Folk Speech Research Articles

Rural anthroponyms in the shchuchin dialect of the Voronezh region

INTRODUCTION. The study is carried out in the context of the anthropocentric paradigm and is devoted to the topic of “Man”. Nickname nominations and their unique characteristics are considered. The relevance of studying the thematic group is associated with the observed processes of decreasing the number of dialect speakers, interest in the study of folk speech and the importance of registering the information available to villagers to build a certain linguistic picture. The aim of the study is to analyze unofficial anthroponyms of the small village of Shchuchye in the Liski district of the Voronezh region, reflected in the local dialect.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The field material is used to study the names of village people, functioning in the sphere of informal communication in the Voronezh dialect. Experimental (survey and observation) and descriptive (description and comparison) linguistic research methods are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The rural nomenclature includes groups of nickname units, the classification feature of which is the method of nomination, motivational feature and the nature of the derivative base. The emergence of unofficial anthroponyms is associated with the established norms of village communication. The Shchuchin mosaic of onomastic units includes male, female and family nicknames. Male anthroponyms predominate. It is postulated that productive ways of forming names are suffixal, truncation and substantiation.CONCLUSION. The customs of interpersonal provincial communication are quite strong. The original village nomenclature of the Shchuchintsy, depicted through folk speech combining southern Russian and Ukrainian features, is presented by 100 nickname units and represented by 21 groups. It demonstrates the original linguistic imagination of rural residents and is important not only for the dialectal anthroponymy of the 21st century, but also for Russian onomastics in general. The study may be continued by features reflecting other characteristics of unofficial names and their motivational features.

Матеріали до словника традиційних народних промислів (гончарська лексика подільських говірок)

The article analyzes lexical material for the Dictionary of Traditional Folk Crafts. The proposed materials reflect the peculiarities and regional differences of the pottery terminology of Podillia. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that many problems of dialect lexicology have not yet been solved, in particular, a national dictionary of dialects and a dictionary of individual regions of Ukrainian dialects have not been created. The nomination of phenomena and concepts of traditional folk culture is poly-informative, and their fixation and preservation remain an urgent task of modern dialectology. The sources of the factual material are recordings of live folk speech made by the author in 12 (twelve) settlements of Podillia in 1998-1999. The purpose of the research is to review the history of Podillia pottery as a folk craft, as well as to present a fragment of a dictionary of pottery terminology, and to introduce a name to denote the realities of pottery into scientific circulation. The article uses general scientific methods of research: analysis, synthesis and observation, which made it possible to identify and systematize colloquial material; the descriptive method was used in the process of analyzing the vernacular speech. Special linguistic methods of research: questionnaires and interviews contributed to the recording of dialect speech, contextual and interpretive analysis allowed to identify transformations of the semantic scope of lexemes functioning in the live speech of speakers of Podillia dialects, linguo-geographical method made it possible to illustrate the habitat of the recorded names. The result of the research is the introduction of lexical material collected during the expedition into scientific circulation. The work on the dictionary of pottery terminology is planned to be continued, streamlining the previously collected vocabulary. Originality. Studying the cultural characteristics of Ukrainians allows not only expanding general knowledge, but also passing on the nation's invaluable experience to future generations. The vocabulary of traditional crafts is a unique basis for enriching the language, a part of cultural and social memory. It is also important to compile dictionaries, as the recording of traditional folk culture concepts is an urgent issue not only for ethnology but also for linguistics. Conclusion. The pottery vocabulary of Podillia dialects is a complex multifaceted system with a clear structure. The study of this vocabulary proves that in terms of area, it shows tendencies towards spatial opposition: some of the lexemes are not found in neighboring dialects (brashne, bohonok, vedrovyi pot, veselce, etc.). We see the prospects for further research in the continuation of work on the compilation of the Dictionary of Podillia Dialects.

Tatar Dialectological School in Kazan University: Origins, formation and development

One of the well-developed scientific areas in Tatar linguistics is dialectology, its main task being the study of the living spoken language of indigenous peoples, that is, local dialects. It studies the phenomena of folk speech that are not included in the literary language, conducts the scientific analysis in this field and determines the territory of their usage.For several centuries, consistent and systematic research workhas been carried out in the area of Tatar people's spiritual culture, the history of various ethnic groups, the characteristics of their language, their way of life and customs. This work, devoted to studying live speech, to recording materials related to individual subdialects and dialects of the Tatar language, to collecting factual material and its scientific interpretation, began in the first half of the 18th century. The scientific study of Tatar dialectology at Kazan University has a history of more than two centuries, so a wealth of experience has been accumulated in this area; the tradition of studying Tatar dialects and subdialects at the university continues to this day, being one of the most relevant and sought-after scientific trends followed by the Department of Tatar Linguistics. For the first time providing its systematic study, this article describes the formation and development of the Kazan University Dialectological School, which is the main object of our research. This constitutes the scientific novelty and relevance of the article. The study of the history of this scientific school in an educational institution goes hand in hand with the study of the scientific research of the outstanding scholars, who made great contributions to Tatar dialectology, leaving rich scientific and methodological heritage.

THE ARTISTIC FEATURES AND STYLISTIC EFFECTS OF TRANSLATION OF CHINESE AND KAZAKH PROVERBS

This study delves into the extensive body of research on proverbs in both Chinese and Kazakh languages. Scholars examining Chinese proverbs often approach the categorization and conceptual distinctions from three primary perspectives: 1) proverbs and sayings are grouped under the broader concept of "common sayings"; 2) within the concept of "proverbs," both terms are encompassed under "folk speech"; and 3) in translation, "proverbs" correspond to the Chinese term for proverbs, while "common sayings" align with the concept of proverbs as understood in Kazakh. Our research adopts the third perspective. Additionally, we explore the classification of Chinese expressions known as "歇后语" (Afterwords), which translates into Kazakh as "аллегориялық астарлы сөз" (metaphorical word). Unlike Chinese, where proverbs and proverbs are distinct, Kazakh language sources such as books, collections, and dictionaries often conflate the two, distinguishing proverbs with dashes and writing proverbs as a single unit without commas. Therefore, distinguishing between proverbs, sayings, and metaphors is crucial for accurate translation and understanding in both languages.

On Reconstructing the Mountain Mythonymy of the Urals: The Masters of Underground Treasures

This article analyses the mountain mythonymy of the Urals, i.e. names for supernatural anthropomorphic beings that guard treasures of the earth (minerals and metals) and aid (or interfere with) their discovery, extraction, and carving. Russian mountain mythology has already been studied by folklorists, but the linguistic aspect is only unfolding now. The material referred to in the article was collected during the 2020–2023 expeditions and retrieved from dictionaries, folklore texts, and fiction. The article mainly draws on the mythology and mythonymy of the Urals (as well as some zones of Siberia). The paper analyses the core nominations in the sphere of “genii loci” — mythonyms хозяин (khoziain, lit. ‘master’) and хозяйка (khoziaika, lit. ‘mistress’). The authors note that the images of the owners of the mountains and earth treasures originate in peasant beliefs about the spirits of natural loci which could have been supported by the corresponding mythological images that existed among indigenous Uralic peoples. In the Middle Urals, a mountain spirit usually takes a female form. The article traces the genesis of this image and explains its feminine nature. The authors compare the following two mythonyms: хозяйка (khoziaika) from folk legends and Хозяйка Медной горы (Khoziaika Mednoi Gory, lit. ‘Mistress of the Copper Mountain’) from Bazhov’s tales. The authors note that the widespread appreciation of Bazhov’s tales stands in the way of determining the direction in which the mythonym migrated (from the author’s tale into folk speech or vice versa). Хозяйка (Khoziaika) is the most widespread mountain mythonym which is found in the Middle Urals vocabulary and phraseology associated with the extraction and carving of minerals: коса хозяйки (kosa khoziaiki, lit. ‘the mistress’s plait’), слезы хозяйки (slezy khoziaiki, lit. ‘the mistress’s tears’), мастер от хозяйки (master ot khoziaiki, lit. ‘craftsman from the mistress’, ‘craftsman inspired by the mistress’), камень хозяйки (kamen’ khoziaiki, lit. ‘the mistress’s stone’), хозяйка зеркало разбила (khoziaika zerkalo razbila, lit. ‘the mistress broke the mirror’), etc. The legends of the Southern Urals more often feature the image of a master (хозяин). This may be explained by the influence of Tatar and Bashkir culture.

Похоронная традиция 50–60-х годов XX века в народной речи Воронежской области: этнолингвистический аспект

This article discusses the content of the funeral rite. The aim of the study is to describe, based on the recollections of representatives of the older age group, the tradition that existed in the 50–60s of the last century, reflected in the folk speech and picture of the world of the inhabitants of the village of Vysoky Talovsky District. In the process of writing the work, methods were used: survey, interviewing, observation, comparison, generalization, built on specific facts. The novelty of the scientific work lies in the fact that a rural funeral ceremonial of the family cycle is recorded and shown, which has not been previously recorded in any of the settlements of the Voronezh region in the presented form. It acts as a village mourning action. The ritual is represented through the depiction of the local tradition in the language. The result of the research is the features of the funeral custom, consisting of 23 interrelated stages, reflected in the South Russian dialect. It is concluded that the picture of the world of the villagers combines strong friendship, support in a difficult life situation, mutual assistance, mutual assistance of the villagers, following the traditions of their ancestors, respect for the deceased and his close circle. Collectivism and community act as the fundamental principles of organizing and conducting the ceremony. It is noted that in the 21st century there have been changes in the mournful rite. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that valuable information can be used in the collection of unique rituals that take place in small rural societies in the 20th century. At the same time, the presented data can enrich the materials of the project “Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects” (RAS), use the information when teaching special courses “Voronezh Regional Linguistics” and “Local Studies” for students and schoolchildren. The material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Драматургические опыты Л. В. Гарелиной в контексте «большой» литературы

The article is devoted to the introduction to the scientific circulation of the literary work of L. V. Garelina (1822–1885), an original representative of provincial women’s literature, a manufactory adviser, and an influential figure in the cultural life of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Garelina’s legacy is diverse and includes lyrics, drama, works for children, and translations: the writer tries herself in different generic and genre formats. The study of Garelina’s creative biography is of particular interest also because, in the urban culture of the 19th century, she was a rare example of a writer from the merchant class. This article examines the dramatic layer of Garelina’s legacy, namely three well-known plays with their variants. These works demonstrate connections and intersections with the works of Griboyedov, Pushkin, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Potekhin, and others. The article analyses specifics of the influence of “big” literature on a writer who is receptive and attentive to current trends: as a starting point and imitations/ variations, she selects not only significant social and psychological problems raised by contemporaries but also genre innovations (stage plays, for example) and stylistic moments (detailing, household and ethnographic concretization, the development of folk speech, etc.).

Proposals for unification and use of the Ukrainian national nomenclature for native and exotic species of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ukraine. Part III: subfamilies Lepturinae and Necydalinae

The emerging and development of Ukrainian biological nomenclature has a long tradition that dates back more than a century and a half. The Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles is found in scientific publications, starting from the middle of the 19th century. For the most part, these are names collected from oral folk speech. The stage of scientific construction of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature began at the beginning of the 20th century. Further development and use of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature was artificially interrupted for political reasons in the middle of the 20th century. We examined in detail this historical dimension of the Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles from its origin, development, artificial interruption to the modern need for its restoration, and also proposed a methodology for the formation of the modern names. This is presented in the first part of our study. In the first and second parts, we also provided a detailed Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature of the longhorn beetles for three subfamilies: Spondylidinae, Prionunae, and Cerambycinae. The other three subfamilies - Lepturinae, Necydalinae and Lamiinae are still not codified, and their Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature has not been developed. The current (third) part of our study is devoted to the unification and codification of the Ukrainian national vernacular nomenclature of the names of two subfamilies: Lepturinae and Necydalinae. Ukrainian vernacular names of taxa from these subfamilies are very few and scattered in a number of papers published over the last 160 years, starting from 1864. Such an unusual situation occurred despite the fact that these beetles are among the most common and recognizable in the fauna of Ukraine, numbering 79 species from 37 genera, 9 tribes and 2 subfamilies. Today, there is a critical lack of their vernacular names for use in scientific, technical, popular, educational and fiction literature. The main principles we used for the unification and codification of the longhorn beetles Ukrainian vernacular nomenclature: 1) only the binomial name of a specific taxon consisting of the name of the genus (noun) and the specific epithet (adjective) is suitable for use; 2) the names of taxa in the form of three- and four-nomen, transliterations from Latin, transfers from Russian and other languages, appositions, names with a hyphen are unsuitable for use; 3) priority is given to the oldest or most used Ukrainian names; 4) proposals for new names were made only if necessary. It was revealed that for the indicated subfamilies, only 24 taxa (19%) out of 127 have Ukrainian vernacular names. These include 17 species, 6 genera, 1 tribe. At the same time, only 3 binomens and 8 specific epithets have been considered suitable for use, since they correspond to the defined rules of nomenclature. The rest are unsuitable due to non-compliance with the criteria of the nomenclature. On the whole, we unified and codified 137 names of the longhorn beetles in the Ukrainian language, including 6 subspecies, 79 species, 1 subgenus, 39 genera, 9 tribes, 1 supertribe and 2 subfamilies. For the first time, we proposed Ukrainian names for 123 taxa of different ranks.

Studying of folk (dialectal) speech in extracurricular work of middle school

The studying of folk (dialectal) speech is important in the school course of the Ukrainian language, especially in rural areas, as it offers an understanding of the specificity of the Ukrainian language in its territorial expression. Awareness of the specificity of the territorial variety of the Ukrainian language will contribute to the manifestation of patriotic feelings of students, the desire to preserve the ethnic (territorial) peculiarity. The relevance of our research is determined by the need to study folk speech in the school course ofthe Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to develop the topics of one of the forms of extracurricular work (of a colloquium) on the Ukrainian language for the study of spoken language in secondary school. The research was carried out on the material of the dialects of the villages of Ulashkivtsi and Zabolotivka of the Chortkiv district of the Ternopil region. Research methods. The research was carried out on the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on linguistic methods – descriptive, structural. With the help of the descriptive method the factual material was summarized. The inventory and systematization of language phenomena was promoted by the structural method. Conclusions. As a result of the insufficient coverage of information from the "Dialectology of the Ukrainian language" in school teaching course of the Ukrainian language, the role of extracurricular work as one of the types of educational work is increasing, the purpose of which is to deepen the information from this course, as well as to explain to schoolchildren the differences between folk (colloquial) words and literal names. Therefore, students must understand the specifics of the manifestation of the territorial variety of the national Ukrainian language. For this purpose, the most optimal form of extracurricular work is a colloquium, during which the teacher will provide information about the types of dialectal phenomena, tell about the origin of the dialecticisms of speech, offer information about the vocabulary of the calendar cycle (middle grades), and explain the phonetic-grammatical regularities of dialectal speech (senior grades).

DIALECT PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES IN THE CONTEXT OF LEXICOGRAPHY AND PHRASEOGRAPHY

The article is devoted to one of the rather young, but already formed and currently the most popular areas of modern linguistics — dialect phraseography. Against the backdrop of undying interest in sustainable turns of folk speech and their fixation, paying attention to general and particular problems of dialect phraseography, in particular to the problem of creating and typologization of dialect phraseological dictionaries seems to be extremely relevant. The purpose of the article is to review publications on dialect phraseological dictionaries’ creating and typologization, systematization of scientific achievements in contemporary linguistics and highlighting the further prospects in the field of Ukrainian dialect phraseography. The objects of the study are the most significant publications devoted to the problems of phraseography: typologization; the subjects are the problems of creating and typologization of dialect phraseological dictionaries. The work uses both general scientific methods — induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, and proper linguistic ones — mainly a descriptive method. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that in this work, for the first time in domestic linguistics, an attempt was made to analyze and generalize the problems of creation and typologization of dialect phraseological dictionaries. The theoretical and practical value consists in attracting attention to the dialect phraseography as the most interesting and promising direction, as well as in the using of the obtained results in the further studying general and specific problems of dialect phraseography, lexicography and regional researches. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Based on the given data, the author concludes: dialect phraseography is an actual direction of contemporary linguistics, the rapid development of which is taking place against the background of fundamental achievements and basic principles of general lexicography and phraseography. The creation of dialect phraseological dictionaries is carried out with mandatory consideration of the components of the dictionaries’ typology — content, formal, functional, which determine their macro-, micro- and mediastructure

Preservation of the traditional culture of the Cossacks in the scientific and creative priorities of the Department of Folk Singing and Ethnomusicology of the Saratov State Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov

The article is devoted to the 55-year activity of the Department of Folk Singing and Ethnomusicology of the Saratov State Conservatory named after L. V. Sobinov. The focus is on one of the directions in the scientific and creative priorities of the department – the study and preservation of the traditional song heritage in the culture of the Cossacks. The author gives an excursion into the history of the study of musical folklore and the creation of a new specialty "head of a folk choir" at an academic university. The article highlights the role of prominent figures-folklorists associated with the study of the Cossack song tradition and the formation of the science of ethnomusicology at the Saratov State Conservatory – A.M. Listopadov, L.L. Christiansen, A.S. Yareshko. The article summarizes some results of the research, publishing, concert, creative and educational work of teachers and students of the Department of folklore research of the Cossack regions of Russia. The author also refers to the archive of audio recordings and theses with song notations in order to identify the earliest recordings of folklore expeditions to the Cossack regions of the Saratov Volga region, analyzing the musical, poetic and performing style of song folklore. When writing this article, the following art criticism methods were used – comparative historical (comparative) and musical-analytical research methods. Despite the fact that the Cossack song tradition has not been revealed in the territory of the modern Saratov Volga region in the form of a formed musical and ethnographic phenomenon, there are persistent stable indigenous signs characteristic of the Cossack song culture in local manifestations: both a set of song genres and characteristic musical-poetic and vocal-performing features of the Don Cossacks singing style: specific features of folk speech, diphthongs, word breaks, "entrances"-glissandings from below to the main sound, a special phonetic structure of vocal speech. Similar genre, musical style and performance features of the song folklore of the Cossack tradition in the recordings of the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century are found locally as residual phenomena. Later archival records in this region demonstrate the all-Russian late urban tradition. There are many reasons for this: both the influence of mass pop culture and the result of the lack of social ties between generations of different ages, continuity within the family, within singing groups and the "blurring" of the indigenous population by immigrants from different regions.

Поэтика человеческого общения в очерке К. Д. Ушинского «Поездка за Волхов»

Publicistics in all variety of its genres is traditionally perceived as a shaky boundary between the fictional imaginative interaction and interaction lit by the worldly life experience of the author / narrator and equipped by factual authenticity. In this connection it seems worthwhile to introduce into genre studies most meaningful fictional and publicistic publications of different (including really distant from us) cultural-historical periods, where one can find abundant data which will help us understand poetics of human interaction. My goal is to demonstrate one of the texts which extremely seldom attracts professional philological attention and which may be a source of genre observations, focused on the aesthetical (and ethical as well) component of spoken dialogue discourse. K. D. Ushinsky’s essay “A Travel to Volhov” (1852) is a remarkable collection of numerous specimens of Russian colloquial culture, casting light on the poetics of sympathetic and kindly human interaction which we inherit regardless of all followed global historic transformations. The essay contains many valuable specimens of Russian folk speech genre culture in their historically specific every-day interpretations and actualizations. The subject of our analytical research is genres of farewell scenes at the wharf, occasional confidential talks, arguments coming to agreement, unmalicious and amusing bickering, friendly mockery and mimicry, warm-hearted inquiries, public contrition, pilgrim’s confession, etc.

Паремии как источник экземплификации в испанской грамматической традиции XVI-XVIII веков

The study aims to present a description of the functioning of paroemias as grammatical examples in the Spanish linguistic tradition of the XVI-XVIII centuries. The analysis of the texts of the most notable works of the said period (works by J. de Valdés, C. de Villalón, A. del Corro, G. Correas, J. Villar, B. Martínez Gómez Gayoso, B. de San Pedro) is carried out. The paper provides examples of proverbs and sayings and their equivalents in Russian and specifies the grammatical provisions that they illustrate. The historical conditions of publication of the analysed works are briefly described. The study is novel in that it is the first in Russian philology to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the approach to the use of paroemias in the process of exemplification in Spanish grammars of the period in question. As a result of the study, it has been found that almost all Spanish grammarians of the period under consideration resort to paroemias as a source of exemplification, however, the approach to their use changes over time. Their function shifts from serving as a model of ethical norms or authentic folk speech and later as an element that adorns speech, to illustrating the entire richness of the grammatical structure of the Spanish language.

Пропагандистский дискурс в «Сказе о тульском косом Левше и стальной блохе» Н. С. Лескова

ABSTRACT This article revisits the sources that Nikolaj Leskov used for “The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea.” The research of the historical context for the creation of “Lefty” and of some previously unaccounted-for pretexts and sources allows us to assert that behind Leskov’s stylization and imitation of the oral speech of an ingenuous narrator lies a stinging parody of Russian propaganda literature of the 1850s–1870s. Leskov focuses on the representation of folk speech in this literature by the literary elite.

Ա. ՄՈՐԱՎԻԱՅԻ «ՉՈՉԱՐԱ» ԵՎ «ԱՐՀԱՄԱՐՀԱՆՔ» ՎԵՊԵՐԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆ ԵՎ ՌՈՒՍԵՐԵՆ ԹԱՐԳՄԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ԼԵԶՎԱԿԱՆ ԸՆԴՀԱՆՈՒՐ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳԻՐԸ ԵՎ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ / GENERAL LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF A. MORAVIA’S NOVELS “CHOCHARA” AND “CONTEMPT”

The subject of the study of this article is the general linguistic characteristics and features of the Armenian and Russian translations of A. Moravia’s novels “Chochara” and “Contempt”. The novel “Chochara” is characterized by the use of folk words and dialectal forms, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, as well as neologisms that describe the characters and the situations in which they find themselves in an extremely vivid, accurate, real and convincing manner. Unlike “Chocharа”, the language of the novel “Contempt” is in no way connected with elements of the language of folk speech; the literary language of the novel is distinguished by elements characteristic of bourgeois language and vocabulary. The structure of the novel seems quite complex from a syntactic point of view, but it is presented clearly and simply to the reader. Thus, we can conclude that the armenian translations of two novels of A. Moravian are an important achievement not only for armenian translated literature, but also for the new literary armenian language.

Володимир Отроковський – дослідник подільських говірок

In the article the work «Malorusskii hovor sela Kobilevky, Podolskoi hub., Bratslavskaho ujezda» by V. Ostrokovskiy is analyzed, as well as folklore texts and texts of oral speech of this region residents submitted to the scientist after the work. It has been defined that the researcher presents his own writing system, which will be used to accurately reproduce the sound composition of words and texts recorded in this area. In general, he used the diacritical signs specified in the preface to «Programs for collecting features of the Malorossiya dialects» by K. Mikhalchuk and A. Krymskyi. Folklore texts and examples of folk speech reflect to some extent local pronunciation features: у in place of unstressed o; strong р on the place of normative р’; form of genitive case of plural on -ый; form of the third person of singular and plural of the present tense and the second person of plural of the imperative mood on the strong final -т; non-reduplicated soft consonants: жытьа́ , попадьа́ , корі́ньа and etc. Recordings of songs, fairy tales and riddles are of great scientific importance and are a significant contribution to Ukrainian folkloristics and dialectology. This interesting material, which presents the main features of the Podillia dialect, can serve as a valuable and reliable source for studying the dynamics of Podillia dialect speech.

Междометия и междометные комплексы в пьесах А.Н. Островского

An analysis of the use of interjections and interjection complexes in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky was carried out, whose 200th birthday is celebrated all over the world this year. The playwright’s works significantly changed the Russian theater; ordinary people, representatives of the merchant class and the lower social classes appeared on the stage. They spoke the folk language, in which dialectisms, vernacular units, proverbs, sayings, and phraseological units were widely used. There important component of folk speech are interjections. They represent a complex part of speech with contradictory lexical-semantic and grammatical properties. Among them there are units with non-standard phonetic composition. Attempts to convey such interjections by means of the alphabet lead to the use of traditional notation, which very approximately reflects their real sound appearance (ugh), which becomes the cause of ethnospecific forms of transmission of such physical phonations in different languages, and this causes difficulties in their translation. At the same time, it is hardly worth talking about a special phonetic system of interjections, since the overwhelming majority of primary units (well, ah, ah, ba, wow, alas, and many others) consist of standard phonemes of the language, and their prosody generally corresponds to the prosodic characteristics vocatives and other lingual units. Interjections are widely represented in the texts of A.N. Ostrovsky’s plays. A significant place in the speech of the characters is occupied by primary interjections, with the help of which the author reflects the diversity of feelings and experiences of the characters. Among the most frequent words in plays by A.N. Ostrovsky includes interjections, well, ah. In almost all works there are also primary interjections oh, eh, hey, etc. Secondary interjections in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky is mainly represented by the interjectivated words God, God, Lord, used both independently and as part of interjectional constructions (God bless, God be with you, etc.). In many cases, it is not easy to draw a line between interjection and religious use of these units in the speech of characters.

Introduction of 19th century manuscripts from local historians of the Tobolsk Province into scholarly research

This article evaluates a monograph written by linguist O. V. Trofimova and historians N. I. Zagorodniuk and E. N. Konovalova. The monograph is the first in a series of scientific publications that analyze manuscripts from the Scientific Archive of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) regarding Tobolsk Province in the second half of the 19th century. The focus of the first book in the series is on the language used by the Russian population of Tobolsk Province. The linguistic materials were collected by Siberian local historians N. A. Abramov, V. V. Adrianov, I. V. Bednyakov, F. K. Zobnin, M. I. Kostya, I. F. Lisitsyn, V. F. Tveritin, and A. G. Khudyakov at the request of the Ethnographic Program of the RGS. The publication begins with a historical overview of the Russian Geographical Society and its programs, as well as biographies of the local historians who collected the linguistic materials. The main focus of the monograph is on “Materials for the dictionary of Russian folk speech of Tobolsk province of the 19th century (1848-1891)”. These materials, derived from eight author’s dictionaries, provide insight into the unique characteristics of Russian speech in various locations in Western Siberia. The significance of this research lies in the need to incorporate new linguistic materials into scientific discourse, as they are valuable for understanding the history of language. The novelty of this work lies in its contribution to historical and lexicographic studies, which are relatively scarce in Russian historical research, as well as its exploration of the local peculiarities of the Russian language in Western Siberia during the 19th century. The information presented in this monograph makes a substantial contribution to preserving and describing Siberian written texts. It also aids in the study of dialectal differentiation of the Russian language, particularly in the realm of secondary colloquialisms and in specific territories of Western Siberia. Additionally, it helps reconstruct a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary used during the latter half of the 19th century.

О некоторых процессах при формировании лексического фонда первого литературного языка славян: несколькословные номинации, фразеологические кальки, фразеологизмы

Old Church Slavonic language emerged in a narrow elite circle of bookmen. It is a literary language of the medieval type, and this fact in many respects determines the peculiarities of its lexical inventory. The lexical fund of the language consists not only of words but also of multi-word names, which are lexical units-designations. The method of nomination by multi-word names was not alien to the Slavic folk speech of the time, however, most of the Old Church Slavonic multi-word names were created by Slavic bookmen themselves in the translation process (mainly from Byzantine Greek). The appearance of quite a large number of phraseological calques with multi-word names in the Old Church Slavonic lexicon is due to the need of nominating concepts related to the adoption of Christianity and “medieval encyclopedism”. The repeated use by bookmen of phraseological calque in different translated works led to the phraseologization of this phraseological calque. The author assumes that the main and defining property of phraseologisms is the possibility of extracting them entirely by a native speaker from his memory (in the case of the Old Church Slavonic language, mainly by a bookman). Thus, Old Church Slavonic phraseologisms are the results of processes that could take place in the language both over the centuries and in the period of the first Slavic translations but from a synchronous point of view, these results are already built into the lexical system, ready for use by a bookman. This is the fundamental difference between “phraseological calque” and “phraseologism”.

Русская диалектная речь в условиях синтеза бесписьменной народно-речевой традиции с элементами письменной речевой культуры (на материале речи диалектоносителей-старообрядцев)

. The peculiarities of a new stage in Russian traditional popular culture, dating from the first half of the 20th century, when many dialect speakers began to read and write, require to study the influence that is exerted on oral dialect communication by written speech. Today, in dialect speech, we need to distinguish the features originated from the oral character of this form of communication from the unwritten character of folk speech culture as a foundation of dialect communication, and from the inclusion of written components in the language consciousness of dialect speakers. The analysed material is the speech of dialect speaking Old Believers from the village Belogornoe in Saratov Oblast; the object of observation is the peculiarities of inclusion of written culture elements into the dialect speech; the main research method is the text-based analysis of dialect speech. Literate dialect speaking Old Believers’ speech is typically dialectal – by its phonetic and grammatical structure, its lexical specificity, its communicative organization, as well as from the point of view of verbalized features distinguishing the dialect speakers’ consciousness. At the same time, the informants’ speech represents a specific synthesis of oral dialect communication features with penetrating elements of bookish and written discourses, mainly religious one. The interaction of the dialect speech basis with other discursive elements can be seen in the lexical composition of dialect speaking Old Believers’ speech, in the manner of coping with the inclusions from other discourses, in the functioning of heterogeneous language units, as well as in the forms of linguistic reflection. While remaining basically dialectal with its non-functional variability as a distinguishing feature of dialectal communication, the speech of literate dialect speakers is characterized by some elements of linguistic means’ functional distribution and by the strengthening of meta-linguistic reflection. The authors conclude that changes in dialect communication, connected with the expansion of literacy among dialect speakers, have a variable character. They are determined by the source of literacy and by the circle of written texts constituting the communicative space of a dialect speaker. The peculiarities of synthesizing written culture with the Old Believers’ dialect speech are a variant of the general dynamics of folk speech tradition.