Food Consumption Structure Research Articles

PLANT-BASED MILK ANALOGUES IN THE NUTRITION OF PEOPLE WITH NUTRITION-DEPENDENT NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A recent tendency in Ukraine is the changes in the structure of food consumption, which are caused by the reduced consumption of some product groups and by their decreasing quality. A persisting problem is that affordable and easy-to-consume food products made with due consideration of the needs of patients with certain categories of diseases can hardly be found on the domestic market. The products present on the domestic market are all imported, available in a limited assortment, very expensive, and not customised to suit all the specific needs of human metabolism. Approaches to the nutrition of patients with certain types of nutrition-dependent and non-infectious diseases have been analysed. It has been established that аn effective component in the diet of patients with non-infectious diseases can be plant-based milk analogues. It has been determined how important it is to use domestic raw materials: it will contribute to expanding domestic production, will help the gross domestic product growth, and will reduce the product’s costs, thus reducing the costs of diagnostic and treatment procedures. It has been established that the assortment of plant-based milk analogues is constantly expanding. The vegetable raw material conventionally used to make this product group has been analysed. It has been shown that fenugreek seeds can be most effectively used to make special food products (in particular, plant-based milk analogues) for the nutritional support of patients with non-infectious diseases. This is feasible due to the availability of the raw material, simple cultivating conditions, the chemical composition of the product (e. g. a wide range of biologically active substances), low costs of the product when it is made from domestic raw materials, and the simple production technology. It is expected that manufacture of milk analogues from fenugreek seeds will widen the assortment of this product group, and satisfy the target consumers’ needs of safe and high quality products that offer an alternative to imports.

TRENDS IN BEHAVIOUR OF MODERN FOOD CONSUMERS IN POLAND

The aim of the paper is to present the changes in the level and structure of food consumption in Poland during 2013-2017 from a macro and micro-economic perspective, based on CSO (Central Statistical Office) data gathered from national accounts and household budgets. Analysis of the data showed that in an improved economic climate and significantly improved income situation households changed their preferences both in terms of the amount of food consumed as well as in the structure of consumption. Real expenditure on food increased despite reduced volume in consumption, with more eating out and less self-catering. The increase in the share of highly processed foods and more expensive products in the basket of foods contributed to the stabilisation of the share of expenditure on food as part of total household expenditure.

Changes in the level and structure of food expenses in the European Union in the context of increasing household incomes

Changes in the consumption model are inherent in the processes of socio-economic development the indicator of which is the enrichment of the population. Such changes include the emergence of new proportions in the consumption of particular categories of goods and services, and, according to the regularities observed by Engel, lower the share of expenditure on a broadly understood category of food. Increasing incomes are also linked to changes in the internal structure of food consumption. This study is to assess the changes in the level and structure of food expenses resulting from the enrichment of the European Union (EU) societies. The study covered the co-occurrence of differences in food consumption with households' income differences in the EU countries. The analyses presented in the study relate to the period after the EU enlargement in 2004 and are based on the Eurostat data. The research allows for a positive verification of the thesis that the higher the incomes, the more balanced the structure of food expenses. In more affluent economies, the consumption of a more diversified basket of goods is observed. This finding is supported by the high negative correlation between the structure concentration ratio for food expenditure and the households' income level. In addition, the identification of country clusters based on consumption expenditure broken down into food categories makes it possible to confirm the thesis that there are income differences between economies with different consumption models. It is confirmed by the variance analysis concerning income level for countries in three groups: the South Europe with the highest food expenses, the Central and Eastern Europe with the most limited spending and the lowest income, and the affluent "old" EU members with high expenses on luxuries consumed for social reasons. However, the analyses presented here do not allow for validation of the thesis that food consumption patterns among the EU countries become similar, but rather point to the predominance of the consumption divergence processes, which occur despite the declining income differences. This claim is based on the observation of increasing average Euclidian distance between food expenses in the EU countries in 2005 and 2015. Nevertheless, some signs of shift towards Mediterranean consumption patterns may be found for many societies.

Sociodemographic and Regional Determinants of Dietary Patterns in Russia.

An empirical assessment of diets using a posteriori analysis allows us to define actual dietary patterns (DPs) in the food consumption structure of a population. This study represents an a posteriori assessment of DPs for the Russian population in general as well as their dependence on socio-demographic and regional parameters. The data were obtained from 21,923 individuals aged 25–64 years old from a Russian multicenter study of “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation” conducted in 2013–2014. Cross-sectional study subjects were interviewed face-to-face in order to obtain data on their diet. DPs were defined using principal component analysis. Four DPs were specified as “Rational”, “Salt”, “Meat”, and “Mixed”; all these variants together accounted for 55.9% of variance. Diets in gender and age groups corresponded to those for an all-Russian population; in several regions, the defined diets differed from the all-Russian ones. More favorable diet trends were observed among women, people with no family, people not working, and urban dwellers, and diet trends were more favorable with an increase in age, level of education, and material wealth. Thus, a posteriori DPs were defined for the Russian population, which were stable in sex/age groups and were mediated by the socio-demographic characteristics of the population.

New challenges of food security in Northwest China: Water footprint and virtual water perspective

Abstract In this study, the water footprint (blue, green and grey WF) and virtual water theory were used to uniform measure the new challenges (population growth, population urbanization, dietary structure change, energy industry development, grain trade and climate change) of food security in Northwest China. Moreover, this study quantified the demand for new challenges to water resources from 2000 to 2016, and then evaluated their impact on water resources and food security in Northwest China. The results showed that in 2000–2016, population growth caused the food consumption WF to increase from 153.8 Gm3 to 159.6 Gm3, with an average annual growth rate of 0.4%. The ratio of per capita consumption of WF of urban residents to rural areas has increased from 80.3% to 120%. The per capita food consumption in the region increased by 1.3% annually due to changes in dietary structure. However, with the increase of water use efficiency, the WF decreased by 0.3% per year. Among them, the total consumption WF of food rations decreased by 51.9%, with an average annual decrease of 4.4%, and that of meat, dairy products and aquatic products increased by 2.4%, 10.8% and 3.0% per year, respectively. From the economic point of view, the development of the energy industry has increased the competition index of energy-grain to water resources from 0.22 to 0.49. Due to climate change, although the precipitation increased at a rate of 3.2 mm/yr, the increase in ET0 was 3.3 mm/yr, and thus the demand for water resources in agricultural production increased. Based on the results, this paper suggests to carry out measures such as optimizes crop planting structure, adopts effective biological, agricultural technologies, guides healthy food consumption structure, strengthens international food trade and biofuel use and so on to reduce the WF of grain crops and energy industry. Ultimately, the goal of reducing regional water stress and ensuring food security is achieved.

FOOD SAFETY IN ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC TERRITORIES OF THE RUSSIAN EUROPEAN NORTH

The article provides an analytical review of scientific research and statistical reporting data on the main problematic aspects of food safety and the state of health of the population of the Arkhangelsk Region and reveals primary morbidity indicators associated with food quality and consumption in all age groups of the population. The problems in the field of food security provision are identified. They are associated with the climatic and geographical location of the region, the features of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex, and insufficient properties. The key violations in the structure of food consumption are identified; certain problems are revealed in the field of providing food accessibility for the population. Consumption of basic types of food exceeds recommended, rational standards for products such as sugar by 62.5 %, vegetable oil by 11.7 %, and bread products by 9.4 %. Consumption of dairy products, meat, eggs, fish, vegetables, potatoes, fruits remains below the recommended level. The Arkhangelsk Region remains a risk territory for the general incidence and a number of nutritional diseases. This review makes it possible to draw attention to the fact that it is necessary to create the same level of priority ranking and comprehensiveness in the development of local measures aimed at achieving a high level of development of the agro-industrial complex and health care. In generating pricing policy and consumer preferences of the population, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the traditional nutrition formed over the centuries, which best takes into account the peculiarities of the "polar metabolism" of the northerners.

Water Footprint of Food Consumption by Chinese Residents.

Water shortages are a worldwide problem. Virtual water and the water footprint link water resources, human beings and agricultural products, and are effective tools to alleviate water-resources stress. The production of agricultural products consumes a large amount of water, and food is the most basic consumer good for human survival, so it is very necessary to study the water footprint of residents’ food consumption, which is also the weak point of current research on virtual water and the water footprint. This paper aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the water footprint of food consumption in China from the perspectives of urban and rural residents, per capita water footprint, water footprint structure and food consumption structure. The results revealed that the average water footprint of residents’ food consumption was 605.12 billion m3/year, basically showing an upward trend. Guangdong residents had the highest water footprint for food consumption due to the highest population and higher consumption of water-intensive foodstuffs such as grain and meat in their diet. The water footprint of Xizang residents’ food consumption was the lowest followed by Ningxia and Qinghai due to having the least population. The water footprint of food consumption consumed by urban residents was on the rise while that consumed by rural residents was on the decline in China, which was consistent with the changing trend of population. On the whole, the rural population consumed more virtual water embedded in food than the urban population. From the water footprint structure point, the contribution rate of the green water footprint is the largest, reaching 69.36%. The second is the gray water footprint and then the blue water footprint, accounting for 18.71% and 11.93%, respectively. From the perspective of the food consumption structure, grain and pig, beef and mutton consumption contributed significantly to the total water footprint of residents’ food consumption, contributing 37.5% and 22.56%, respectively. The study is helpful for water management and water allocation in rural and urban areas, improving agricultural technology to reduce the gray water footprint and optimizing food consumption structure, such as reducing the consumption of grain and meat.

Dietary Patterns of Children Aged 1–3 Years in Poland in Two Population Studies

Background: The levels of nutrition that children receive in their first years of life greatly determine their psychosomatic development. Aim: The study was to identify dietary patterns of children aged 1–3 years based on data on food consumption structure from 2 population studies performed in Poland (2011 and 2016) and to assess changes in product selection in the children’s diets with respect to their nutritional status. Methods: Both studies were performed on nationwide representative samples (2011: n = 400; 2016: n = 612) using questionnaire surveys. Nutritional status was estimated using body weight-to-height z-score. Feeding practices were evaluated based on 3-day dietary/food records, including 1 weekend day. Results: Four dietary patterns of toddlers were identified and changes in the distribution of these patterns in the population after 5 years were analysed and compared. Diets of children in the second year of life were better balanced in terms of energy and nutritional value owing to young child formula content. Diets of children in the third year of life were higher in energy and protein, with a higher percentage of energy derived from saccharose. Diets of all groups of children were deficient in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and potassium but excessive in sodium. Conclusions: Over 5 years, the percentage of children on a diet with high intake of formula for young children significantly decreased but increased on a diet with high dairy content. Dietary patterns of toddlers were associated with their weight by height z score and nutrient profile.

Urban segregation and food consumption

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of China’s urban segregation caused by hukou restrictions on food consumption.Design/methodology/approachBased on the 2007–2009 Urban Household Survey data from six China provinces conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the authors adopt a propensity score matching (PSM) method to correct for potential selection bias. A Rosenbaum bounds test is applied to evaluate the sensitivity of the PSM results to unobserved variables.FindingsThe results show that holding rural hukou (RHs) reduces the consumption of livestock products and vegetables and fruit by 8.8 and 4.8 percent, respectively. The status of hukou does not affect the consumption of grain and edible oil. Hukou impacts on food consumption are heterogeneous across income levels, with low-income and middle-income households more vulnerable to urban segregation and hukou discriminations. A stronger motivation for precautionary saving and higher welfare expenditures that not compensated by social security lead to the lower food consumption by migrant households with RHs.Originality/valueThis paper advances the research frontier by investigating the impacts of hukou system on the structure of food consumption, which accurately reflects the household welfare.

Факторы, влияющие на мировую продовольственную безопасность

In the face of increasing global demand for food in the first half of the 21st century, world food security, which is an integral part of the sustainable development of the world, will be threatened, and that will require balancing the production and consumption of food. This trend determines the need to identify the factors affecting world food security. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the food security of the world as a whole and its individual regions, the main factors affecting world food security are identified. It has been revealed that the growth in population size and life expectancy significantly worsens the situation with providing the population with food in the required quantity, since a significant increase in these indicators is observed in Africa, where the standard of living is one of the lowest in the world. It has been reported that the number of hungry people in the world is adversely affected by the volatility of global food prices. At the same time, according to experts, by 2025 prices for agricultural products will fall, which will positively affect world food security. It has been determined that the growth of household incomes in developing countries will lead to a change in the structure of food consumption towards increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as animal products, which will lead to the need for more intensive production of these products and also improving the quality of nutrition in these countries. At the same time, there is a positive decrease in consumer food waste and an increase in the production of aquaculture food. It has been investigated that urbanization and an increase in crop production for biofuel production, as well as climate change, have a negative impact on agricultural development. It has been proven that in order to meet the demand for food products, innovative systems are needed that preserve and strengthen natural resources, while increasing productivity. It has been substantiated that w the cooperation of the world community and international organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Food Policy Research Institute, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, is necessary to resolve issues of ensuring world food security. These organizations need to develop strategies for adapting to global changes, including land use and water management, food trading, post-harvest food processing and food pricing schemes.

Analisis Tingkat Kesejahteraan Petani Padi Sawah Di Kabupaten Aceh Utara

Aceh Utara is an area of rice production centres in Aceh Province which has a large contribution in fulfillment food needs of community. Even though, does’t guarantee the high level of prosperity of rice farmers in Aceh Utara. The research aims to analyze prosperity level rice farmers in Aceh Utara.The research implemented in Sawang District, Lhoksukon, and Baktiya as an area of rice production centers in Aceh Utara. The sample in this research were 60 farmers who do rice farming and analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis based on prosperity indicators of farmers namely the level of structure of farmer's household income, structure of household food consumption, performance level of household food security, the level of purchasing power of farmer households, and the development of the farmers' exchange rate. Analysis results from indicators of income strusture, structure of household food consumption, performance level of household food security show that the level of prosperity of farmers is still low while seen from the level of purchasing power of farmer households, and the development of the farmers' exchange rate already well

A Study on the Spatial Distribution of China's Potential Foreign Cooperation on Grain from Geographical View

Further utilization of global agricultural resources and the expansion of potential international cooperation space are necessary measures to promote a new level of China's national food security and optimize the structure of domestic food consumption. This study measured the global potential cultivated land area and national grain self-sufficiency. Based on the two-above measures, the authors made a classification of China's foreign agricultural cooperation countries and depicted the spatial pattern of cooperation based on the grain trades of those countries with China. The grain exporters include Australia, North America, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia; and the target countries for “going abroad” of Chinese grain enterprises are mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa and northern Latin America. This study proposes that China's policy of cooperation on grain should be shifted to non-traditional partners alongside the “Belt and Road Initiative” region. Specifically, China could expand grain imports from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and other East European and Central Asian countries, and the direction for China's agricultural enterprises “going abroad” should shift to Sub-Sahara Africa.

Features of actual nutrition of the adult population in Republic of Buryatia in modern conditions

Evaluation of the actual nutrition of the population of individual regions allows the development of targeted practical measures to improve nutrition, the structure of food consumption and appropriate recommendations to ensure optimal development and health status of a person. In order to study the nutrition of the adult population of the Republic of Buryatia, a retrospective analysis of the feeding structure data was conducted according to the data of the territorial department of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Buryatia, and the results obtained in the course of the questionnaire survey of 426 people (chosen by selective method with observance of representativeness) were analyzed. The data are presented obtained on the results of comparison with physiological needs in energy and nutrients for men and women in the most employable age of 30-39 years, having the third group of labor intensity. The structure of the food indicates its irrationality, which was confirmed by an increase in the consumption of food products with high content of saturated fats and added sugars, a decrease in the consumption of biologically valuable food products with high food density. In the product mix of the adult population of the republic, both among men and women, there was a lack of consumption of products from aquatic bioresources, vegetables, dairy products and eggs. At the same time, the consumption of bakery, flour-grinding products and potatoes in aggregate amounted to 120% of the recommended level. According to the results of the observation, 91.6% of the interviewed did not take into account the distribution of caloric intake by meals, in 50.8% the highest calorie intake was for dinner. Actual nutrition included elements that are risk factors for the development of endocrine pathology, disorders of the hormonal system and other metabolic diseases. There was a high level of energy intake for a number of years, which averaged 2891±43.6 kcal in men, 2407±38.4 in women, due to excess of fat and carbohydrates with a protein content of 82.4-87.3% of the recommended level. As a result, the problem of healthy nutrition, bringing the diet in line with the real physiological needs of a person requires serious systemic decisions in terms of organizing, systematizing and standardizing nutrition.

Regional peculiarities and tendencies of entrepreneurship development in agriculture

The article deals with regional characteristics and trends of entrepreneurship in agriculture. When forming an agrarian policy, it is important to take into account the soil-climatic and economic conditions, the possibilities of balanced provision of material and technical resources, the volumes of production and consumption of agricultural products, since it is acceptable for one region and may be unsuitable for another. The combination of natural, socio-economic, demographic, and historical aspects of the activities of market makes adjustments to the formation of the regional food market and its functioning. Existing circumstances have caused the socioeconomic need to form regional markets and ensure the adequacy of industrial, agricultural production and service sectors for intra-regional and interregional exchanges. The rational expansion of production and consumption of products and services in the region provides for their cheapening as a result of savings associated with distribution, primarily transportation costs, and increased of interregional competition. The market of agricultural products, like any other products, is determined first of all, demand and supply. Demand for products in each region is formed under the influence of a set of factors. First of all, it is the number of people who live in this region. Its value and age structure determine the required supply volumes, as well as the structure and range of agricultural products. The next factor that affects demand is the different levels of income and the source of income. An important factor in the formation of local traditions demand is people that define the type of nutrition of inhabitants, their culture and, accordingly, form the level and structure of food consumption. The proposal in the form of volumes of production depends, first of all, on the conditions of entrepreneurial activity in the agricultural sector, the structural construction of agriculture, its relations with other spheres, the availability and state of development of market infrastructure, etc. All these are the conditions that have certain features in specific region and areas, and must form the subject of research. The system of optimal functioning of the regional and local economy requires the exact consideration of the specific conditions of economic activity, resource opportunities and market relations at the microeconomic level, in order to provide for intensive economic development. This leads to a more detailed consideration of the features that affect the functioning of the agricultural market and the development of forms of entrepreneurial activity.

FORMATION OF FOOD BEHAVIOR STEREOTYPES IN CHILDREN DEPENDING ON AGE

The purpose of the study was to investigate the formation of disturbances in the eating behavior of children and adolescents due to the irrational structure of food consumption through the use of factor analysis. Material and methods. A survey of 1,058 children living in the city of Mezhdurechensk of the Kemerovo Region was conducted using enquire form with a questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of the main food groups. In the questionnaires, the frequency of consumption of food groups had 5 gradations and the corresponding conditional score. To identify the latent factors that determine the frequency of consumption of specific categories of food, factor analysis - the method of principal components was used. Results and discussion. In pre-school children, two main factors were identified that determine the variability in the frequency of consumption of food. The total influence of factors was 55,5 %. The frequency of food consumption by schoolchildren aged 7-10 years and 11-13 years was different from the age groups of children 3-6 years old and was determined by 3 latent factors, the share of which was 59,6 and 60,6 %. With the increase of years the total influence of factors affecting the frequency of food consumption increases. None of the stereotypes of eating behavior can be considered as rational, since all of them have been characterized by frequent consumption of high-calorie food products against the background of the decrease in biologically valuable foods consumption. The lack of consumption of the main food groups testify to reduced nutritional status. The emerging stereotypes of eating behavior can cause a shortage of intake of nutrients in the body of both preschoolers and schoolchildren.

Based on ELES Model Research of Food Consumption Structure of Urban Residents

The consumption structure optimization is promoting consumption level in our country under the new situation, expanding domestic demand and promote stable and healthy development of the important engine of national economy. Based on the time background, the article illustrates the main factors influencing the urban residents' consumption structure in China. And according to the per capita disposable income of urban households with food consumption expenditure data, by using ELES model food consumption structure of urban residents of our country to carry on the empirical analysis, explore the optimization under the new situation of Chinese urban residents' consumption structure rationalization countermeasure.

Uwarunkowania i kierunki zmian w spożyciu żywności w województwie lubuskim

W artykule przedstawiono poziom i strukturę spożycia żywności w Polsce oraz w poszczególnych województwach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem województwa lubuskiego. Ponadto ukazano przyczyny zmian spożycia żywności. Głównym celem opracowania było dokonanie oceny tendencji w spożyciu żywności w województwie lubuskim na tle zmian wzorca wyżywienia w Polsce. Z przeprowadzonych wśród mieszkańców województwa lubuskiego badań wynika, że większość respondentów dokonywała zakupów żywności biorąc pod uwagę czynniki ekonomiczne. Natomiast wśród najczęściej spożywanych przez nich produktów znalazły się na pierwszym miejscu produkty piekarniczo-cukiernicze, na drugim produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego, tj. mięso i wędliny, mleko i jego przetwory zaś uplasowały się odpowiednio na trzecim i czwartym miejscu. Spożycie warzyw wskazywało dwóch na trzech badanych. Dla ankietowanych bezpieczeństwo żywności miało największe znaczenie przy kupowaniu żywności.

Decomposition of the Urban Water Footprint of Food Consumption: A Case Study of Xiamen City

Decomposition of the urban water footprint can provide insight for water management. In this paper, a new decomposition method based on the log-mean Divisia index model (LMDI) was developed to analyze the driving forces of water footprint changes, attributable to food consumption. Compared to previous studies, this new approach can distinguish between various factors relating to urban and rural residents. The water footprint of food consumption in Xiamen City, from 2001 to 2012, was calculated. Following this, the driving forces of water footprint change were broken down into considerations of the population, the structure of food consumption, the level of food consumption, water intensity, and the population rate. Research shows that between 2001 and 2012, the water footprint of food consumption in Xiamen increased by 675.53 Mm3, with a growth rate of 88.69%. Population effects were the leading contributors to this change, accounting for 87.97% of the total growth. The food consumption structure also had a considerable effect on this increase. Here, the urban area represented 94.96% of the water footprint increase, driven by the effect of the food consumption structure. Water intensity and the urban/rural population rate had a weak positive cumulative effect. The effects of the urban/rural population rate on the water footprint change in urban and rural areas, however, were individually significant. The level of food consumption was the only negative factor. In terms of food categories, meat and grain had the greatest effects during the study period. Controlling the urban population, promoting a healthy and less water-intensive diet, reducing food waste, and improving agriculture efficiency, are all elements of an effective approach for mitigating the growth of the water footprint.

南京城市化食物生产消费系统氮素流动变化

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 南京城市化食物生产消费系统氮素流动变化 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201509111882 作者: 作者单位: 南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京师范大学地理科学学院;江苏省物质循环与污染控制重点实验室;江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心;江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京师范大学地理科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重大科学研究计划资助项目（2014CB953800）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（41273103） Nitrogen flow associated with food production and consumption in Nanjing City Author: Affiliation: School of Geography Science，Nanjing Normal University,School of Geography Science，Nanjing Normal University， Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control，Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市化的发展对食物生产消费过程中氮素的流动产生了一定的影响。以1995-2012年南京市食物生产消费变化为基础，分析了食物生产消费过程中氮素的流动变化及其引起的环境负荷。结果表明，农村和城镇人均食物氮消费量分别由1995年的5.09 kg人-1 a-1和3.04 kg人-1 a-1下降至2012年的4.11 kg人-1 a-1和2.65 kg人-1 a-1；与1995年相比，南京市食物消费代价降低了39.29%；农田系统和畜禽养殖系统氮素综合利用率由1995年的18.71%增加至2012年的24.34%，整体低于全国水平，大量的氮素进入环境；1995年食物链引起氮素的环境负荷为100.49 GgN/a，到2012年下降至69.90 GgN/a，下降了30.44%。南京城市化的发展增加了食物进口，会使食物生产地的氮环境负荷大幅度增加。 Abstract:With rapid urbanization, the food production-consumption system is associated with increased nitrogen (N) flow resulting in environmental problems. However, quantitative analyses of N flow during urban expansion and information about their drivers and trajectories are limited, especially at the city level. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in N flow and environmental load in the food production and consumption system of Nanjing, which experienced remarkable population and economic growth between 1995 and 2012, using a combination of statistical databases, literature surveys, and the mass balance model. The results showed that population density increased at the expense of agricultural land and livestock breeding. Food production transformed from self-sufficiency to deficiency, resulting in increased food imports. The rapid increase of the migrant population coincided with a rapid increase in gross domestic production, with changes in food demand and consumption patterns. The structure of food consumption in Nanjing transformed from grain-oriented to grain-vegetable-meat-oriented, and the per capita N consumption of food decreased from 1995 to 2012. In addition, due to different living standards and food consumption patterns between rural and urban residents, the percentage of the per capita decline for N consumption of food was different. The rural and urban per capita N consumption decreased from 5.09 kg person-1 a-1 and 3.04 kg person-1 a-1 in 1995 to 4.11 kg person-1 a-1 and 2.65 kg person-1 a-1 in 2012, respectively. The N cost of food consumption of Nanjing decreased from 8.40 kg/kg in 1995 to 5.10 kg/kg in 2012, and declined by 39.29%. The N cost of the food consumption was relatively low when compared to the mean in China, and decreased over time. Mean N use efficiency in food production increased from 18.71% in 1995 to 24.34% in 2012; however, it was still lower than the mean national level. A large amount of N entered the environment and caused severe air, water, and soil pollution. The decrease of total N input, combined with increased N use efficiency in crop and animal production systems, resulted in a decreased environmental N load from food production and consumption of 30.44%, from 100.49 GgN/a in1995 to 69.90 GgN/a in 2012. Regarding food production in Nanjing, environmental N load could be efficiently reduced by optimizing N fertilizer management and using slow-release fertilizer. Regarding food consumption, environmental N load is produced primarily from food waste and human sewage discharge. The effective collection and treatment of these wastes and the utilization of these in rural areas is urgently needed. The rapid increase in the urban population from 1995 onwards has greatly contributed to the increasing import of food and apparent low food N cost. As food imports increased with rapid growth of urban areas in Nanjing, the N cost associated with the production and processing of imported food and feed was transferred to areas where it was produced. Other regions with increased food production will be affected by large increases in N load. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

女子大学生における葉酸・神経管閉鎖障害に関する知識と葉酸摂取量および食物摂取構造解析

Folate is important for prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). We studied the associations of knowledge of folate and NTDs with the intake of folate, and food consumption structure in female university students, including newcomers and senior students (juniors plus seniors). Of these, newcomers had insufficient knowledge of folate and NTDs. No associations were observed between their acquaintance with folate and folate consumption for all students. Food consumption structure analyses revealed that students consuming folate of more than the Recommended Dietary Allowance were consuming not only folate-contributing food but also a variety of food items. Thus, it was suggested that not only providing more intensive education concerning folate and NTDs but also keeping quality of food consumption as a whole (amount of meal and food balance) are warranted for prevention of NTDs.