Food Group Intake Research Articles

Effects of Chinese heart-healthy diet on blood lipids, glucose, and estimated 10-y cardiovascular disease risk among Chinese adults: results on secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundHealthy diet is essential for cardiovascular disease risk management, but its effects among Chinese patients, whose diets differ from Western diets, remain largely unknown. MethodsIn this multicenter, patient- and outcome assessor-blind, randomized controlled feeding trial, 265 Chinese adults with baseline systolic blood pressure 130 to 159 mmHg were randomly assigned into Chinese heart-healthy (CHH) diet or usual diet for a 28-d intervention after a 7-d run-in period on usual diet. Blood lipids and glucose were measured from overnight fasting blood samples before and after the intervention. Ten-year cardiovascular disease risk was estimated using models previously developed and validated in Chinese. The changes in secondary outcomes of serum total cholesterol (TC), blood glucose, and 10-y cardiovascular disease risk over the intervention period were compared between intervention groups, adjusting for center, among participants with baseline and follow-up blood samples available. Sensitivity analyses were done with further adjustment for baseline values and covariables; missing data imputed; and among per-protocol population. ResultsAmong 256 eligible participants (130 on CHH diet, 126 on control diet), 42% had hypercholesterolemia and 15% had diabetes at baseline. In the control group, TC and 10-y cardiovascular disease risk decreased after the intervention by 0.16 mmol/L and 0.91%, respectively, but blood glucose increased by 0.25 mmol/L. Compared with usual diet, the CHH diet lowered TC (−0.14 mmol/L, P = 0.017) and 10-y cardiovascular disease risk (−1.24%, P = 0.001) further. No effect on blood glucose was found. All sensitivity analyses confirmed the results on TC and 10-y cardiovascular disease risk, and analysis with multiple variables adjusted showed a borderline significant effect on blood glucose (−0.17 mmol/L, P = 0.051). The differences in intake of nutrients and food groups between intervention groups explained the results. ConclusionsThe CHH diet reduced TC and 10-y cardiovascular disease risk and was likely to reduce blood glucose among Chinese adults with mild hypertension. Further studies with longer terms are warranted.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03882645.

Dietary risk factors for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in a racially diverse population

AbstractMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), a precursor of multiple myeloma, is associated with shorter lifespan and cardiac, renal, neurologic, and immune-related comorbidities. There is little known about modifiable risk factors for this condition. To determine whether the risk of MGUS is associated with dietary factors in a racially diverse population, we conducted a US population–based case-control study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-2004), which included 373 individuals with MGUS and 1406 matched controls. Diet was characterized by one 24-hour dietary recall, with gram intake of individual foods and beverages aggregated into groups. Unconditional multivariable logistic regressions were used to model associations between intake of several food groups and MGUS, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported for the highest relative to the lowest quantile of intake. Daily gram intake of several food and beverage groups were significantly associated with MGUS. MGUS was inversely associated with whole-grain bread, oats, and rice (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.48-1.00; P < .05), fruits (excluding juice) and vegetables (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.93; P = .02), vegetables (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-0.99; P < .05), tomatoes (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.51-1.00; P < .05), and cruciferous vegetables (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.74; P < .01). Direct associations were observed for sugar-sweetened beverages (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00-1.78; P < .05), sugar-sweetened soft drinks (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.96; P = .04), and artificially sweetened soft drinks (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.04-2.33; P = .03). Our study shows that diet is potentially a modifiable risk factor for MGUS.

Associations between healthy food groups and platelet-activating factor, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate the association between pro-inflammatory markers platelet-activating factor (PAF), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), hsCRP, and intake of core food groups including fruit, cruciferous and other vegetables, grains, meat and poultry, fish and seafood, nuts and legumes, and dairy. A cross-sectional study was conducted. 100 adults (49 ± 13 years, 31% male) with variable cardiovascular disease risk were recruited. Data were collected in 2021 and 2022. Fasting PAF, Lp-PLA2 activity, hsCRP and usual dietary intake (via a validated food frequency questionnaire) were measured. Intake of foods were converted into serves and classified into food groups. Correlations and multiple regressions were performed with adjustment for confounders. A one-serve increase in cruciferous vegetables per day was associated with 20-24% lowerPAFlevels. An increase of one serve per day of nuts and legumes was associated with 40% lowerhsCRPlevels. There were small correlations with PAF and Lp-PLA2 and cheese, however, these were not significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted P < 0.005 level. The lack of associations between PAF and Lp-PLA2 and other healthy foods may be due to confounding by COVID-19 infection and vaccination programs which prevents any firm conclusion on the relationship between PAF, Lp-PLA2 and food groups. Future research should aim to examine the relationship with these novel markers and healthy food groups in a non-pandemic setting.

Deteriorating complementary feeding practices and dietary quality in Jordan: Trends and challenges.

Quality complementary feeding (CF) of infants and young children is key to their growth and development. But in Jordan, providing appropriate CF remains a challenge. This study assesses trends in infant and young child feeding (IYCF)practices, and consumption by infants and young children aged 6-23 months of breast milk substitutes (BMSs), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and micronutrient-rich foods in Jordan from 1990 to 2017. We combined dietary data on infants and young children from six Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)(n = 14,880 children) to compute IYCF indicators. The latter included minimum dietary diversity (MDD),minimum meal frequency (MMF),and minimum acceptable diet (MAD),as well as intake of micronutrient-rich foods and food groups, specific SSBs, and infant formula. We conducted trend analyses using logistic regression models adjusted for child's age in month, child age squared, governorates, urban/rural residence, mother's educational attainment, and household wealth quintiles. We found that the proportion of consumption of micronutrient-rich food groups declined significantly between 1990 and 2017, with fewer infants and young children consuming eggs (OR = 0.39, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), meat, poultry, and fish (OR = 0.25, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), dairy (OR = 0.59, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference) and Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (OR = 0.66, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference). Conversely, there was increased use of BMSs and sugar-sweetened juices that paralleled a decline in the share of infants and young children meeting appropriate CF practices and consuming micronutrient-rich foods and food groups. By 2017, children aged 6-23 months were significantly less likely to meet MDD, MMF, and subsequently MAD; the odds of consuming BMSs were almost three times the reference (OR = 3.8, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference), as werethe odds of consumingsugar sweetened juices (OR = 3.63, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference). Food insecurity and undernutrition are low in Jordan; however, overweight and obesity rates are increasing concurrently as are micronutrient deficiencies. This highlights the need for policymakers to address factors at individual and household levels (behaviours and practices) as well as environmental issues (increasing access to unhealthy and ultraprocessed foods).

Food consumption and adherence to dietary guidelines among Jordanian children and adolescents.

Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children's health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents' energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan's Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

Environmental-, Climate-, and Health-Related Dietary Motivations Are Associated With Higher Diet Quality in a National Sample of US Adults With Lower Incomes

BackgroundPlant-based diets can have co-benefits for human and planetary health. Associations between environmental, climate, and health concerns and dietary intake in US adults are understudied, particularly in underserved populations. ObjectiveThe study objectives were to assess how dietary choices motivated by the environment, climate, and health vary by sociodemographic characteristics and how they relate to diet quality and intake frequency of different food groups in US adults with lower incomes. DesignThe study design was cross-sectional. Participants/settingA web-based survey was fielded in December 2022 to 1,798 US adults with lower incomes (<250% of federal poverty guidelines). Main outcome measuresEnvironmental-, climate-, and health-related dietary motivations and diet quality and dietary food group intake frequency were assessed. Statistical analysesDifferences in mean dietary outcomes and dietary motivation ratings by sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated using analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Associations between dietary motivations and diet quality scores and dietary intake frequency were examined using generalized linear models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. ResultsYounger adults, women, nonbinary people, racial and ethnic minoritized groups, and adults experiencing food insecurity reported higher environmental and climate dietary motivations; older adults, higher-income adults, and food-secure adults reported higher health motivations. Agreeing with environmental- (β = 2.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.47), climate- (β = 2.15, 95% CI 0.90 to 3.40), and health-related (β = 5.27, 95% CI 3.98 to 6.56) dietary motivations was associated with higher diet quality scores compared with those with neutral rankings. Similarly, agreement with environmental-, climate-, and health-related dietary motivations was associated with higher intake frequency of fish, fruits and vegetables, and plant proteins, but not with red and processed meat intake frequency. Of several climate-mitigation behaviors presented, participants perceived meat reduction as least effective (P < .001). ConclusionsEnvironment, climate, and health were positive motivators of several healthy dietary choices in US adults with lower incomes. Such motivators did not translate to lower intake frequency of red and processed meat.

Optimising Preconception Care

Women with PCOS are at an increased risk of infertility and a range of pregnancy complications. It is therefore important to understand how to optimise preconception care to reduce these risks. A reproductive life plan and age-appropriate education on optimising reproductive health is recommended in adolescents and women with PCOS. This should occur across the domains of appropriate nutritional intake (dietary and supplement sources), optimising physical activity, considering the effects of excess weight on fertility and being aware of the effects of substances on fertility. Dietary intake should be consistent with population guidelines for healthy eating with appropriate intake of core food groups and limited intake of discretionary foods high in added sugar, sodium, trans and saturated fats. Recommendations exist for preconception micronutrient supplementation including folic acid and iodine (in the Australian context) with others (e.g., vitamin D, iron, calcium and B12) as per deficiencies or other country specific guidelines. Recommendations for physical activity should also be consistent with general population guidelines comprising moderate intensity physical activity of &gt;150 minutes/week or vigorous intensity physical activity of 75 minutes/week or a combination of both, engaging in muscle strengthening activities [Formula: see text]2 days/week and minimising the amount of time spent in prolonged sitting. The association of excess weight on reduced fertility are recognised from epidemiological literature and current guidelines highlight strategies of modest weight loss at higher BMIs. This is an important and emerging field of literature where future research can elucidate efficacy in randomised controlled trials across different interventions and populations. When working with all women preconception, and in particular women with PCOS, it is important to consider weight stigma, disordered eating and eating disorders when discussing the relationship of infertility and weight and potential modification of weight. Substance use can be considered across limiting high intake of caffeine and avoiding alcohol and illicit substance intake and smoking.

Factors associated with food consumption and dietary diversity among infants aged 6-18 months in Ashanti Region, Ghana.

Studies have reported a poor diet quality among children in Ghana and other developing countries. Inadequate dietary diversity among children may lead to deficiencies in micronutrient intake necessary for growth and other cognitive functions. Understanding factors associated with infants' diverse diets is a key step to promoting adequate infant and young child nutrition. This study sought to determine the factors associated with food consumption and dietary diversity (DD) among infants. In this cross-sectional study among 1503 mothers-infant (aged 6-18 months) pairs from rural, urban, and peri-urban districts of Ashanti Region, factors associated with food consumption and DD were evaluated. The FAO 18-food group DD questionnaire was used to determine previous food group intake, while a structured questionnaire was used to capture data on the mother's socio-demographic parameters and child morbidity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression to compare mothers and infants who had adequate and inadequate DDS of 9 out of 18 food groups and the predictors of dietary diversity. About 64.7% of the infants did not meet the minimum dietary diversity. Over two-third (77.4%) of the children consumed maize porridge the previous day. Foods which were less consumed included vegetables (35%), animal milk (38.9%), and meat (organ 14%, any meat 26%). The mean food group intake from 18 food groups was 7.0, and the majority (64.7%) did not meet the recommended 9 food group intake. Significantly more younger children (6-11 months) (74%, p<0.001) compared with older children (12-18 months) (52.5%) did not meet the minimum DDS. Also compared with the older children, the younger ones had above two times increased odds of inadequate DD (OR = 2.5, p<0.001, 95% CI = 1.4-4.4). When controlled for gender, children from peri-urban areas (OR = 5.2, p = 0.260, 95% CI = 0.2-93.2) and rural areas (OR = 1.8, p = 0.650, 95% CI = 0.2-9.3) had increased odds of lower DD than urban children. Children of unemployed caregivers had an increased odds of low DD (OR = 2.3 p<0.001, 95% CI 1.7-3.2) compared with children of employed caregivers. Finally, children of caregivers with better nutrition knowledge (nine correct answers from 12 questions) had lower odds of having lower dietary diversity (adjusted OR = 0.9, p = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.5-1.6) than those with less knowledge. Low DD was common among infants and associated with infants age, caregivers' areas of residence, employment status, and level of nutrition education. Children who did not meet the minimum dietary diversity were not fed particular foods such as vegetables, animal milk, and organ meat. Proper maternal nutrition education and feeding practices targeting age-specific needs and community livelihood support systems are necessary to improve dietary diversity of infants.

Assessment of the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 in the Lifelines cohort study at baseline

BackgroundDietary indices are useful measures to investigate associations between dietary intake and disease development. The Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD2015-index), a measure of diet quality, assesses adherence to the 2015 Dutch dietary guidelines. We assessed the DHD2015-index in the Lifelines cohort study, and compared calculations from basic and detailed dietary intake data. This article replaces the retracted article that was published on 16 May 2022 [1].MethodsDietary intake was assessed with a specially developed Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) called Flower-FFQ, which consists of one main questionnaire (heart-FFQ), which asks for intakes of major food groups, and three complementary questionnaires (petal-FFQs), which ask for detailed information on food types within major food groups of the heart-FFQ. The DHD2015-index was assessed using data from the total Flower-FFQ (for 56,982 participants), and using data from the heart-FFQ only (for 129,030 participants). Agreement between the two indices was assessed with correlation and cross-classification.ResultsThe median (25th–75th percentile) DHD2015-index score was 75 (65–85) for men and 81 (70–91) for women based on the Flower-FFQ, and 68 (58–77) for men and 73 (63–82) for women based on the heart-FFQ. The Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient between the two scores was 0.67 for men and 0.66 for women. Cross-classification into quartiles of the DHD2015-index showed that 59–60% of participants were classified in the same quartile, 36–37% in the adjacent, and 4% in the non-adjacent.ConclusionDietary data from the Flower-FFQ provide the most optimal information to assess the DHD2015-index. However, the DHD2015-index from the heart-FFQ showed good agreement with the index from the Flower-FFQ of ranking participants according to diet quality, and can be used when the DHD2015 index from the Flower-FFQ is not available.

Perception of Nutrition in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease: Concept Elicitation of Nutritional Status and the Mini Nutrition Assessment

Introduction Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that causes recurrent vaso-occlusive pain events, functional impairment, and nutritional deficiencies due to increased metabolic demands. Prior studies have highlighted nutritional issues in people with SCD, such as micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies, low body mass index (BMI), and a recent rise in obese adults with SCD. In older adults in the general population, evaluation and management of nutritional status is essential since malnutrition can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of hospitalization and death. Despite the importance of nutrition, little is known about the best way to evaluate nutritional status in older adults with SCD. To identify a relevant yet efficient method to evaluate nutritional status, we conducted content elicitation interviews to describe how younger and older adults conceptualized nutrition. Based on the content of the interviews, we piloted a brief nutritional survey called the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA); a common nutritional measure in geriatric assessments. Methods As standard practice for concept elicitation, we conducted semi-structured interviews with adults SCD in 4 separate focus groups: two groups of young adults age 18-39 and two groups of older adults age ≥ 40 years. Participants were asked about their perception of the construct of nutrition as part of a longer concept elicitation interview assessing the content validity of the Sickle Cell Disease Functional Assessment (SCD-FA), which is the geriatric assessment for adults with SCD. After focus group transcripts were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis, we administered the MNA to a separate cohort of adults with SCD, since its content on macronutrients and hydration was consistent with how adults with SCD conceptualized nutrition. The scores on the 6-item MNA-Short Form (MNA-SF) range from 0 to 14 with higher scores indicating better nutritional status. Scores 12-14 indicate a normal nutritional status, 8-11 indicate at risk for malnutrition, and 0-7 indicate a malnourished state. Results The 4 focus group interviews included 6 younger adults (age 18-39) and 8 older adults (age ≥ 40 years) with SCD. Participants were 57% females and 79% had severe SCD genotype (HbSS or HbSβnull-thalassemia). In the focus groups, participants described a healthy diet as one that included the major food groups, which were generally defined as protein, fruits and vegetables, and starches/carbs. The majority discussed the importance of adequate hydration to reduce the risk of pain crises. Additionally, participants reported trying to substitute water for soda, juice, and caffeine containing beverages. Many participants stated that a healthy diet involved limited processed foods and sugars. Despite knowledge of the characteristics of a “healthy” diet, some participants expressed difficulty maintaining this diet. Based on these qualitative results, we selected the MNA to evaluate nutrition since it included items on hydration and assessed intake of various food groups as described by focus group participants. We administered the MNA-SF to a cohort of 88 adults with SCD and 81 had complete data to score the MNA-SF. The mean score for the MNA-SF for all participants was 11.7 ± 1.8 (younger adults 11.6 ± 1.9 and older adults 11.9 ± 1.8; p= 0.44). The MNA-SF identified 40% (n=34) as being at risk of malnutrition [36% of older adults and 46% younger adults]. Two participants were identified as being malnourished (1 younger and 1 older adult). On remaining MNA items (Table 1), 25% of participants reported decreased food intake with 17% having only 1 meal/day. Most participants (85%) consumed ≥ 1 serving of protein/day and 75% had ≥ 2 servings of fruits or vegetables/day. Most participants (68%) drank &amp;gt; 5 cups of water/day. Results were similar for younger and older adults with SCD. Conclusion Data from the focus group interviews revealed that BMI and unintentional weight loss measures alone did not comprehensively capture how people with SCD perceived the concept of nutrition. Incorporating the MNA-SF enhanced measurement of the nutritional domain in the SCD-FA by capturing data on food intake and hydration. In future studies we will assess the construct validity of the full MNA in a larger sample to identify older adults with SCD who would benefit most from nutritional interventions.

Associations of dietary methyl donor nutrients with common psychological conditions (depression, anxiety and stress) among reproductive-aged women in Kabul, Afghanistan

BackgroundHigher levels of methyl donor nutrients may be associated with better psychological conditions. Little is known about the association of methyl donor nutrients with psychological conditions among women especially in Asian countries such as Afghanistan.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan to assess the association of methyl donor nutrients with common psychological conditions (depression, anxiety and stress) among reproductive-aged women using multistage random sampling to choose one health center from each municipality out of four cardinal directions. Finally a sample of 421 reproductive-aged women with a mean BMI of 23.3 ± 5.0 kg/m2 and an age range of 15–45 years were collected. All women’s dietary intakes were obtained using a 24-recall questionnaire. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale − 21 Items (DASS-21) was used to assess psychological conditions. Chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs were performed to assess general characteristics. Residual model test while adjusting for energy intake was used to assess nutrient intake of methyl donor nutrients and food groups. We fitted logistic regression models to assess risk for Common mental health problems (CMHPs) based on methyl donor tertiles.ResultWe observed that there is no significant association between methyl donor nutrients and psychological disorders in both crude and adjusted models (depression, OR = 0.95, CI: 0.48; 1.88; anxiety, OR = 0.88, CI: 0.43, 1.79; stress, OR = 0.73, CI: 0.38, 1.40), (p > 0.05).ConclusionOverall, we did not find any significant association between methyl donor nutrients and depression, anxiety and stress.

The Effects of a Nutritional Education Package Titled "Eat a Rainbow Every Day" on Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity of Elementary School Children

Background: In school age children, a healthy nutritional behavior can prevent double burden of malnutrition and chronic diseases. Nutritional education has a key role in adopting a healthy lifestyle. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational package on the nutritional knowledge and practices, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) of elementary school children in Zahedan, southeast Iran. Methods: In this quasi-experimental before-after study, a total of 734 elementary school children‎, aged 10–14 years, recruited by census sampling method completed the survey. Each student received 8 hours of training and they were provided with a booklet that included a weekly chart for recording intake of food groups and PA by students for 3 months. A semi-structured questionnaire that included questions on the students' nutritional knowledge, eating behavior, PA performance, and BMI before and after the intervention was used for data collection. Paired t-test, McNemar's, and Friedman tests were used for data analysis. Results: Before the intervention, the mean score of nutritional knowledge was 7.5 and the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity was 17.4% and 0.4%, respectively. After the intervention, the results showed a significant increase in the nutritional knowledge scores, the number of days with 30 min PA per week, and the frequency of consumption of dairy products, animal protein, and fruits. Also, in comparison with before intervention, a significant decrease was found in the prevalence of underweight and overweight/obesity of school children after the intervention. Conclusion: This multifaceted nutritional education intervention was associated with improved nutritional knowledge score, PA, and being underweight in elementary school children.

Plant-Based Dietary Indices in Relation to Nutrient and Food Group Intakes in Preschool-Aged Children.

Dietary guidance promotes plant-based foods, yet minimal research has examined intake in children. This study examined plant-based food intake in preschool-aged children using plant-based dietary index (PDI) metrics and related these metrics to nutrient and food group intakes. Dietary data were collected from preschool-aged children (n = 283, 3.45 ± 1.22 years) from the Guelph Family Health Study at baseline using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool. Food intake servings were assigned to 16 food groups for calculation of overall PDI (oPDI), healthful PDI (hPDI), and less healthful (lhPDI) scores and summarized into tertiles for energy-adjusted comparisons. For oPDI, participants in the highest vs. lowest tertile had higher intakes of nutrients and food groups to encourage (e.g., dietary fiber, fruits) as well as lower intakes of nutrients to encourage (e.g., calcium, vitamin D). For hPDI, participants in the highest vs. lowest tertile had higher intakes of nutrients and food groups to encourage and lower intakes of those to limit (e.g., saturated fat, sweets and desserts). For lhPDI, participants in the highest vs. lowest tertile had higher intakes of nutrients and food groups to limit and lower intakes of those to encourage. These results can inform dietetic practice for dietary guidance that promotes plant-based foods in children.

인슐린 저항성이 심뇌혈관질환에 미치는 영향

Recently, insulin resistance has been caused by the imbalance between energy intake and calories consumed, and the prevalence of cardiocerebrovascular disease is increasing. Therefore, it is intended to understand how physical activity, nutrients, and food group intake affect insulin resistance, and to examine the association with cardiocerebrovascular disease. This study used data from the 3rd year of the 6th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and a total of 740 people with insulin resistance were the final subjects of analysis. To investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, chi-square teat, t-test, and logistic regression were performed. final analysis targets. As a result, it was found that in those with insulin resistance, high blood pressure increased 2.31 times, dyslipidemia increased 1.76 times, and stroke increased 1.72 times. We hope that it will be used as basic data to understand the relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease and to find different ways to minimize the risk.

Reproducibility and dietary correlates of plasma polyphenols in the JPHC-NEXT Protocol Area study.

In recent years, an increasing number of epidemiological studies have suggested a role of polyphenols in the prevention of chronic diseases. Prospective cohort studies have typically measured polyphenol concentrations in a single blood sample and the reproducibility of plasma polyphenol measurements is largely unknown. We evaluated the reproducibility of 35 plasma polyphenols collected at an interval of 1-year. We also examined correlations of these polyphenols with food group intakes calculated from weighed food records (WFR) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The study included 227 middle-aged participants from the JPHC-NEXT Protocol Area in Japan. We measured 35 polyphenols in plasma collected at two points 1-year apart. Food group intakes were calculated from 12-day WFR and FFQ. For the reproducibility analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 35 polyphenol concentrations were examined between the two points. Pearson's partial correlations was used to assess the correlation between polyphenols and food groups. Moderate- to high ICCs were observed for tea-originated polyphenols such as gallic acid, quercetin, epigallocatechin, and kaempferol - and coffee-derived polyphenols, such as caffeic acid, and ferulic acid. For the dietary analyses, moderate correlations were observed for non-alcoholic beverages intake and epigallocatechin, epicatechin, catechin, and gallic acid. For green tea, higher correlations were observed with these polyphenols. Plasma concentrations of tea and coffee-related polyphenols, except for catechin, had good reproducibility over a 1-year period. The correlations between intake of non-alcoholic beverages, particularly green tea, and tea polyphenols, indicated moderate- to high correlations.

Correlates of adherence to a posteriori derived dietary patterns of an Italian sample of adults

Abstract There is emerging evidence that the Italian population is switching away from the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern towards unhealthy eating habits. We derived adults’ dietary patterns (DP) using a principal component analysis (PCA) on food groups intake of a representative sample of the Italian population (INRAN-SCAI 2005-2006), and correlated diet adherence scores with sociodemographic characteristics through multivariable linear regressions. After PCA, “High-fat”, “Western”, “Health-conscious”, “Italian, traditional” and “Junk, out of meal” DPs were retained. Female gender (β = 0.5103; p &amp;lt; 0.001) showed an association with higher adherence scores on the Health conscious pattern. Conversely, being female was associated with lower Z-scores on the High fat (β=-0.1849; p = 0.024), Western (β= -0.0711;p= 0.004) and Italian traditional (β=-0.4799;p&amp;lt;0.001) patterns. Age (β per one year increase=-0.0077;p&amp;lt;0.001) was associated with lower adherence scores in the Western and in the Junk, out of meal (β=-0.0078;p&amp;lt;0.001) pattern. Having either a secondary (β=-0.1301;p=0.016) or tertiary (β=-0.2156;p= 0.001) education level were independently associated with lower dietary Z- scores in the Italian traditional” pattern. Finally, there was wide regional variation, coming from different regions predicted adherence to different DPs. A substantial share of our sample showed unhealthy eating habits, which is consistent with the latest Italian dietary trends. Key messages • Future policies to improve diet quality at the national level should promote food literacy interventions targeting the differences between women and man among different age groups. • This work will provide the basis to investigate the environmental impact of higher pattern adherence scores.

Sociodemographic differences in dietary trends among Iranian adults: findings from the 2005-2016 Iran-WHO STEPS survey.

To examine trends in the intake of key food groups among Iranian adults between 2005 and 2016, overall, and according to sociodemographic characteristics. Repeat cross-sectional data from the Iran-STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance (Iran-WHO STEPS) 2005-2016 were analysed. Regression analyses were used to evaluate trends in the frequency of fruits, vegetables and fish intake and type of oil used over time. Interactions by sex, age and area of residence were examined. Iran. 225 221 Iranian adults. The frequency of vegetables (β: -0·03; 95 % CI (-0·06, -0·00); P-trend = 0·030) and fish (β: -0·09; 95 % CI (-0·10, -0·08); P-trend < 0·001) intake and use of solid fat (OR: 0·70; 95 % CI (0·70, 0·72); P-trend < 0·001) declined, whilst the frequency of fruit intake (β-Coeff: 0·03, 95 % CI (0·01, 0·05); P-trend = 0·014) and liquid oil use (OR: 1·40; 95 % CI (1·3, 1·4); P-trend<0·001) rose. Rising trends in fruit intake were larger in mid-aged (40-60 years) and older (>60 years) adults (P-interaction < 0·001), whilst declines in vegetable (P-interaction < 0·001) and fish intake (P-interaction = 0·001) were larger in older adults. The declining use of solid fat was strongest in middle-aged and older adults (P-interaction = 0·035), while the increasing use of liquid oil was strongest in rural areas (P-interaction = 0·011). During the nutrition transition, liquid oil use and the frequency of fruit intake rose, while the frequency of vegetables and fish intake declined. Nonetheless, the fatty acid composition and cooking methods are important considerations. The changes observed are concerning from a public health perspective and demonstrate the need for interventions and possible targets for tailored strategies.

Greater adherence to the Healthy Nordic Food Index is associated with lower all-cause mortality in a population-based sample from northern Germany

PurposeDietary pattern scores reflecting a high intake of beneficial food groups were associated with reduced mortality risk. Data on associations of such dietary pattern scores in population-based samples from northern Germany are lacking. Therefore, we examined the association of three dietary pattern scores with all-cause mortality in a moderate-sized prospective sample from northern Germany.MethodsThe study sample comprised 836 participants (43.8% females, median age 62.4 years). Based on a validated, self-administered Food Frequency Questionnaire, the dietary scores Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Modified Mediterranean Diet Score (MMDS), and Healthy Nordic Food Index (HNFI) were calculated. Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, education, smoking status, total energy intake, and physical activity, were used to separately relate DASH, MMDS, and HNFI to all-cause mortality.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 11 years, 93 individuals died. While DASH and MMDS scores were not associated with all-cause mortality, greater adherence to HNFI was associated with lower mortality hazards (HR: 0.47 [95% CI 0.25–0.89] when comparing the highest score quartile to the lowest; HR: 0.79 [95% CI 0.64–0.98] for HNFI modeled as a 1-Standard Deviation increment). Among different HNFI components, higher intake of oats and cereals displayed the most conclusive association with all-cause mortality (HR: 0.59 [95% CI 0.38–0.91] when comparing high and low intake).ConclusionIn an elderly general population sample from northern Germany, we observed greater adherence to HNFI to be associated with lower all-cause mortality.

Dietary patterns and their socioeconomic factors of adherence among adults in urban Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSub-Saharan African populations undergo a nutrition transition towards diets associated with increased risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. For targeted prevention, we aimed to characterize dietary patterns and determine their sociodemographic factors of adherence.MethodsWe recruited 1,018 adults aged > = 25 years from two formal and three informal settlements within the Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, between February and April 2021. In a cross-sectional sample, a culture-specific food-propensity questionnaire with 134 food items and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used to collect the data. Exploratory dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis, and sociodemographic factors of adherence were calculated using multivariable linear regression models.ResultsIn this study population (median age: 42 years, interquartile range 21 years; male: 35.7%), the diet relied on starchy foods and other plant-based staples with rare consumption of animal-based products. We identified three dietary patterns, explaining 10.2%, 9.8%, and 8.9% of variation in food intake, respectively: a meat and egg-based pattern associated with younger age, male sex, better education, and economic situation; a fish-based pattern prevailed among women, higher educational levels, and better economic situation; and a starchy food-based was associated with younger age and sharing a home with other adults.ConclusionsThis study population is at an early stage of the nutrition transition and shows low intakes of health-beneficial food groups. Yet, progress along the nutrition transition varies according to age, educational attainment, and economic status. Particularly, younger and well-off people seem to adhere more strongly to diets high in animal-based products. These findings can inform strategies in public health nutrition for sub-Saharan African populations.

Dairy consumption and incident prediabetes: prospective associations and network models in the large population-based Lifelines Study

BackgroundEvidence on associations between dairy consumption and incident prediabetes is inconsistent. One potential explanation for heterogeneity is that health behavior and food intake covary with the consumption of various high-fat and low-fat dairy types. ObjectiveThe objective was to investigate the associations of total dairy and dairy types with incident prediabetes and to assess how dairy intake is linked with metabolic risk factors, lifestyle behaviors, and foods, as potential explanations for these associations. MethodsOverall, 74,132 participants from the prospective population-based Lifelines study were included (mean age, 45.5 ± 12.3 y; 59.7% female). Baseline dairy intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Prediabetes at follow-up was defined based on the World Health Organization/International Expert Committee criteria as fasting plasma glucose of 110–125 mg/dL or glycated hemoglobin concentrations of 6.0%–6.5%. Associations were analyzed using Poisson regression models adjusted for social demographics, lifestyle behaviors, family history of diabetes, and food group intake. Interconnections were assessed with mixed graphical model networks. ResultsAt a mean follow-up of 4.1 ± 1.1 y, 2746 participants developed prediabetes (3.7%). In regression analyses, neutral associations were found for most dairy types. Intake of plain milk and low-fat milk were associated with a higher risk of prediabetes in the top compared with bottom quartiles (relative risk [RR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05, 1.30; P-trend = 0.04 and RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.31; P-trend =0.01). Strong but nonsignificant effect estimates for high-fat yogurt in relation to prediabetes were found (RRservings/day: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.01). The network analysis showed that low-fat milk clustered with energy-dense foods, including bread, meat, and high-fat cheese, whereas high-fat yogurt had no clear link with lifestyle risk factors and food intake. ConclusionsIn this large cohort of Dutch adults, low-fat milk intake was associated with higher prediabetes risk. Heterogeneous associations by dairy type and fat content might partly be attributed to confounding caused by behaviors and food intake related to dairy intake.