Industrial Food Production Research Articles

Attractive carbon black dispersions: Structural and mechanical responses to shear

The rheological behavior of colloidal dispersions is of paramount importance in a wide range of applications, including construction materials, energy storage systems, and food industry products. These dispersions consistently exhibit non-Newtonian behaviors, a consequence of intricate interplays involving colloids morphology, volume fraction, and interparticle forces. Understanding how colloids structure under flow remains a challenge, particularly in the presence of attractive forces leading to cluster formation. In this study, we adopt a synergistic approach, combining rheology with ultra small-angle x-ray scattering, to probe the flow-induced structural transformations of attractive carbon black (CB) dispersions and their effects on the viscosity. Our key findings can be summarized as follows. First, testing different CB volume fractions, in the high shear rate hydrodynamic regime, CB particles aggregate to form fractal clusters. Their size conforms to a power law of the shear rate, ξc∝γ˙−m, with m≃0.5. Second, drawing insights from the fractal structure of clusters, we compute an effective volume fraction ϕeff and find that microstructural models adeptly account for the hydrodynamic stress contributions. We identify a critical shear rate γ∗˙ and a critical volume fraction ϕeff∗, at which the clusters percolate to form a dynamical network. Third, we show that the apparent yield stress measured at low shear rates inherits its properties from the percolation point. Finally, through data scaling and the integration of Einstein’s viscosity equation, we revisit and discuss the Caggioni–Trappe–Spicer model, revealing a significant connection between its empirical parameters and the structural properties of CB dispersions under flow.

Investigation of the presence and enzymatic activity of fungi in stored corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] grains

Soy [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and corn (Zea mays L.) are important crops in Brazilian agribusiness. When stored improperly, these grains are susceptible to insects and microorganisms. Among the microorganisms capable of causing grain deterioration, fungi stand out. Despite the harm associated with fungi, they are biotechnologically appreciable due to their potential ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulases and proteases. Fungal hydrolytic enzymes have been applied in various processes in the food, textile, and detergent production industries, among others. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of fungi in samples of corn and soybean grains under storage conditions and characterize them regarding the production of cellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes. Among the results, there was a greater quantity and variety of filamentous fungi (35 morphotypes) in association with the grains evaluated, than of yeasts (three morphotypes). Representatives of the genera Aspergillus spp., Curvularia sp., and Penicillium spp. were detected, corroborating previous reports in the literature. Filamentous fungi that tested positive for cellulase production had an enzyme ratio index (ERI) varying between 1.06 and 2.57 (mean ± standard deviation = 1.37 ± 0.48), while for proteolytic activity, only the fungi isolated from soybean tested positive, with ERI (mean ± standard deviation) = 1.21 ± 0.01. Although the taxonomy of the isolates in this study has not been completely elucidated, it is possible to state that these fungi are promising for producing hydrolytic enzymes, with potential for use in the development of products and/or biotechnological processes.

Application of Herbal Medicine in Aquaculture Sector for the Control of Fish Disease and Growth Performance: A Review

Aquaculture is a fast-growing animal food-producing industry in India. With the growing human population, dependence on aquaculture to provide a proteinaceous and economical supply of food has increased. The use of antibiotics is becoming increasingly widespread in the aquaculture industry to provide a protein-rich food supply, which is having negative impacts on human populations. As the benefits of medicinal herbs become clear, the use of antibiotics can be reduced gradually. Various medicinal herbs are known to have excellent some properties, such as antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activity, enhancing fish growth, etc. The purpose of this paper is to provide the latest scientific information on the application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture sectors as well as to review the potential problems and recommendations for the application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture.

Unlocking glycerol monolaurate potential: A comprehensive review of synthesis pathways, catalyst insights, and optimization strategies

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a versatile green chemical with wide industrial applicability, including in the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries. This review provides a thorough analysis of the processes involved in GML production, along with the diverse applications of GML. And also, addresses various limitations and challenges associated with esterification of lauric acid with glycerol to produce GML through enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalytic pathways. Among these routes, heterogeneous catalytic routes exhibited superior catalytic activity, achieving over 90% selectivity with good stability. Furthermore, the review offers a constructive assessment of the process parameters associated with catalysts and reaction conditions that influence the GML yield and selectivity. Notably, wide pore and short pore length were found to be suitable for attaining higher selectivity in esterification of lauric acid. Techno-economic assessments suggest that the enzyme route is more environmentally sustainable. However, in practice, the heterogeneous catalytic route proves more suitable for industrial-scale production. Therefore, this review may provide crucial guidance for researchers and industries aiming to produce GML in an economic and eco- friendly manner.

Pengaruh Pengungkapan Modal Intelektual, Asimetri Informasi, dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Manajemen Laba Riil

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intellectual capital disclosure using Intellectus Model, information asymmetry, and profitability through the ratio of ROA (Return on Assets) on real earnings management in primary consumer goods companies that listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2015-2019 period. This research is a quantitative study which using secondary data that were obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the form of annual financial report. The sample selection used is purposive sampling method in order to obtain 25 companies. The criteria used in this study were as follows: sample selection criteria and for companies that have been registered since 2014, not classified as primary consumer goods or agricultural food product industry, and have complete financial report data from 2015-2019. The analysis technique used is Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) through the Statistical Package for the Science 25 (SPSS 25) program with data tabulated using Microsoft Excel. The results of this study indicate that: intellectual capital disclosure using Intellectus Model has no effect on real earnings management, information asymmetry has a positive effect on real earnings management, while profitability through the ratio of ROA have no effect on real earnings management.

The framing of food in Canadian university classrooms

There are numerous “positivity” movements circulating such as sex positivity and body positivity that affect how sexuality and bodies are discussed, including in educational contexts. These movements have provided alternative discourses that challenge constructions of sexualities and bodies as “dangerous”, aberrant, or “other”. There is potential for “food positivity” to do the same given how food is frequently constructed as “risky”, reflecting anxieties about industrial food production and the impacts of “bad” food on human health, appearance, and the environment. Food practices, and the discourses that support them act as moral signifiers and can be exclusionary, exacerbating marginalization and inequities. Alternatively, food pedagogies can prioritize inclusion, diversity, and sustainable, resilient communities. How might the discourses that circulate in post-secondary food education construct and support positive relationships with food? Two major, and largely silo-ed, fields in Canadian higher education are Nutritional Sciences and Food Studies. Using publicly available syllabi (n=97) from undergraduate courses across Canada, this study investigated how food positivity is being enacted. In Nutritional Sciences, food positivity emphasizes nutritionism ideology whereby the composition and quantity of nutrients can add up to an (undefined) healthy diet. In Food Studies, food positivity is associated with local, equity-promoting, and culturally-sensitive approaches. In both fields, “food negativity” also appears in relation to “obesogenic” foods and systems, revealing an underlying fatphobia. Greater transdisciplinary collaboration with Fat Studies would benefit both fields in enacting a broader and more inclusive food positivity.

A new approach in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) industry: "Turkish Salmon" production and marketing trends

With favorable environmental conditions and the adoption of new technologies, Türkiye has 1703 enterprises producing trout as of 2022. These enterprises collectively produce 167,286 tons of trout per year, including portioned fish (200-250 g), fillet candidates (400-600 g), and fillets (known as Turkish Salmon) (>3000 g). The production chain for Turkish Salmon involves hatcheries, dam lake net cage systems, and offshore net cage systems. There are 680 hatcheries producing trout eggs and fry, with a total annual production of 1,360,029,485 eggs. Additionally, 622 pond/dam lake net cage systems are used for producing Turkish Salmon candidates weighing 400-600 g, with a total production capacity of 163,525,079 kg per year. Offshore net cage systems in the Black Sea region, spread across six provinces, are utilized for Turkish Salmon production. Production planning is underway for two provinces, with a total planned production area of 15,650,000 m2 and a projected capacity of 221,188,000 kg per year. Türkiye is actively involved in the global aquaculture sector, paying close attention to its advancements. Türkiye has a strong egg/juvenile production capacity compared to other countries involved in trout production globally. However, the importation of biotechnology-applied and observed eggs continues, posing biological and genetic risks to Türkiye's natural aquatic areas. Over the past 20 years, Türkiye's trout production has grown significantly, reaching 167,286 tons per year, marking it as a significant food production industry. This success can be attributed to favorable environmental conditions, increasing consumer demand, the adoption of new technologies, and consistent investments. However, the rapid growth in the trout farming sector over the past five years has led to an uncontrollable decline in survival rates. This decline can be attributed to the spread of diseases, incorrect treatment methods, improper breeding management practices, flawed business management, unregulated fish transport, and compromised sanitary and environmental conditions.

Application of modified corn starch in stabilization of ultrasonic-assisted pickering oil in water emulsion

Starch is a sustainable and cheap raw material claimed as a good emulsion stabilizer for edible products either in food or pharmaceutical industry. To produce an emulsion stabilized by food based edible stabilizer, this study focused on the non-chemical starch modification for oil in water (O/W) emulsion stabilization produced by ultrasonic emulsification. The results showed that the finest emulsion was obtained at power rate of 500 W for 7 mins of sonication. The stability of the emulsion was investigated by turbidity, centrifugal stability values and droplet size. Pre-gelatinized corn starch (PCS) stabilizer showed better emulsion stability compared to gelatinized corn starch (GCS) due to the different polysaccharide components of the two modified cornstarch. GCS mainly contained amylose while the PCS contained both amylose and amylopectin. The emulsion, stabilized by 6 wt.% of PCS and addition of 3 wt.% of tween-80 exhibited excellent storage stability, along the 30 days storage. The results showed the lowest turbidity of 1.01 cm-1 , centrifugal stability value of 36.85% and average droplet diameter of 14.27 µm.

Assistance in obtaining the marketing authorization for the home food industry of Omah Kripik Mbote

Omah Kripik Mbote, one of the household food industry (IRTP), encounters challenges in acquiring distribution permits, a crucial step in initiating an IRTP business. One major hurdle is the lack of comprehension and knowledge regarding the permit processing procedures. To address this issue, assistance was provided to facilitate the acquisition of an IRTP marketing authorization for Omah Kripik Mbote. This assistance aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the procedures involved in obtaining an IRTP marketing authorization and processing a Home Industry Food Production Certificate (SPP-IRT) for Omah Kripik Mbote. The approach utilized in this assistance includes both classical and individualized methods, focusing on: a) disseminating information about the procedures for obtaining IRTP marketing authorization; b) aiding in identifying the requirements for acquiring IRTP marketing authorization; and c) guiding through the process of obtaining IRTP marketing authorization. As a result of this assistance, Omah Kripik Mbote has gained a better grasp of the procedures for obtaining IRTP marketing authorization, along with the issuance of SPP-IRT with PIRT numbers.

Enhanced printability of food-grade edible inks: Emulsions formulated with modified pea protein and sodium alginate

The 3D printing of foods has grown in interest recently due to its ability to create customized or personalized food products. This study focused on the creation of stable high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs) for application as edible inks in 3D food printing. These concentrated oil-in-water emulsions were innovatively prepared using modified pea protein isolate (PPI) and sodium alginate (SA) complexes as stabilizers. Pea protein isolate was used in its commercial form (C-PPI) or in a high-pressure homogenized and ultrasonically modified form (HU-PPI). Four types of stabilizers were used to formulate the HIPPEs: C-PPI, HU-PPI, C-PPI-SA, and HU-PPI-SA. The particle size, microstructure, rheology, stability, and 3D printability of the resulting emulsions were characterized. HIPPEs formed using HU-PPI-SA complexes had the smallest particle diameters (<50 μm), as well as a more compact microstructure than those formed using the C-PPI-SA. Rheologically, the HU-PPI-SA stabilized HIPPEs had a higher storage modulus (500 Pa) and apparent shear viscosity (1000 mPa·s), which enhanced their 3D printability. Shapes printed with these emulsions maintained their structural integrity for up to 24 h, indicating the potential of HU-PPI-SA stabilized HIPPEs as edible inks for 3D food printing applications because of their enhanced stability, printability and rheological properties. This study provides new information that could facilitate the development of edible inks that combine good printability and nutritional value to achieve customized nutrition and efficient industrial food production.

Phitosomin drug and its use in poultry farming

Solving the problem of normalizing metabolic processes and the morphological and functional state of the liver in poultry through the use of pharmacological agents seems to be an important reserve for increasing the effi ciency of industrial poultry farming and food production. Promising in this regard are studies on the development of medicines based on plant resources, which are characterized by structural diversity, multifunctionality of pharmacological action and low toxicity. The purpose of the research was to develop the liposomal drug Phitosomin, study its pharmacological and toxicological properties and substantiate the eff ectiveness of its use in poultry farming. Biopharmaceutical research has been carried out to develop a liposomal drug for veterinary use with a multifunctional pharmacological eff ect. The component composition of the drug Phitosomin represented by lecithin, dihydroquercetin, extracts of milk thistle, common agrimony and hare’s-ear, has been substantiated. A liposomal dosage form of the drug has been developed. Its physicochemical properties and shelf life have been established. The toxicological characteristics of the drug Phitosomin were studied, which made it possible to determine the degree of safety of its use in rearing of broiler chickens. Data were obtained experimentally on the pharmacological eff ects of Phitosomin on laboratory animals and broiler chickens when modeling various pathologies. The pharmacodynamic eff ect of the drug on blood parameters and productive traits of broiler chickens has been established, and the eff ective dose of its use in rearing broiler chickens has been determined. It was established as a result of the production inspection that when Phitosomin was introduced into the main diet of poultry of the experimental group at a dose of 5 g/kg of feed during the growth and finishing periods of feeding, there was an increase in the live weight of broiler chickens by 12,6 % and the livability of livestock by 1,6 abs.% compare with the control group.

Effects of spans on whipping capabilities of aerated emulsions: Reinforcement of fat crystal-membrane interactions

Poor whipping capabilities of anhydrous milkfat based aerated emulsions pose a fresh challenge to food industrial production, limiting their potential applications in tea drinks, coffee, cakes, and desserts. In this study, the effects of high melting- and low melting-Spans on whipping compatibilities of the aerated emulsions were investigated from view of fat crystal-membrane interactions. With an increase in Spans concentration, there was a corresponding decrease in both fat globule size and interfacial protein. However, in comparison with low melting-Span 20 and Span 80, Span 40 and Span 60 with higher melting points have been found to improve anhydrous milkfat crystal matrix in terms of dense (Df > 1.8) and spot-like crystals (5–10 μm). The interfacial film strength was reduced in this case as both long chain-saturated Spans competitively absorb at the membrane, and elasticity-dominant interfacial membrane was further obtained as their crystallization effects. Occurrence and development of partial coalescence of fat globules (>80% at more than 0.5% addition) were therefore promoted with such fat crystal-membrane interactions during whipping, contributing to a significant improvement in whipping capabilities and heat-stable stabilities of foam structures. A mechanism on the effects of Spans on improving whipping capabilities of aerated emulsions was therefore proposed based on the fat crystal-membrane interactions, which will provide guidance to produce high-quality whipped structures for aerated emulsions.

Women entrepreneurs and government neglect in the face of Covid-19: resilience of social cadets through online commercial innovation

One of the major social transformations brought about by Covid-19 in Cameroon with the internet tool is the development of e-shop commercial activities. At the center of this movement are women whose socio-economic profiles show that they are in a situation of financial vulnerability. The areas of commercial intervention of these women range from the clothing industry to the food industry, including cosmetics, catering and natural health products. If their motivations are part of a dynamic of personal development which is linked to their career paths, most of these women make digital platforms spaces of economic profitability to escape their precarious state. Relying on a network of wholesale suppliers based in China, Turkey or in large shopping centers in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala, the sellers participate in the dematerialization of sales spaces for their digitalization. This is explained by the numerous advantages offered by the phenomenon: the payment of rent which replaces payment of the internet package for various transactions. This form of utilitarian accumulation of digital capital provides information not only on the socio-economic transformation of Cameroon by social cadets but also on the meaning of the relationships between these online sellers, their customers and their suppliers and the patriarchal structure of the social system. The aim of this work is to understand, beyond a precarious environment, the capacity of women entrepreneurs in the unstructured economy sector to overcome the changes brought about by Covid-19. To do this, the analytical approach is structuralist, it relies on a network of symbolic relationships which would make possible the political analysis of the position of women in Cameroon, the crisis situation and their empowerment.

ShaFA, a New Microsoft Windows-Based Software for Food Intake Analysis

In food intake studies, converting eaten foods into calories and nutrients and other food components using books and tables of food ingredients is a very time-consuming and error-prone task. ShaFA is new Microsoft Windows-based software for food component derivation of individual and group food intake data. This software is developed using C sharp programming language. Microsoft Access has been used to put the information of 8790 food types and their 85 food components based on the USDA-SR28 in the database of software. The user is capable to search in the database for desired food by the name or special code of the food and select them for each person. Each person’s food intake data can be stored via allocating an exclusive ID. Finally, the user can get a report of the imported data in a new window, and also can get a Microsoft Excel export which can be imported into statistical software such as SPSS and STATA. Each research project data can be stored in a file with the unique extension (ShaFA) which can be opened and edited in any system that its operating system is Microsoft Windows, and has ShaFA software installed on it. This software can provide researchers with valuable information in a short time, especially nutritional epidemiology studies. It can also be used in food industry to extract the information needed to label and complete food information table for a variety of food industry products.

Cobalt-nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for the colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode detection of gallic acid

Gallic acid (GA), widely used in food and medicine production industries. Herein, a kind of newly synthesized cobalt-nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Co,N-CDs) with dual functional properties of oxidase-like activity and photoluminescence property could oxidize the 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to oxTMB with a new absorption peak at 653 nm. In addition, it was found that oxTMB performed a fluorescence-quenching effect on Co,N-CDs at 440 nm attributed to FRET (Fluorescence resonance energy transfer). Reductive GA could reduce oxTMB to TMB, weaken the blue color, and restore the fluorescence of Co,N-CDs. Thus, a colorimetric and fluorometric method for dual-mode detection of GA was established. The synthesis of the dual-signal probe was completed with a single and environmental precursor in just one step. Simultaneously, the dual-mode detection reduced detection limits, broadened the linear range and improved anti-interference ability. This method exhibited a satisfactory application prospect in the actual detection of GA in tea beverages.

Analysis of the quality of liquid smoke coconut shells using Technoher equipment

Many food industry products require preservatives to extend their shelf life. Natural preservatives are a necessity for safe food products. One natural preservative can be made from coconut shells. Liquid smoke from coconut shells is produced using liquid smoke pyrolysis equipment which has been developed by authors called Technoher. This study aimed to compare physical and chemical properties of various grades of liquid smoke from coconut shells produced using Technoher equipment, and study the specific applications of liquid smoke based on the grades. To produce the expected quality (3 grades), 3 treatments are made. The results showed that Grade 1 (G1) specifically the G1+ treatment sample had the lowest PAH value of 0.00 µg/g, while the G1 had a value of 0.007 µg/g. Grade 2 consisting of G2 and G2+ treatments, yielded PAH values of 0.002 µg/g, and 0.006 µg/g respectively, while Grade 3, produced a value of 0.026 µg/g. Based on the results, the three grades of Coconut liquid smoke were within the tolerance limit for PAH (Benzo (a) pyrene). The products contain no toxic substances and are safe, with Grades 1 and 2 are food grade, while Grade 3 has the potential for non-food preservation (non-food grade).

Dairy farmers' knowledge about milk-borne zoonosis in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa.

Foodborne zoonosis is a longstanding global issue that limits and continues to threaten the food production industry and public health in several countries. The study's objective was to evaluate the dairy farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices about milkborne pathogens in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. A total of 139 dairy farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured online questionnaire. The pathogens of interest were Brucella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium. Only 20.9% of dairy farmers reported knowledge of Brucella spp. as a milk-borne pathogen. The most known pathogen was E. coli (54.7%), followed by Listeria spp. (41.0%), Staphylococcus spp. (38.8%), and Salmonella spp. (35.3%). In this study, knowledge of milk-borne pathogens was statistically associated (p<0.05) with workplace position. Only a few participants (37.2%) showed knowledge of abortion as an important clinical sign of foodborne pathogens. Also, 84.1% of dairy farmers indicated that they consume unpasteurized milk and sour milk (77%). Some respondents (18.0%) do not believe assisting a cow during calving difficulty without wearing gloves is a risk factor for zoonosis. Knowledge assessment is essential in developing countries that have experienced a foodborne outbreak, such as South Africa. There is an urgent need to educate dairy farmers about milk-borne zoonosis to minimize the threat to food security and public health.

Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Organic Compounds from Food Industry By-Products and Agro-Industrial Waste

Global food waste has a huge impact on the environment, as it is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and wasted natural resources. Across the world, over 30% of food is lost or wasted each year. Aside from this, the food industry, as well, is one of the biggest sources of agro-industrial waste and by-products, which can be valorized and used for different purposes. Such waste is a good source of bioactive organic compounds that can be extracted without altering their properties, where deep eutectic solvents can serve as green solvents and as an excellent replacement for volatile organic solvents. Isolated compounds can be used in innovative food production, chemical production, cosmetics and other industries. Deep eutectic solvents have attracted extraordinary attention due to their advantages such as environmental friendliness, availability and easy preparation, easy handling and utilization of non-toxic components for their formation. Due to these properties, they are a greener alternative to classic organic solvents for many processes, including extractions. In this paper, we review the utilization of deep eutectic solvents as potential green media for the extraction of organic compounds such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins and alkaloids from by-products of the food industry and from agro-industrial waste.

Probiotic potential of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis SF

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have been shown to possess wide-ranging of physiological functions, including antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory. However, there is a scarcity of research focused on the probiotic function of EPSs isolated from Bifidobacteria, and further investigation is needed to reveal the mechanisms underlying their functions. In this study, EPSs were isolated and purified from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis SF (SF-EPS), and the probiotic potential of SF-EPS were analyzed by in vitro antioxidant capacity assays and human fecal fermentation. Followed by the evaluation of the eps cluster in B. lactis SF. The results showed that SF-EPS (MW: 4.81 × 104 Da) contained glucose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 4.02:1.91:1.02:1.0 and small amounts of glucuronic acid (0.02 ± 0.01 mol%). Furthermore, SF-EPS showed strong antioxidant capacity, which was embodied in its ability of scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. SF-EPS regulated the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Anaerostipes, and Bifidobacterium and decreasing the abundance of Enterobacter and Klebsiella. SF-EPS promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by intestinal microorganisms. Therefore, SF-EPS has the potential for utilization as a prebiotic in functional foods, enhancing gut health, and offering a natural ingredient for use in industrial food production.

Development and rheological modeling of dietary fiber and policosanol plant-based bigels for potential food applications

Bigels are composite materials made by two phases with different polarities (i.e., an oleogel and a hydrogel) mixed between them without the addition of emulsifiers. Owing to their versatile rheological properties, they can be used for designing new products for food industry, or for cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In the past, different models have been proposed to relate their rheological properties to single phases characteristics and volume fraction. This paper proposes the rheological characterization and modeling of bigels prepared with citrus fiber particle gels (as the aqueous phase) and policosanol-based oleogels by investigating the effects of the ratio between rheological properties of phases and of the dispersed phase volume fraction. Both components (i.e., citrus fiber and policosanol) exhibit interesting properties for preparing plant-based healthy foodstuffs. Rheological characterization was carried out revealing that O/W bigels were formed at low fractions of oleogel added to gelled suspension whereas, at higher fractions, a transition through a matrix-in-matrix systems and, finally, a phase inversion occurred. The trend of phase angle at 1 Hz with oleogel volume fraction was used as a criterion to highlight the phase transition, as confirmed by confocal microscopy. Two models were proposed for predicting the rheological behavior of samples with both phase arrangements.