Food Cultivation Research Articles

Dynamically Controlled Environment Agriculture: Integrating Machine Learning and Mechanistic and Physiological Models for Sustainable Food Cultivation

Inefficiencies and imprecise input control in agriculture have caused devastating consequences to ecosystems. Urban controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a proposed approach to mitigate the impacts of cultivation, but precise control of inputs (i.e., nutrient, water, etc.) is limited by the ability to monitor dynamic conditions. Current mechanistic and physiological plant growth models (MPMs) have not yet been unified and have uncovered knowledge gaps of the complex interplay among control variables. Moreover, because of their specificity, MPMs are of limited utility when extended to additional plant species or environmental conditions. Simultaneously, although machine learning (ML) can uncover latent interactions across conditions, phenotyping bottlenecks have hindered successful application. To bridge these gaps, we propose an integrative approach whereby MPMs are used to construct the foundations of ML algorithms, reducing data requirements and costs, and ML is used to elucidate parameters and causal inference in MPM. This review highlights research about control and automation in CEA, synthesizing literature into a framework whereby ML, MPM, and biofeedback inform what we call dynamically controlled environment agriculture (DCEA). We highlight synergistic characteristics of MPM and ML to illustrate that a DCEA framework could contribute to urban resilience, human health, and optimized productivity and nutritional content.

Agro-economic prospects for expanding soybean production beyond its current northerly limit in Europe

Soybean is one of the five crops that dominate global agriculture, along with maize, wheat, cotton and rice. In Europe, soybean still plays a minor role and is cultivated mainly in the South and East. Very little is known about the potential for soybean in higher latitudes with relatively cool conditions. To investigate the agronomic potential and limitations of soybean for feed (high grain yield) and food (high protein content, e.g., for tofu production) in higher latitudes, an organic soybean cropping system experiment was carried out from 2015 to 2017 in northeastern Germany. The objectives were: (1) to identify food- and feed-grade soybean cultivars that are adapted to a central European climate in terms of protein, grain yield, and yield stability, (2) to explore the effect of irrigation on soybean protein and grain yield under relatively dry growing conditions, and (3) to determine the agro-economic potential of soybean cultivation for both feed and food markets. Three soybean cultivars were tested with and without irrigation. The soybean feed-grade cultivars ‘Sultana’ and ‘Merlin’ were better adapted to the growing cycle and temperature, providing higher and more stable yields (average 2700 kg ha−1) than the food-grade cultivar ‘Protibus’ (average 1300 kg ha−1). Irrigation increased soybean grain yields by 41% on average. In the year with sufficient precipitation, no additional irrigation was necessary. Gross margins of organic soybean ranged between 750 € ha−1 for the rainfed food-grade soybean and 2000 € ha−1 for the irrigated feed-grade soybean and were higher than other crops. We demonstrated a large agro-economic potential for soybean as a novel grain legume crop to diversify cropping systems and increase the production of protein crops in central Europe.

Methods for vegetative propagation of wild enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) that make genotype conservation possible

The declining trends in crop wild relative genetic resources in many crop centers of origins including Ethiopia require short and long-term conservation strategies. Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is arguably the most important cultivated food security crop of Ethiopia with dwindling wild stocks. The cultivated enset is propagated clonally through adventitious bud sprouting from the corm after the distraction of the apical meristem. Shoot regeneration in the cultivated enset has been induced by humans and has not been observed to occur naturally. The technique of shoot induction has not been extended to the wild enset. To determine whether the capacity for shoot regeneration existed in wild enset and optimize the technique, a series of experiments were conducted. These involved: (i) sucker production from corms of wild enset with and without apical meristem removal; (ii) sprouting capacity of corms ranging 22–49 cm diameter, with removed apical meristem; and (iii) a factorial experiment involving two populations of wild enset (from Shebena and Getiba localities in Sheka zone), two ways of preparing or cutting the corms: tero and tubo, i.e. cutting the pseudostem at the corm junction and cutting it at 25–30 cm height, respectively, and three extents of parting the corm (whole, half, and quarter) using corms with a diameter of 45 ± 2.9 cm. The experiments revealed that wild enset can be successfully propagated vegetatively in the same way as the cultivated enset. It also revealed that the regeneration process involved callus formation and adventurous bud proliferation from corms only after the apical meristem was removed. Corms of different sizes varied in their capacity for regeneration significantly with a linear increase in regeneration frequency with corm size. With a one cm increase in corm diameter, regeneration frequency increased by 3.138 %. The two populations of wild enset showed non-significant differences in regeneration capacity; however, the achieved regeneration was generally analogous to that observed among cultivated enset clones: whole corms resulted in a longer time to emergence and fewer sucker per corm than split corms. Specifically, halved corms emerged significantly (p < 0.05) earlier (71 ± 9 and 75 ± 7 days, for Shebena and Getiba populations, respectively) than whole corms (120 days). Regeneration frequency was higher (75–100%) for split than for whole corms (33–56%). The highest rate of suckering (94 ± 14 per corm) was achieved from quarter corms prepared by cutting the pseudo-stem at the junction. In conclusion, the adventitious bud propagation technique developed by farmers to propagate the cultivated enset can successfully be used for the clonal regeneration of wild enset. We recommend the adoption of this shoot induction to conserve and maintain the rapidly eroding wild enset genetic resources in Ethiopia. In addition, wild enset plants with promising characteristics may be fixed using the method to enrich the gene pool of the cultivated enset.

The Main Disease and its Attacks in the Generative Phase of Maize (Zea Mays L) in the Freshwater Swamps of South Sumatra

In South Sumatra, the ​​freshwater swamps is 157,846 hectares, with this wide freshwater swamps, it can be used for crops food cultivation, one of which is maize. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the identification and attack of maize disease in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra. The research method was purposive sampling. The results of the study identification that the symptoms of maize leaf rust attack, seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were the lumps or pustules of orange color such as rust and the symptoms of maize leaf blight seen from the physiology of maize leaves, were small oval brownish lines like burning leaves. The leaf rust disease had an attack rate of 90% and the maize leaf blight reached 98%. Based on the results of this study, the main disease of maize attacking in the generative phase was the leaf rust (Puccinia polysora) and maize leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis).

ADOPTION BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS TOWARDS WHEAT VARIETY SHUATS W-6, IN HOLAGARH BLOCK OF PRAYAGRAJ DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

India is an agrarian based country with two third of population as farming community. Wheat, ‘King of cereals’ also the second most cultivated food crop has technological gap in adoption of improved variety, hence the present study aims to understand the socio-economic profile, knowledge, attitude and adoption level of respondents to identify the technological gap and increase the adoption rate. The present study is carried out with 120 respondents from ten villages of Holgarh block of Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. Primary data collected with the help of semi-structured interview schedule and subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that majority of the wheat growers had medium level of knowledge, attitude and adoption towards SHUATS W-6 variety. Further, it was recommended for timely availability of seeds, fertilizer, proper marketing facility and reducing the cost of critical inputs.

Overview of IoT and Blockchain Technology in Smart Agriculture

The digital breach between applications of IoT and agriculture decaying from the last few years. As we know nowadays the latest technologies such as Blockchain technology etc. are blooming. And the combination of IoT and these blooming technologies will allow in improvisation of productivity through the sustainable cultivation of food, efficient use of water, food security, food chain supply, transactions efficiency, transparency of food safety, e.t.c. Thus, in this paper, applications of “ IoT” in agriculture have been analyzed and studied, also this paper concisely introduced the technology IoT, agriculture sector, benefits of IoT in agriculture, and presents a review of some literature. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the ongoing studies and research on smart agriculture using the recent combination of IoT, Blockchain Technologies to fix a variety of agriculture’s problems.

Water-system changes in swampy rice agro-ecosystems area and their economic impacts on farmers in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Conversion of land encompasses not only changes inthe use of land for cultivation of food to non-food product but also includes the conversion of land in use to unused land. Changes in the management of water in the area of agro-ecosystem in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) District has resulted in a change of use of paddy swampy land. Research was aimed :1) to analyze the differences in the income of farmers of rice due to the changes management water in the area of agro-ecosystems; and 2) to analyze the level of welfare of the rice farmers after adapting to the current environmental conditions. Research was carried out in the Belanti Village, Sirah Pulau Padang District, Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Location was selected purposively as the village was exposed to routine annual flood since 2008. The farmers has experinced crop and harvest failure, despite the fact that it has served as rice granary since 1992. As survey method with structured questionaires was applied in this research. Sampling was conducted purposively against 42 rice farmers who experienced crop failure. The primary and secondary data were collected and then subjected to land rent value analysis and t-test analysis. Results showed that: 1) changes in water management have reduced household income of farmers by 50.06%; and 2) the level of welfare of rice farmers is still low even though they have made adaptation efforts. To improve the quality of living for farmers affected by flooding, there is a need for integrated cooperation between the government of the country, palm plantation companies, and farmers.

Environmentally Friendly Rice Farmer Empowerment for Sustainable Food Security in Banten Province

Empowerment is a key factor in accentuating the role of farmer communities as the main actors in managing the cultivation of Indonesian staple food, that is, rice. This study was intended to analyze the factors influencing the empowerment of farmers to manage environmentally friendly lowland rice production for sustainable agricultural development in Banten Province. With a descriptive design, this research collected data through a questionnaire survey involving 180 respondents, sampled from a predefined population of rice farmers. It was carried out in three regencies in the province, namely Serang, Pandeglang, and Lebak, for three months from April to June 2019. The data were analyzed using statistical inference, SEM, in LISREL 8.73 (Linear Structural Relationships). The results showed that the empowerment of lowland rice farmers to adopt eco-friendly innovation was determined by individual characteristics (i.e., non-formal and formal educational attainment and cosmopolitanism) and the existence of encouragement to implement the innovation (i.e., support from farmer community, market support, and technological information support). In conclusion, to increase the empowerment of rice farmers in the scheme of sustainable food security, farmers, government, and other relevant parties need to pay attention to the characteristics of innovation users and promote the adoption of eco-friendly practices in lowland rice cultivation.

HORTA EDUCACIONAL ESCOLAR: EXPERIÊNCIA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO JOÃO EVANGELISTA – MG

: Objetivou-se com este trabalho desenvolver uma horta didática envolvendo os componentes curriculares das áreas de ciências da natureza e da matemática, retratar, analisar e trabalhar a educação ambiental como forma de promoção ao desenvolvimento sustentável para os alunos e os demais integrantes da comunidade escolar, além de favorecer o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar na região, possibilitando a difusão de técnicas de cultivo adequadas a atividades olerícolas e o incremento da renda suplementar para as suas respectivas famílias. O trabalho foi desenvolvido como projeto de educação ambiental na Escola Estadual Doutor Lúcio Vieira da Silva, distrito de Comercinho, Município de São João Evangelista – MG, onde se utilizou a construção da horta como instrumento para possibilitar um estudo interdisciplinar envolvendo as áreas de ciências da natureza e matemática e favorecer o aprendizado relacionado com as demandas sociais atuais, assim como atender as recomendações da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Neste contexto, buscando-se atender necessidades previamente elencadas pela comunidade escolar (gestores, professores, estudantes e respectivos familiares), trabalhou-se a educação ambiental com temas relacionados a conservação e manejo do solo, cultivo de alimentos olerícolas. As atividades desenvolvidas neste estudo mostraram que a utilização de hortas educativas é um método prático e oportuno de estímulo à interdisciplinaridade e ao multiprofissionalismo, proporcionando experiências positivas quanto à interação escola e comunidade, permitindo ao educando vivenciar a aplicação de conhecimentos adquiridos na solução de problemas do cotidiano, além de contribuir na formação de indivíduos éticos, humanistas, críticos e conscientes de seu papel como cidadão.&#x0D;

Were the Ancient Coast Salish Farmers? A Story of Origins

Were the ancient Coast Salish farmers? Conventional anthropological wisdom asserts that the ethnographically known communities of the Northwest Coast of North America were “complex hunter-fisher-gatherers” who lacked any form of concerted plant food cultivation and production. Despite decades of extensive ethnobotanical and paleoethnobotanical study throughout the Pacific Northwest demonstrating the contrary, this “classic anomaly” is still a cornerstone of anthropological and archaeological canons. The recent discovery of a spectacularly preserved wetland wapato (Indian potato,Sagittaria latifolia) garden, built 3,800 years ago in Katzie traditional territory near Vancouver, British Columbia, has helped recast this picture, alongside evidence for other forms of resource management practiced by Northwest Coast peoples. This article examines “origins of agriculture” stories from three distinctive perspectives: Coast Salish Katzie people who cultivated wapato for millennia; settlers who colonized the Fraser River Delta historically, bringing with them their own ideas about what constitutes farming; and archaeologists, who are challenged by these data to reevaluate their own understandings of these cultural constructs. These perspectives have critical bearing on the historical appropriation of lands and waterways by settler communities in British Columbia as well as contemporary questions of sovereignty and stewardship in this region and well beyond.

Mainstreaming Barahnaja cultivation for food and nutritional security in the Himalayan region.

Selective production of input intensive crops in the present scenario have resulted in productivity stagnation or even decline due to excessive usage of chemicals, affecting the farmers economically. Sustainable agriculture is the way to increase agricultural productivity and economic prosperity by protecting all natural resources. It maintains a balance of soil fertility with crop productivity and nutritional quality. The mixed cropping systems followed earlier in different regions according to their tradition, climatic zone, soil and water conditions were climate-smart approaches to sustainable food production based on practical experiences over the years of old generations. The life style changes, imbalance in farming system in last 70 years and demand for more food as well as declining land resources resulted in intensive agriculture. Besides, least returns and less demand of ethnic crops gave more preference to major staple food crops. Barahnaja is a traditional orphan crops based mixed cropping system practiced in Himalayan region due to its sustainability and assured crop harvest during erratic weather conditions. This traditional farming method is an exemplary scientific approach to derive innovations with respect to productivity, quality, plant soil interactions and organic agriculture. The main focus of the review is to substantiate the characteristics of the traditional mixed cropping system by describing the advantages of the system and opportunities for scientific innovation towards new knowledge and sustainability.

Creating a microgreen growing environment at the space station

Plants are essential types of human nutrition, both in terrestrial and in space station conditions. The cultivation of plant foods in space conditions at the near-Earth stations has become possible due to the modern achievements in agricultural technologies. The proposed article aims to study the creation of optimal conditions for growing plants used in human nutrition in the space stations. In the work, a selection of plants and soil types for space station conditions was made. For this purpose, a three-stage experiment was carried out. In the first experiment, an experimental method was exploited to select the types of plants that are most suitable for growing under extreme conditions. The composition and structure of the soil were determined experimentally. It is shown that hydrogel can be used to accumulate water in space station conditions and can be a suitable medium for growing plants. Studies have shown that just hydrogel (without any nutrient mixtures) can promote plant growth. At the second stage of research, plants were successfully grown on the mixture of the hydrogel and the soil. In the third experiment, the authors added biostimulants and organic products to the hydrogel, and as a result, there was an increase in the speed and stability of plant growth. The experimental prototype of the container for growing plants in space conditions, which was tested in the above experiments, created by the authors, is shown.

Mikroalgák előnyős tulajdonságainak kiaknázása élelmiszeripari és takarmányozási felhasználásra

By 2050, 9.8 billion people are projected to live on Earth, which means that we need to double our current food production to keep pace with such a large population increase. In addition, rising greenhouse gas emissions and the associated climate change are placing a significant strain on the planet’s ability to sustain itself. However, in order to increase the quantity of proteins of plant origin, it is necessary to increase crop production areas, harvesting frequencies and the quantity of crops produced. Unfortunately, the optimization of these factors is already very close to the available maximum in the current situation. The developed cultivation systems and maximum utilization of the soil power leads to very serious environmental problems, soil destruction, loss of biodiversity and serious environmental pollution through the transport of the produced plant raw materials. This poses a serious challenge to food security and further increases the risk of hunger. There is therefore a need for agricultural practices that can lead to the cultivation of food and feed crops that have better sustainability indicators and are more resilient to climate change, which can be used to safely produce health-promoting feeds, as well as novel and value-added foods. Within this group, a particular problem is presented by the protein supply of the population, as currently about one billion people do not have adequate protein intake. However, conventional protein sources are not sufficient to meet growing protein needs. As mentioned above, food and feed proteins are based on plant proteins. In recent years, a prominent role has been played by the research into alternative proteins and the mapping of their positive and negative properties. Among alternative proteins, special attention has been paid to various yeasts, fungi, bacteria, algae, singe cell proteins (SCPs) and insects. In this paper, we focus on the presentation of algae, particularly microalgae, which are of paramount importance not only because of their significant protein content and favorable amino acid composition, but also because they are also sources of many valuable molecules, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, drugs and other biologically active compounds. It is important to learn about microalgae biomass in order to be able to develop innovative health food products.

Analysis on Our Country’s Foreign Trade of Agricultural Products

With the development of economic globalization and the international division of labor system, countries are increasingly closely linked economically in various fields, forming a pattern of interdependence. This also makes the economic and trade barriers of various countries gradually reduced, providing a good opportunity for China’s agricultural products to the world. China is an agricultural country in the true sense, with the output of most agricultural products ranking first in the world. Due to China’s large population, the arable land per capita is limited due to the small amount of arable land available for food cultivation. In addition, China’s agricultural economy in the field of science and technology investment is less, agricultural mechanization, organization, automation degree is low. Therefore, the self-sufficiency of agricultural products is more difficult, the degree of external dependence is more serious. How to give full play to the advantages of the import and export of agricultural products in the context of international environment and solve the problems that always exist in the import and export of agricultural products in China is of practical significance for people to realize the needs of a better life and alleviate the main social contradictions in China. This paper points out the importance of international trade in agricultural products to the life of Chinese people and the adjustment of industrial structure based on the background of international trade in agricultural products by reading the researches of previous scholars in related fields. Then through the study of domestic and foreign related literature, this paper discusses the three stages of the development of China’s agricultural products foreign trade. Secondly, it analyzes the current situation of foreign trade of agricultural products and its export competitive advantages and disadvantages from the aspects of the structure of foreign trade of agricultural products and participating countries. Finally, a series of problems in the export of agricultural products in our country are put forward the corresponding countermeasures.

Water quality indicators of the Nima Creek, and potential for sustainable urban agriculture in Ghana

ABSTRACT Urban and peri-urban agriculture, a widely accepted practice of food cultivation in urban centers contributes to positive environment. It has the benefits of job creation, increased access to healthy and affordable food, and important means of improving community health. Use of wastewater or disturbed surface water for urban agriculture is a common practice in the developing world due to lack of adequate infrastructure and widespread poverty. This study assessed the urban water quality parameters of the Nima Creek, a major water resource for peri-urban and urban farming in Southeastern Accra. Water sampled from six locations along the NE – SW stretch of the creek were evaluated for physicochemical parameters including pH, conductivity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), cations, zinc, iron, oil and grease, Biological Oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen demand (COD). Results show high enrichment of nutrients, ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO4) as well as elevated levels of BOD, COD, and grease at sites receiving solid and liquid wastes. The physicochemical parameters such as conductivity, TSS, and TDS exhibited periods of elevated values that were congruent with seasonal rainfall patterns within the catchment area. Sodium concentration ranged from 32 to 297 mg/L. Nitrate levels generally ranged from 1.5 to 7.13 mg/L. The cation concentrations showed broad temporal and spatial variation characteristic of disturbed surface freshwater. Principal component analysis of the data discriminated four distinct components accounting for 63.6% of the total variance. The component plots constrained three major classes explaining the physical quality of the water and two other groups defining nutrient and alkalinity levels in the water.

Assessing Diet Quality of Indigenous Food Systems in Three Geographically Distinct Solomon Islands Sites (Melanesia, Pacific Islands).

Indigenous Solomon Islanders, like many living in Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS), are currently experiencing the global syndemic—the combined threat of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change. This mixed-method study aimed to assess nutrition transitions and diet quality by comparing three geographically unique rural and urban indigenous Solomon Islands populations. Participants in rural areas sourced more energy from wild and cultivated foods; consumed a wider diversity of foods; were more likely to meet WHO recommendations of >400 g of non-starchy fruits and vegetables daily; were more physically active; and had significantly lower body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) when compared to urban populations. Urban populations were found to have a reduced ability to self-cultivate agri-food products or collect wild foods, and therefore consumed more ultra-processed foods (classified as NOVA 4) and takeout foods, and overall had less diverse diets compared to rural populations. Clear opportunities to leverage traditional knowledge and improve the cultivation and consumption of underutilized species can assist in building more sustainable and resilient food systems while ensuring that indigenous knowledge and cultural preferences are respected.

Evaluación del rendimiento potencial de cuatro cultivares de batata (Ipomoea batatas (l.) lam.) en Corrientes

&lt;p&gt;La batata [&lt;em&gt;Ipomoea batatas&lt;/em&gt; (L.) Lam., familia Convolvulaceae] se cultiva en los cinco continentes, ubicándose en el séptimo lugar entre los cultivos alimenticios y en el tercero de los que tiene órganos comerciales subterráneos. En Argentina, el rendimiento promedio es de 14,9 tn ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, lo que se considera bajo respecto a otros países de Latinoamérica; particularmente en la provincia de Corrientes la batata se produce con tecnología obsoleta. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido conocer el potencial de rendimiento de raíces de batata de cuatro cultivares bajo manejo tecnificado, en las condiciones agroecológicas del norte de la Provincia de Corrientes. A este fin el experimento se llevó a cabo aplicando fertilización, control integrado de malezas y riego localizado. Los cultivares (&lt;em&gt;cvs&lt;/em&gt;) saneados y de interés comercial sometidos a evaluación han sido: Beauregard y Arapey INIA, de ciclo corto y Morada INTA y Okinawa 100 de ciclo largo. Para ello se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, registrándose variables como Número de Raíces Totales (NRT), Comerciales (NRC) y de No Comerciales (NRNC), Peso Fresco Total de Raíces (PFT), de las Comerciales (PFRC) y las No Comerciales (PFRNC) por m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; a partir de los cual se realizaron estimaciones por hectárea. Los resultados fueron sometidos al análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de Tukey (p&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;0,05). Los &lt;em&gt;cvs&lt;/em&gt; Okinawa 100 y Morada INTA, alcanzaron los mayores rendimientos con 72,79 y 55,29 tn ha&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;respectivamente, quintuplicando y triplicando el rendimiento promedio de la Provincia de Corrientes. Los &lt;em&gt;cvs&lt;/em&gt; Beauregard y Arapey INIA rindieron 36,42 y 33,03 tn ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; respectivamente, duplicando el rendimiento promedio provincial. El NRC y el NRNC no difirieron estadísticamente entre los cultivares evaluados.&lt;/p&gt;

Literature Review: Food Processing in Minimizing Chemical Contamination of Rhodamin B in Shrimp Paste and Chlorpirifos Residue in Fresh Vegetables Garnish Which are Circulating in the Communities in Indonesia

Introduction: Food circulation among communities is prone to chemical contamination. The contamination is obtained from both food processing and food cultivation (planting, raw materials). One of the examples related to chemical contamination can be seen in the contamination of rhodamine B on Terasi. Although there is a prohibition on using Rhodamine B compounds in food add-ons, which is listed in Regulation of Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia No.722/Menkes/Per/IX/1988, its usage is widely found. Similarly, chlorpyrifos pesticide residue in lalapan is the other example provided. The usage of it remains to continue even though the result of pesticide residue value is under BMR SNI 7313:2008. The article aims to study food processing efforts in minimizing the chemical contamination of Rhodamine B in shrimp terasi and chlorpyrifos residue in the lalapan vegetables in the communities in Indonesia. A literature review on scientific publications was undertaken through Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Neliti, ScienceDirect, LIPI, Directory Open Acces Journal, and Crossref. The keywords used were related to rhodamin B on terasi, synthetic dyes on terasi, natural dyes for terasi, vegetable pesticide residues, Chlorpyrifos residue on vegetables, and how to reduce chlorpyrifos residue in vegetables. All of them were published between the 2015 – 2020 period. Discussion: Chlorpyrifos residue in vegetables can be reduced by washing, soaking brine, and boiling. The usage of rhodamine B on Terasi can be replaced by the application of dragon fruit skin extract and angkak (red yeast rice) for natural dye alternatives. Conclusion: Washing food with running water and soaking it in hot water before food consumption can lower chlorpyrifos residue level in dark vegetables. However, it is more significant to lover the residue level through the boiling step. The use of natural pesticides can be used as the choice of alternative. Moreover, rhodamine B on terasi can be replaced with natural dye alternatives such as angkak (red yeast rice) and dragon fruit skin extract.

The Effect of Using Different Light Colors on the Growth of Nanochloropsis sp

Natural feed Nannochloropsis sp. is one of the limiting factors for cultivated creatures. However, the cultivation of natural food is not yet optimal in terms of quantity, one of the efforts that can be done to optimize this is by using lights produced from sunlight to improve the quality of Nannochloropsis sp. The design in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 preparations and 3 replications. The treatments taken are the color of the white light (P1), the color of the red light (P2), Green (P3) and Blue (P4). The parameters that increase are the specific growth rate (LPS), time of doubling, growth curve, water quality. The observations obtained at the time of LPS were collected between 0.200-0.248 cells / ml / day, doubling time 2.806-3.476 then the temperature measurement results were between 30.6-32 0C pH 6.2-7.5, salinity 26-27 ppt and DO 5,7-6,7 ppm. Based on the results of analysis of variance conducted on the given color light has a real influence on the specific growth rate and time multiplication.Keywords: Light, Nannochloropsis sp., Growth

Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka people in southeastern Cameroon

BackgroundForest inhabitants worldwide, and indigenous people especially, have depended for generations on plants and animals harvested in these ecosystems. A number of Baka hunter-gatherer populations in south-eastern Cameroon became sedentarised in the 1950s, but still rely on hunting and gathering to meet their basic needs. The use of wild edible plants (WEP) by these communities remains largely undocumented. In this study, we record the diversity of WEP used by Baka people in dense rainforests in the Mintom region. The area still contains relatively undisturbed forest expanses, just south of the Dja Biosphere Reserve, one of the most important protected areas in the Congo Basin.MethodsWe conducted two ethnobotanical surveys in 2019 in four villages on the Mintom road. In the first survey, we interviewed a total of 73 individuals to determine WEP usage. In our second survey, we specifically quantified WEP harvested and consumed daily in a number of households over a 2-week period during the major rainy season, when use of forest products is highest. Specimens of all recorded plants were collected and identified at the National Herbarium of Cameroon.ResultsWe documented 88 plant species and 119 unique species/plant organ/recipes in 1519 different citations. A total of 61 genera and 43 families were noted. Excluding 14 unidentified wild yam species, 17 WEP species had not been reported in previous ethnobotanical surveys of the Baka. Our results showed that cultivated starchy plant foods make up a significant proportion of our study population’s daily nutritional intake.ConclusionsA high diversity of WEP is consumed by the studied Baka communities. The study area is likely to be significant in terms of WEP diversity since 18 out of the 30 “key” non-timber forest products, NTFP, in Cameroon were mentioned. Documentation of the use of WEP by indigenous communities is vital to ensure the continuity of traditional knowledge and future food security.