity (−0.600, p &lt; 0.001). Scab severity showed a strong significant and positive correlation with AUDPC (r = 0.6873, p &lt; 0.001). The cowpea genotypes; 1195K−1093−5−A, TVU−2968, TVU−15114, SanZi, and Taef−14− inhaca.E could be used as breeding lines for introgressing scab resistance into cultivars with farmer preferred traits.

Evaluation of soaking and germination interest: Comparative study of the chemical and phytochemical composition between three species of food legumes listed in the Moroccan official catalog

Evaluation of soaking and germination interest: Comparative study of the chemical and phytochemical composition between three species of food legumes listed in the Moroccan official catalog

Resistance to Pythium root rot and anthracnose among Kenyan common bean genotypes and marker-assisted introgression of resistance genes

ABSTRACT Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume crop and major protein source in Kenya and many parts of the world. However, the yields are low due to the diseases like anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemunthianum and Pythium root rots. The study, therefore, sought to screen Kenyan common bean genotypes for anthracnose and Pythium resistance and to improve the resistance of local landraces to the two diseases. Local landraces and commercial cultivars were screened for resistance under greenhouse conditions for Pythium and in vitro for anthracnose. The results showed that majority of the landraces were moderately resistant to anthracnose and Pythium root rot. The study further utilized molecular markers linked to anthracnose and Pythium resistance, respectively, to determine their potential to detect specific resistance genes among the test genotypes. None of the markers amplified the test genotypes except the control genotypes pointing toward different resistance genes. Further, cultivars G2333 and KK8 were used as donor parents for anthracnose and Pythium resistance, respectively, in a marker-assisted backcross breeding program involving three high-yielding farmer-preferred landraces. A number of lines were developed that carry both resistance genes. These lines can be advanced for release as new cultivars to enhance common bean production in Kenya.

Allelopathic Effects of Schima khasiana and Michelia champaca on Germination and Growth of Some Legume and Cereal Crops of North Eastern Himalayan Region

Allelopathic influences of Michelia champaca and Schima khasiana were tested in bioassay on two cereal crops (maize-Zea mays and paddy-Oryza sativa), and two legume food crops (rice bean- Vigna umbellata and soybean- Glycine max). The aqueous leaf extracts of fresh dried leaves of above tree species suppressed the growth of test crops. The study revealed that Michelia champaca and Schima khasiana are least toxic to germination, growth and yield of various test crops. Although, germination and growth of paddy and soybean was adversely affected by aqueous extracts of tree species, however, magnitude of toxicity was very less which is evident from the dry matter production of various test crops. Rice bean and maize have been found resistant to phytotoxicity. It is therefore; well evident from the data that maize, paddy, rice bean and soybean can be grown successfully in the proximity of Michelia champaca and Schima khasiana.

Over-expression of Trigonella foenum-graecum defensin (Tfgd2) and Raphanus sativus antifungal protein (RsAFP2) in transgenic pigeonpea confers resistance to the Helicoverpa armigera

Pigeonpea is an important food legume crop cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world wherein the Indian subcontinent accounting for over 90 % of global production. It is a rich source of protein and is an important component of a well-balanced diet for the majority of Indians. Among the other insect pests, pigeonpea productivity is mostly affected by Helicoverpa armigera which is causing severe yield loss. Non-availability of resistant genes in germplasm and constraints with traditional breeding induce the application of a genetic engineering approach to generate insect resistance in pigeonpea. Expression of plant defensins in various crops provided enhanced resistance towards a variety of pests and pathogens. In the current study, two defensins Trigonella foenum-graecum defensin 2 (Tfgd2) and Raphanus sativus antifungal protein 2 (RsAFP2) integrated by a linker peptide was transferred into pigeonpea as a fusion gene by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Putative transgenic lines were confirmed through PCR and the promising lines were identified in the following generations based upon integration, expression and bioefficiency of the fusion gene. Leaf bioassay conducted against H. armigera larvae showed increased levels of insect resistance compared to the control, where six T2 plants were identified as superior lines showing less than 25 % of leaf damage. Our findings illustrates that Tfgd2–RsAFP2 fusion protein is efficient in imparting protection against the insect pest and the transgenic lines developed in this study could be used for further pigeonpea improvement projects.

Impact of multi mix herbicide on growth and weed indices in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Food and nutritional security for the country India depends on the agriculture sector. Groundnut is an important food legume cum oilseed crop and weed infestation is the major problem causing yield reduction. Therefore, the field experiment study was conducted during the winter season of 2022 at Central farm, Agriculture College and Research Institute in Madurai to evaluate the newer multi-mix herbicide combinations and find out the appropriate weed management practices for yield enhancement and weed suppression in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment consisted of twelve treatments (T1 to T12) laid out in a randomized complete block design. Among the weed flora, almost two third of the weed infestation was documented as broad-leaved weeds (51%), followed by grassy weeds (36%) and less infestation by sedges (13%) in groundnut at the experimental site. Application of pre-emergence alone and post-emergence alone does not suppress the weed infestation efficiently. For that, this study focused on using multi-mixed herbicides along with hand weeding to determine herbicide's efficacy on weed control and growth parameters. Among the weed control methods, weed-free check (T12) increased the growth parameters viz., Plant height (65.3 cm), Leaf Area Index (4.34) and Dry matter accumulation (5536 kg ha-1) and higher weed control efficiency (99.2%). Among the herbicidal treatments, pre emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) followed by hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T7) gave significantly (P=0.05) higher results in growth components of groundnut and weed suppression compared to other herbicidal treatments.

Three‐dimensional printing and its application to legume proteins: A review

AbstractAdditive manufacturing, or three‐dimensional printing (3DP) technology, has been recently explored in every field of science and technology for its unique features and ease of operation. 3DP technology has a wide range of applications in the food industry. The technology has enormous potential for the development of functional foods, for food and drug delivery, and for people with special needs, including dysphagia patients. This review envisages the recent interest in plant proteins and the development of food products using additive manufacturing (3DP), which is an exciting opportunity for the food industry and legume producers. The development of the formulation prior to printing requires a thorough rheological characterization for the smooth operation of the printer and fidelity. The steady flow properties and viscoelasticity of legume proteins, as well as their role in 3DP, are elucidated. Finally, this review provides insights into the current state of legume protein‐based 3DP and food product development.