Variation In Food Consumption Research Articles

Environmental and nutritional profile of food consumption patterns in the different climatic zones of Spain

One of the most effective ways to mitigate the effects of climate change at the individual level is to change food consumption habits, given that the food system is one of the main human sources of GHG emissions. In this sense, there is an urgent need to implement actions and to develop social awareness towards more sustainable diets that ensure nutritional quality and, at the same time, are environmentally friendly. Variation in consumption habits can be significant even within the same country, so recommendations aimed at improving consumption habits can also vary accordingly. Thus, the main goal of this study is to identify variations in food consumption patterns in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and nutritional intake adequacy for the 5 climatic zones of Spain. For this purpose, household food consumption data have been taken from surveys carried out by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. It is foreseeable that the daily food basket and the eating habits associated with each territory will be justified not only on the basis of their geoclimatic conditions but also on the basis of culinary culture and tradition, socio-demographic profile and economic level. Variations in food consumption make it possible to relate northern areas to a higher carbon footprint (3.26 kg CO2 eq·inhabitant−1·day−1) in comparison to those from southern regions (2.93 kg CO2 eq·inhabitant−1·day−1), due to both higher consumption of animal origin products and higher energy intake. On the other hand, the higher consumption of fruits, seafood and legumes (17%, 34% and 11% respectively) in the northern regions than in southern ones also provides them a better nutritional profile. In view of the observed variations, the need to apply specific regional-addressed policies geared towards more sustainable consumption habits within the same country is highlighted.

Diet and Nutrition Status of Mongolian Adults.

(1) Background: Aspects of the Mongolian food supply, including high availability of animal-source foods and few plant foods, are plausibly associated with disease in the population. Data on Mongolian diets are lacking, and these risks are poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to provide a multifaceted nutritional analysis of the modern Mongolian diet. (2) Methods: The study population consisted of 167 male and 167 female healthy non-pregnant urban and nomadic adults (22–55 years) randomly selected from lists of residents in 8 regions. From 2011–2016, 3-day weighed diet records and serum were collected twice from each participant in summer and winter; anthropometry was collected once from each participant. Serum was analyzed for biomarkers, and nutrient intake computed using purpose-built food composition data and adjusted for within-person variation. Exploratory dietary patterns were derived and analyzed for associations with diet and nutrition measurements. (3) Results: We collected 1838 of an expected 1986 diet records (92.5%), 610/658 serum samples (92.7%), and 315/334 height and weight measurements (94.3%). Sixty-one percent of men and 51% of women were overweight or obese. Consumption of red meat, refined grains, and whole-fat dairy was high, while that of fruits, non-tuberous vegetables, eggs, nuts and seeds, fish and poultry, and whole grains was low. Dairy and red meat were more consumed in summer and winter, respectively. Dietary inadequacy of 10 of 21 assessed nutrients, including fiber, folate, and vitamin D were >50% prevalent, while protein, zinc, and vitamin B12 inadequacy were low. Biochemical evidence of iron and vitamin A deficiency was also low. Three dietary patterns (Urban, Transitional, Nomadic) explained 41% of variation in food consumption. The Urban pattern was positively associated with BMI in multivariate analysis. (4) Conclusions: Results indicate a high prevalence of key dietary inadequacies and overweight among Mongolian adults. Prior studies by our group have suggested that expanded supplementation and food fortification would be effective in addressing micronutrient inadequacies; these strategies should be coupled with measures to mitigate the growing burden of chronic disease.

HUBUNGAN ANGKA KECUKUPAN ZAT BESI DAN VITAMIN C DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA IBU HAMIL

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is one of the conditions where the hemoglobin level is lower than the normal level, which is <11 g /dl. The nutritional adequacy rate of pregnant women have a role in the process of anemia. Diversity in food consumption have an important role in helping to increase iron substance absorption in the body.
 Objective: To determine the relationship of iron substance and vitamin C adequacy rates with the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women.
 Methods: This study is observational research with a cross sectional study approach. Sampling by using simple random sampling method for 47 subjects pregnant women of third trimester was determined by using the Lemeshow formula. Data analysis using Chi-Square test.

Faktor risiko gizi kurus pada anak sekolah dasar Negeri Kulam Data Kecamatan Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Background: Wasting is nutritional status in school children. In the community it is known as thin nutrition which is an important public health problem because it has a big impact. Thin nutrition can increase the risk of illness and death in children.Objectives: To determine the risk factors for wasting nutrition in children of Kulam Data Elementary School in Lhoknga District.Methods: This study is descriptive analytic with cross-sectional research design. The number of samples is 57 people. The research variables consisted of diet, energy intake, protein intake and nutritional status with the incidence of wasting nutrition in school children in Kulam Data Elementary School Lhoknga District. Aceh Besar District. The study was conducted in June 2019. Data analysis used a chi-square test with a desired level of confidence of 95%. Research data is presented in tabular and textual forms.Results: The results of the study showed that more energy intake was in the sufficient category (84.4%). While the diversity of food consumption is more in the medium category which is equal to 64.7%. There is an influence between energy intake on the incidence of wasting nutrition in school children (p= 0.022) and there is an influence between the diversity of food consumption on the incidence of wasting in school children (p= 0.041).Conclusion: Regarding energy intake, the diversity of food consumption with balanced wasting nutrition. To avoid malnutrition, treatment is needed from the school, health center, and parents. This is necessary so that children can meet the nutritional needs of energy sources, proteins, fats in accordance with the portion of balanced nutrition.

Fishermen’s food consumption behavior at Bubun Village, Langkat

The problems of this research are how consumers act with respect to food consumption and how the influence of social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors affects the variation in food consumption based on local resources. The primary data were obtained directly from the study respondents of the people in the East Coast of North Sumatra in the Bubun villages in the district of Tanjung Pura. Their main occupation is as fishermen where they had little or no education, with little income to meet the daily needs of the family. The conclusions of this study i.e., age, education level of housewife, marital status and ethnicity significantly affected the household food consumption. The socio-economic fishermen of Bubun village were below average compare to national average.

Food consumption and undernutrition variations among mothers during the post-harvest and lean seasons in Amoron'i Mania Region, Madagascar

BackgroundSeasonal variation affects nutrition particularly in contexts where people’s food consumption depends on their production of food. Assessing the effect of the season on nutrition status can help us to identify strategies to address undernutrition. This study aims to measure the variations in food consumption and the incidence of undernutrition according to season, and to identify the factors associated with the incidence of undernutrition.MethodsA cohort study was conducted among 608 mothers aged between 18 and 45 years living in the Amoron’i Mania Region of Madagascar. Inclusion in the study occurred during the post-harvest season, and mothers were followed until the end of the next lean period (7 months). A dichotomous variable of the frequency of consumption of various foods was used to establish variation in food consumption. Body Mass Index < 18.5 kg/m2 and Middle Upper Arm Circumference < 220 mm were used to measure incidence of undernutrition. A generalized linear model was used to identify factors associated with the incidence of undernutrition and to derive relative risks.ResultsDuring the lean season, the frequency of consumption of leafy green vegetables, peanuts, fish, and eggs decreased significantly. In contrast, the frequency of fruit, legumes, and non-leafy green vegetables consumption increased significantly. The prevalence of undernutrition (based on the BMI and/or MUAC) among mothers increased from 19.6% in the post-harvest period to 27.1% in the lean period (p < 0.001). The incidence of undernutrition (based on the BMI and/or MUAC) during the follow-up was 12.2%. The factors related to undernutrition were low and medium score of movable property possession (Adjusted RR = 3.26 [1.33–7.94] and Adjusted RR = 2.48 [1.01–6.10]), no toilet (Adjusted RR = 1.76 [1.07–2.91]), and pregnancy (Adjusted RR = 2.92 [1.42–6.04]) (based on the MUAC only for pregnancy).ConclusionThis study highlights the variation in the frequency and type of food consumption and subsequent deterioration in mothers’ nutritional status during the lean season. Economic, hygiene, and reproductive factors were associated with undernutrition. Analyzing the existing interventions to fight maternal undernutrition is necessary to determine whether or not seasonality is considered and addressed.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI POLA PANGAN HARAPAN (PPH) DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG

One way to know food self-sufficiency through the quality of food consumption diversity as measured by Food Harvest Scale (PPH) scores, hereinafter abbreviated as PPH. PPH can be used as a measure of nutritional balance and food diversity consumed by residents in a region. The maximum PPH score, 100 indicates the diverse food consumption situation and both the composition and quality of nutrition (Baliwati, 2011). In practice, the achievement of food quality and quantity indicator in Bandung Regency has not been achieved. This study aims to determine the size of family, education level, and income level of PPH in Bandung regency. The basic method of this research is the explanatory method (Eksplanatory Research). The determination of Paseh and Pasirjambu sub-districts was conducted by purposive sampling, which is determined by the highest and lowest kecamatan PPH. Furthermore the size of respondents using Slovin techniques. To know the factors that influence the PPH in Bandung regency using multiple regression analysis technique and the test is done by using SPSS 20 program. The result of the research shows that the family size, education level and income level have positive influence on PPH Kabupaten Bandung. This means that the higher the size of the family, the level of education and income level then the higher the PPH in Bandung regency

Effect of emergence time on the reproductive parameters of mass-reared Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies

Abstract In the mass rearing of fruit flies, the adult emergence time is gradual, due to factors such as variation in food consumption in the larval phase, the female oviposition behavior and environmental conditions, among others. Here, we investigate the effect of emergence time on sex ratio, fecundity, fertility, body size and mating performance in mass-reared Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies. The results of the study indicated that the emergence of the flies is gradual and lasts approximately 96 h, but the highest proportion of emerged flies was observed at 48 h. The flies emerging at 24 and 48 h showed higher fecundity than those emerging at 72 and 96 h, but there were no significant differences in the sex ratio, fertility and male mating performance. Body size was significant, the flies that emerged at 24, 48 and 72 h were bigger than those emerged at 96 h. The discussion focuses on the effect of emergence time on the rearing processes and release of the Mexican fruit fly.

Implications of Smallholder Farm Production Diversity for Household Food Consumption Diversity: Insights from Diverse Agro-Ecological and Market Access Contexts in Rural Tanzania

Owing to persistent challenges of food and nutritional insecurity, recent literature has focused on the role diversity of farm production has on food consumption diversity, particularly for smallholder households. Yet, the relationship between farm production diversity and household food consumption diversity remains complex and empirical evidence is, so far, mixed. The present article assesses this relationship using two districts—Kilosa and Chamwino—with contrasting agro-ecological and market contexts in rural Tanzania. These districts represent the majority of farming systems found in Tanzania as well as in several countries within the region. We used household data and employed descriptive as well as multivariate regression analyses. The results indicated a positive role of farm production diversity for food consumption diversity in the district with relatively harsh climatic and agro-ecological characteristics and poor access to markets. Furthermore, increased farm production diversity was generally associated with seasonal food consumption diversity. However, results suggested a lesser role of farm production diversity in the presence of better agro-ecological and market access characteristics. These findings imply that promoting farm production diversity should consider the existing agro-ecological and market characteristics. In addition, achieving increased food consumption diversity among rural households may require effective market related infrastructure and institutions.

Life satisfaction and diet in transition: evidence from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey

AbstractThis article develops a theoretical framework and provides empirical evidence on the impacts of diet and lifestyles on life satisfaction in Russia using 1995–2005 data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Our results suggest that diet measured as calories, fat, protein, and diversity of food consumption has a statistically significant effect on life satisfaction levels of the Russian population. In addition, living in a region with higher per capita income increases population's life satisfaction. While living in a rural area, having health problems, and having young children affect individual life satisfaction in Russia in a negative and statistically significantly way. Life satisfaction is also positively correlated with education and income, and negatively with unemployment. Better understanding of the drivers of life satisfaction and more generally of subjective well‐being in Russia can assist in the government decision‐making processes, including the allocation of scarce resources and the design of public health policies.

Consumption explains intraspecific variation in nutrient recycling stoichiometry in a desert fish.

Consumer-driven nutrient recycling can have substantial effects on primary production and patterns of nutrient limitation in aquatic ecosystems by altering the rates as well as the relative supplies of the key nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). While variation in nutrient recycling stoichiometry has been well-studied among species, the mechanisms that explain intraspecific variation in recycling N:P are not well-understood. We examined the relative importance of potential drivers of variation in nutrient recycling by the fish Gambusia marshi among aquatic habitats in the Cuatro Ciénegas basin of Coahuila, Mexico. There, G.marshi inhabits warm thermal springs with high predation pressure as well as cooler, surface runoff-fed systems with low predation pressure. We hypothesized that variation in food consumption among these habitats would drive intraspecific differences in excretion rates and N:P ratios. Stoichiometric models predicted that temperature alone should not cause substantial variation in excretion N:P, but that further reducing consumption rates should substantially increase excretion N:P. We performed temperature and diet ration manipulation experiments in the laboratory and found strong support for model predictions. We then tested these predictions in the field by measuring nutrient recycling rates and ratios as well as body stoichiometry of fish from nine sites that vary in temperature and predation pressure. Fish from warm, high-predation sites excreted nutrients at a lower N:P ratio than fish from cool, low-predation sites, consistent with the hypothesis that reduced consumption under reduced predation pressure had stronger consequences for P retention and excretion among populations than did variation in body stoichiometry. These results highlight the utility of stoichiometric models for predicting variation in consumer-driven nutrient recycling within a phenotypically variable species.

Peningkatan Produktivitas Usaha Pengeringan Tepung Sagu Masyarakat melalui Introduksi Teknologi Tepat Guna di Kalimantan Barat

Potentially, production of dried sago starch in Desa Arang Limbung, Sungai Raya, Kubu Raya District can be increased in term of quality and quantity. To achieve these, several problems have to be solved, i.e clean water availability for washing sago starch, washing mechanization to increase production capacity, and drying machine that efficient in operation and investment. Through IbM grant 2017, we have installed water filtration, sago washer, and solar dryer with greenhouse effect concept. Water filtration significantly increase the quality of water for use in washing sago starch and resulted in improved quality of sago starch. Mechanization of sago washing process and implementation of greenhouse effect dryer have increase capacity and efficiency of sago starch production. Generally, the introduced technology has been supported and accepted by stakeholder in Desa Arang Limbung. Further, the technology may support government policy in accelaration of food consumption diversity based on local resources.

Unraveling the effect of targeted input subsidies on dietary diversity in household consumption and child nutrition: The case of Malawi

Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) has generated significant attention, with several studies showing an increase in maize production since the inception of the program in 2005, but stagnating poverty levels. In this study, I examine whether and how FISP has affected dietary diversity in household food consumption and child nutrition. I find that children under the age of five living in households that received a voucher between 2008 and 2013 for the purchase of fertilizer have a statistically significantly higher (at the 1% level) weight-for-age, weight-for-length/height and body mass index than children living in non-recipient households. I also find that households having received a voucher consume cereals, nuts, vegetables, meats and fruits more frequently than non-recipient households. The analysis uses two stage least squares to account for the endogeneity of selection into the fertilizer subsidy program. I test the robustness of these results using child fixed effects. The results indicate that past studies evaluating FISP failing to account for the positive gains in child nutrition and household food consumption diversity may be underestimating its benefits.

Using mixed methods to assess food security and coping strategies: a case study among smallholders in the Andean region

International organizations and national governments in resource-scarce settings regularly support programs for the control of animal diseases with the aim of improving smallholder food security. However, the impact of such disease control programs on smallholder food security remains unclear. Mixed methods designs that integrate the collection, analysis and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data in a single study, are increasingly being used to achieve deeper explorations of complex topics. We propose a mixed methods design to assess the four pillars of food security and coping strategies among smallholders. The methodology is illustrated with a case study in the context of a transnational program for the control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Andean region, involving interviews with 632 smallholders in three countries. Quantitative data were analysed using multivariate analysis to describe smallholders’ profiles. Food Consumption Score (FCS) was calculated for each household. The qualitative phase involved developing themes to characterise these smallholders’ experiences using Thematic Analysis. Food acquisition capacity and coping strategies varied greatly across smallholders. Only nine (1.4%) of households had a FCS below the acceptable threshold, however, food stability was compromised across study areas. Household production, financial capacity, household demographics and food prices were the main factors influencing variation in food consumption. The case study presented here illustrates the use of a mixed methods approach to assess the four dimensions of food security and categorise key differences across smallholders during a single visit.

Impact of survey design in the estimation of habitual food consumption: A study based on urban households of Mongolia

This paper evaluates the impact of survey design on food consumption measurement using data from the Mongolia Household Socio-Economic Survey (MSES) 2007–2008. We exploit the fact that the MSES uses a diversified approach to collect food data by measuring consumption, acquisition and stocks using both, diaries and recall interviews. First, we estimate the effect of diary length on reporting of food consumption, finding a significant decrease of reported food over time. We conclude that shorter diaries would increase the quality of estimates and lower the costs of inquiry. Second, we show that recall interviews, combined with a measurement of stocks, perform well in measuring household food consumption compared to diaries. Third, we find cyclical variation in food consumption and acquisition not only between months, but also within months and weeks. Especially for food acquisition, we detect large difference within months, which can lead to biased estimates of food acquisition. This highlights the need for enumeration to be spread over time to overcome cyclicality on food acquisition and consumption.

Households' dietary habits and food consumption patterns in Hamishkoreib locality, Kassala State, Sudan

BackgroundHamishkoreib is among the localities that have suffered most from chronic food insecurity in Kassala State, Sudan. This study was designed to determine the dietary habits and food consumption patterns in this locality. MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 403 households in the Hamishkoreib locality from June 2014 to February 2015. Sociodemographic and dietary information was collected through a modified food frequency questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 to estimate the frequency of variables. ResultsAmong 403 households, the incidence of informal education and illiteracy was 93.3%. Charcoal production and firewood cutting as the main source of income was reported by 66.6%. Three meals per day were consumed by 83.4% of households. They depended largely on cereal foods, particularly sorghum in the form of kissra and assida. Milk and dairy products were dominant in breakfast and dinner. Meat was consumed by 67.7% of households just once per week. However, chicken, fish, and eggs were rarely consumed (1.5%, 0.7%, and 19.8% respectively). Most (85.3%) households related poor or rare consumption of these protein- rich foods to culture, while 14.7% related it to financial reasons or illness. These types of food were mainly consumed by men and were not allowed to be consumed by women and children. Tea and coffee were excessively consumed in the morning and during the day. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low. ConclusionThe study revealed consumption of an unbalanced diet with insufficient proteins and micronutrients. There was excessive consumption of tea and coffee, which had a negative impact on food intake and absorption. The paper recommends launching a major nutrition program to encourage diversity of food consumption and to improve the capacity building of households.

Factors Influencing Nutritional Adequacy among Rural Households in Nigeria: How Does Dietary Diversity Stand among Influencers?

ABSTRACTThis study examined the influence of food consumption diversity on adequate intakes of food calories, proteins and micronutrients among households in rural Nigeria within the framework of panel data econometrics using a nationally representative data. We found that substantial proportion of households suffered deficiency of calories, proteins and certain micronutrients; with higher percentage of sufferer households occurring in the post-planting season. The different measures of dietary diversity (constructed and used for analysis) consistently indicate significant and positive influence of dietary diversity on the likelihood of adequate consumption of food nutrients. While higher level of income, education and non-farm enterprise engagement may strongly stimulate adequate nutrient intakes, increases in the number of adolescents would substantially diminish it. Although our findings call for renewed attention on diet diverseness, we stress the complementary/synergistic roles of education and rural income improvement, especially through non-farm enterprise diversification in tackling multiple nutritional deficiencies in rural Nigeria.

Genetic and Genomic Response to Selection for Food Consumption in Drosophila melanogaster.

Food consumption is an essential component of animal fitness; however, excessive food intake in humans increases risk for many diseases. The roles of neuroendocrine feedback loops, food sensing modalities, and physiological state in regulating food intake are well understood, but not the genetic basis underlying variation in food consumption. Here, we applied ten generations of artificial selection for high and low food consumption in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The phenotypic response to selection was highly asymmetric, with significant responses only for increased food consumption and minimal correlated responses in body mass and composition. We assessed the molecular correlates of selection responses by DNA and RNA sequencing of the selection lines. The high and low selection lines had variants with significantly divergent allele frequencies within or near 2081 genes and 3526 differentially expressed genes in one or both sexes. A total of 519 genes were both genetically divergent and differentially expressed between the divergent selection lines. We performed functional analyses of the effects of RNAi suppression of gene expression and induced mutations for 27 of these candidate genes that have human orthologs and the strongest statistical support, and confirmed that 25 (93%) affected the mean and/or variance of food consumption.

Assessment of food self-sufficiency in smallholder farming systems of south-western Madagascar using survey and remote sensing data

Madagascar is among the countries with a very high level of poverty and food insecurity. This holds particularly true for the south-western (SW) region with its chronic food shortages. Information on crop production, food availability and coping strategies of smallholders to deal with food shortages are scarce but urgently needed to assess the local food security status for more effective land management planning and famine prevention. This study, therefore, investigated farmers' coping strategies and determined the food security index (FSI), the food self-sufficiency ratio (FSSR) and cassava self-sufficiency (CSS) at the household level in three typical villages of the Mahafaly region in SW Madagascar. To this end we used household consumption surveys, land use mapping, crop field measurements, allometric equations and canopy cover estimations from aerial photographs for cassava yield assessments. For the majority of sampled households the daily calorie intake was insufficient (FSI<1) and the most frequent food insecurity coping strategies encountered were collection of wild food, off-farm activities and a reduction of meals. There was a high seasonal variation in food consumption, FSI and FSSR with different patterns on the plateau and in the coastal area. The main factors influencing FSSR were cassava yield, the livestock richness and landholding, whereas the number of off-farm activities determined FSI. Altogether, our results revealed that annual cultivated food crops provided up to 64% of people's diet. Cassava was the most important staple and played a key role for food self-sufficiency. However, cassava yields averaged only 0.69tha−1 and CSS ranged between 39 and 54%. Although there exists a high climate-induced risk in crop production, there is still room for improvements of agricultural techniques to enhance food self-sufficiency. However, enhancing access to off-farm income opportunities is similarly important to sustain local livelihoods in the long-term.

The role of the LISTANet Consortium in the European DEDIPAC-KH project

The IRILD Consortium (partner in the DEDIPAC-KH joint Action) has been working in a few activities of Thematic Area1 and Thematic Area2 aimed at: -Developing a toolbox with state-of-the-art methods to assess dietary intake and their determinants based on their quality and suitability to be used in pan-European studies (task 1.1.1)- Identifying existing pan-European datasets including dietary intake to do secondary analysis according to variation in dietary intake by demographic (task 1.1.2)- Examining the validity and reliability of the measurement methods employed to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviours on children/adolescent and adults populations (task 1.2.4)-Identifying national state-of-the-art surveillance systems and infrastructures in Europe (task 1.3.3).-Mapping and defining life course determinants, correlates and key research challenges of dietary intake in old population (task 2.1.1)-Mapping and defining life course determinants, correlates and key research challenges of physical activity behaviour (task 2.2.1)Theoretical frameworks of determinants have been taken as the starting point for developing the frameworks and taxonomies. On-going/recently finished EU-funded projects on determinants has been consulted. Finally, SRLs have been conducted .The IRILD (Infrastructure to support Research In promoting active Lifestyles and healthy Diet) Consortium has been contributing to obtain the following results: Methodological assessment and measurements for evaluation of vitamin B12 and folate intake have been extracted. Information on the validity and reliability of assessment methods were collected and all essential data for a toolbox have been prepared (task 1.1.1);A report on variation of food consumption throughout Europe, concerning a secondary analysis to estimate food habits variation by food groups in different European age-gender population groups, has been prepared (task 1.1.2);Methodological effectiveness of measures of PA and SB on children/adolescent and adults populations have been examined (task 1.2.4);Information on nutritional surveillance in Italy have been delivered for sub-task 1.3.3.1 (task 1.3.3); Systematic Literature Review on determinants of dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults to get an overview is going to be concluded (task 2.1.1). The IRILD consortium was financially supported by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture Food and Forestry Policies (DM.14474/7303/13).