Folk Dialects Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ ДИАЛЕКТНО-ПРОСТОРЕЧНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ В ДИАЛЕКТНОМ СЛОВАРЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЛОВА ЧЁ)

The problems of describing dialect and common parlance lexemes in a dialect dictionary are raised in the article. These problems are illustrated by the example of the word chyo. The aim of the study was to reflect the issues caused by the use of such words (and the word chyo too) in dialect speech in content, formal and functionalcommunicative aspects, in connection with general issues of lexicographic theory. The material for the study was the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, data from regional dictionaries. The identified problems form two main groups: 1) related to general methodological guidelines (justification for including the dialect and common parlance words in a dialect dictionary) and 2) related to the principles of describing such lexemes in a dictionary entry. Within the first group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) about the correctness of including dialect and common parlance words in a differential dialect dictionary due to their functional and stylistic attribution, 2) about the differentiation of speech variants of dialect and common parlance words. Within the second group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the spelling of header words, b) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words in illustrative material, 2) on the lexico-grammatical attribution of dialect and common parlance words, 3) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words in a specific context, b) on the definition of semantics of polysemantic dialect and common parlance words, 4) on the determination of the status and description of the combinations of dialect and common parlance words with other words, 5) on the reflection of the functional and communicative status of dialect and common parlance words in a dictionary. It is concluded that the raised problems determine approaches to the lexicographic description of dialect and common parlance vocabulary in dialect dictionaries. Dialect lexicographers should work taking into account active processes in live spoken speech and language, and rely on the modern theory of discourse. The problems lexicographers face require special training in virtually all areas of modern linguistic and lexicographic theory. Lexicographers have a high responsibility in making a decision that can lead to the overcoming of problems that have arisen when writing a dictionary entry, as well as to the emergence of new ones.

CREATING ELECTRONIC RESOURCE ETHNO-LINGUISTIC MATERIALS OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE

We analyze the steps of electronic dictionary creation, built on the basis of ethnolinguistic expeditions of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials were collecting in respect of ethno-cultural archaic dialect zones of Siberia, the Urals region, the Middle and Lower Volga region, densely inhabited by Tatar population. It contains the terminology (ethno-linguistic) dictionary with large amounts of live examples of the Tatar speech, collected in the expeditions. In addition, the created dictionary is associated with the electronic atlas maps of the Tatar folk dialects

Лексический атлас русских народных говоров: пересечение лингвистических подходов и парадигм

Лексический атлас русских народных говоров: пересечение лингвистических подходов и парадигм

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКАЯ КОННОТАЦИЯ В СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРОЦЕССАХ

The article describes the phenomenon of lexical connotation in the context of inflection and word-formation. The changes of connotative semes during modification and mutation, within the framework of affix word-formation, at the level of sub-morphs and stem allusions, as well as grammatical word-formation are analysed. The author proposes a prospect of considering connotation as a complex lexical-grammatical and word-formation phenomenon in modern Russian with the use of colloquial speech material, as well as non-literary forms of the language existence, including folk dialects and jargons.

МЕХАНИЗМЫ ФРАЗЕМООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ

The article presents an innovative author’s conception of the dictionary representation of phraseme formation mechanisms against the background of the existing domestic developments in this field. The used phraseographic resources are described. The possibilities of forming and structuring a phraseme-forming family as a unit of lexicographic description are shown. By the example of the “Complete Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Folk Dialects” ready to be published, samples of macro-entry rubrics are presented. The significance of this dictionary project for the theory of phraseography and the practice of teaching linguistic disciplines is emphasized.

Региональная специфика пословиц и поговорок: возможности репрезентации в сводном фразеологическом словаре

The article presents the possibilities of the representation of the regional specificity of phraseology in the synoptic dictionary on a broad all-Russian and inter-regional background. The main provisions of the concept of such dictionary developed by lexicographers of Saint Petersburg and Pskov universities are formulated. The research urgency is caused by necessity of improvement of the system of dictionary description of regional phraseological material. The novelty of the study is to identify the optimal lexicographic techniques to show the features of the component composition of dialect proverbs and sayings, phraseological activity and metaphorical potential of their core components, to reveal the mechanism of development of phraseological meaning and to explicate its regional component. It is proved that the complex description of national proverbs and their regional variants in one dictionary article will allow to reveal universal and specific figurative motives and structural-semantic models of phraseological units. Particular attention is paid to the construction of linguistic and cultural commentary in a separate parametric zone of the dictionary entry and the inclusion of cultural and historical information in the definition of the headline. The expediency of attracting foreign-language phraseological parallels in the etymologization of dialect phraseological units functioning in the areas of cross-border interlanguage contacts is shown. The author’s approach to the dictionary representation of the transformations of proverbs and sayings in folk dialects, modern speech of citizens and media texts is innovative, it gives the opportunity to see the results of the linguistic creative activity of the national linguistic consciousness in various socio-cultural conditions.

Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects. Vol. 1. The plant world / Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Slavic Studies, RAS; ed. by T. I. Vendina. Moscow; Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriia, 2017. 736 p.

The review is devoted to the first volume of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects (Moscow, 2017, еxecutive editor Tatyana I. Vendina), which has the subtitle The plant world and starts the thematic series Nature. The review discusses the structure of the Atlas, the principles of mapping dialect lexemes, and the types of maps that the authors of the Atlas have developed for specific purposes of linguistic geography. Dialect lexical material is distributed in the Atlas in several thematic groups: 1. Nominations of forest areas, including common forest names; 2. Tree nominations; 3. Bush nominations; 4. Nominations of various herbs; 5. Nominations of berries; 6. Nominations of wild flowers and medicinal herbs; 7. Nominations of mushrooms. This vocabulary, considered in the perspective of linguistic geography, reveals the diversity of the Russian dialect continuum. The authors of the Atlas have developed different types of maps according to their tasks and method of execution, so that lexical, semantic and word-forming similarities and differences of the vocabulary distributed in these thematic groups are correctly reflected on the maps and remain readable. There are lexical, semantic, lexical-word-formation, word-formation, motivational, and nominative maps in the Atlas. The linguistic material is represented on the dialect landscape by various icons: geometric figures supplemented by internal or external diacritics. When the dialect continuum turns out to be dispersed, the authors propose doublet maps that help achieve greater generalisation. The reviewed Atlas demonstrates the main lexical differences between the Southern and Northern Russian dialects or between the Russian East and West. The authors of the Atlas also note the so-called exclusive lexemes, which appeared as a result of borrowing into the dialect from the standard language or from other languages or derived from new dialect words and which characterise the Northern and Southern Russian dialects.

The processes of the morpheme formation on the basis of the etymological root *-poi-/ *-pei- in the russian folk dialects

The processes of the morpheme formation on the basis of the etymological root *-poi-/ *-pei- in the russian folk dialects

Константы мировоззренческого поведения в народной языковой культуре

The purpose of this article is to identify and to analyze semantics of the specific terminological system of people’s Orthodoxy from the standpoint of Russian dialectology and ethnic linguistics. The study substantiates and proves the hypothesis of G.P. Fedotov that Russian spiritual poems reaction at the categories of Christian theology is not outdated; they can be fixed not only in different types of folklore and everyday text, but also developed on the lexical material of Rus-sian folk dialects. The novelty of the approach to the allocation of ideological constants in the na-tional language is due to the following material of the study: dialect lexical units associated with the belief of the traditional peasant population of Russia. At the same time, not only the data of dictionaries are presented, but also unique data of the regional dictionary of national Orthodoxy collected by the author in the territory of the modern Tambov region. We trace the peculiar folk philosophy of word-making: reveal the semantic categories of mental spirituality that determined the individuality and sections of the vocabulary of the religious sphere; prove their influence on the formation of dialect data and their generalization into a single system of folk Church vocabu-lary. As a result, we reveal the possibilities of using ethno-linguistic semiotics to describe the vo-cabulary of faith and Church. The proposed categorical approach can become a universal scenario of description, covering the dialect lexical corpus of the terminological system of Orthodoxy.

ДИАЛЕКТНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ГОВОРОВ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛЬ СЛОЖНОСТИ ИХ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The monographic study Vocabulary of Samara Dialects by T. E. Bazhenova provides a full description of the region’s lexical system. Our article is a review of this book. The history of Samara dialects and the complexity of their formation, the unusual history of the settlement of the region cause objective difficulties in determining the typology of these dialects. When addressing the issues of areal-typological characteristics of Samara dialects, the author of the monograph points to a number of features of the lexical system prevailing in the region. Systematically analyzing the vocabulary of Samara dialects, T. E. Bazhenova identifies numerous thematic groups. Her identification is based on the principles and traditions that have deve­loped in Russian linguistics, in particular in Russian dialectology and areal linguistics, updated in such major scientific projects as Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects . In addition, the author takes into account the thematic groups that traditionally developed in the dialects of the region and reflect its specificity. Such a multidimensional approach allows a linguist to look at the vocabulary of one territorial entity as an integral continuum. Moreover, Bazhenova uses the principle of consistency not only in the identification of thematic groups but also when considering individual lexical units, their semantics and the relations in which these lexical units are with other elements of the system under study. The author comes to a conclusion that the lexical system can be an indicator of the аreаl-typological characteristics of a group of dialects. The vocabulary of Samara dialects clearly demonstrates the complexity of interlacing dialect traits, genetically marked as opposite and diverse. The monograph is an open study having good prospects for obtaining new results.

Nicknames of animals in “Dictionary of Russian folk dialects”

Nicknames of animals in “Dictionary of Russian folk dialects”

Vesna // Veshna: experience in the reconstruction of the root nest on the material of the Russian literary language and Russian folk dialects

Vesna // Veshna: experience in the reconstruction of the root nest on the material of the Russian literary language and Russian folk dialects

НАЗВАНИЯ ДЕТСКИХ ИГР В РУССКИХ ДИАЛЕКТАХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ «СЛОВАРЯ РУССКИХ НАРОДНЫХ ГОВОРОВ»)

By the material of “The Dictionary of the Russian Folk Dialects” the article considers the folk nominations of children’s games. It is stated that the great quantity of the lexical group “nominations of children’s games” in the Russian dialects is determined by synonymic parallels and diversity of folk ludic culture. Conclusions are drawn that lexical, phonetic, word-formative variation of the dialect nominations of games is conditioned by their belonging to different historical-dialectal zones and to the colloquial register of existence. Also, the analysis of the words in the group has shown: the folk nominations of children’s games are characterized by bright figurativeness, metaphoricity, semantic motivation (by actions, characters, objects, attributes of the game); in dialect speech, they are limited in the formation of grammatical forms and syntagmatic relations.

Развитие семантики скорости у глаголов физического воздействия (на материале лексики русских народных говоров)

Развитие семантики скорости у глаголов физического воздействия (на материале лексики русских народных говоров)

Ethnocultural Reflexes of a Language Border Zone in Regional Phytonymic Lexicon of Belgorod Region (On Materials of Dialectological Researches for Department of Russian Language and Russian Literature of NIU "BELGU")

The results of long-term field dialectological studies fulfilled of the Department of Philology of Belgorod State National Research University are presented in the article. During these studies the departmental catalog of the folk dialects of Belgorod has been collected. Regional and Belgorod region dialects pose a less understood layer in the Russian dialectic corpus. The term dialect is interpreted as a specific language formation functioning within the boundaries of the region and absorbing local speech features. Belgorod dialects and regional dialects, being a language type of a border zone region, despite its relative marginality in the Russian dialectal system, are a significant object of dialectological description and a source for domestic historical linguistics. Herein they are associated with the dialects of the territories of late settlement. Therefore the crucial tasks are to make linguistic and linguocultural analysis of the Belgorod regional and dialectal vocabulary, to identify and describe the basic lexico-semantic groups, to view the systemic relations within lexical groups, correlation between dialectal and national language vocabulary, to explore borrowings and their sources. This will allow speaking not only about different types of variability and synonymous relations between dialectal and national language units, but also about the formation and evolution of Russian dialects and the language as a whole. Often, dialectal phenomena are caused by the influence from outside. This is more peculiar to outlying dialects, which are affected by foreign-language neighborhood. At the same time, as a whole, dialects of Belgorod region are Russian in their base morpheme and by their origin and often preserve the language antiquity. Thus, at the Belgorod territory, there is a clash of different ethno-linguistic streams and traditions. In this context, plant world nominations are of special interest in the system of Belgorod dialectal and regional vocabulary.

Clarence Jordan: A Radical Pilgrimage in Scorn of the Consequences by Frederick L. Downing

Reviewed by: Clarence Jordan: A Radical Pilgrimage in Scorn of the Consequences by Frederick L. Downing David Stricklin Clarence Jordan: A Radical Pilgrimage in Scorn of the Consequences. By Frederick L. Downing. Foreword by Walter Brueggemann. (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2017. Pp. xviii, 310. $35.00, ISBN 978-0-88146-632-4.) Frederick L. Downing answers two questions in this book, one he articulates and one he does not. The one he does not articulate is the one of greater interest to historians of the American South: How did an ordained Southern Baptist minister who studied agriculture in college, got a Ph.D. in New Testament Greek, and became best known during his lifetime for translating the Gospels and the book of Acts into the folk dialect of the rural American South end up with an FBI file? The answer to that unarticulated question is found in the evidence Downing uses to answer the question he asks more overtly: What about this twentieth-century southern white minister caused him to depart from the behavior of so many of his contemporaries and spend his entire adult life opposing segregation and bigotry? [End Page 1054] The minister was Clarence Jordan, and the quick answer to the question about the FBI file, with myriad implications and spinoffs, is that Jordan (rhymes with burden)—along with his wife, Florence Kroeger Jordan, and some friends, Martin England and Mabel Orr England—founded Koinonia Farm in rural Sumter County, Georgia, in 1942. That act set Jordan on a path of direct and constant confrontation with the white southern racist power structure that kept him occupied until his death in 1969. Koinonia Farm was the manifestation of a dream Jordan and Martin England shared, an interracial, agricultural intentional community in the South. Its purpose was to demonstrate the practical but transformative effects of living in accordance with Jesus's requirements in the Gospels and to point out that segregation was incompatible with those requirements. From Koinonia's beginnings, African Americans and white people worked together, took their meals together, studied the Bible together, and, in many other ways, overturned the racial and class hierarchies that prevailed in the region. They took a great deal of abuse, survived firebombings, and attracted the attention of both the Ku Klux Klan and J. Edgar Hoover's FBI. The longer answer to the question about how that happened and what it means for Jordan's place in the roll call of southern religious figures leads Downing into Jordan's religious development and forms the heart of this welcome biography. Jordan's upbringing in Georgia, his Baptist training, his growing awareness of the hypocrisy of church members who tormented African Americans, and his dawning commitment to racial justice and reconciliation as a student occupy almost half of the book. Downing is a professor in philosophy and religious studies, and his expertise is in religious biography. He draws much methodologically from developmental theory, especially the works of Erik Erikson and James Fowler. To a great extent, this book harks back to the days of narrative theology, when writers such as James William McClendon Jr. used life stories to find theological meaning in post-biblical experience, and it must be acknowledged that Downing seems mainly interested in using and celebrating Jordan's courageous behavior to find the saving action of Jesus at work in an often-benighted South. The book is marred by an almost unusable index, and the notes include embarrassing errors. But Downing has found enough previously underused primary material on Jordan and used the secondary literature wisely enough that details of Jordan's life and context emerge that will be of benefit to those who wish to understand the religious and racial landscapes of the South during the middle decades of the twentieth century. David Stricklin Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association

Postrzeganie gwary ludowej w XIX wieku

Postrzeganie gwary ludowej w XIX wieku

Истинный интеллигент, или тонконожка: образ интеллигента по данным лексикографических источников

The article considers the language image of the intellectual on the basis of the data presented in the explanatory dictionaries, including the dictionaries of jargon and Russian folk dialects. It is noted that the uniqueness of the concept of “intellectual” causes the complexity of the dictionary definition. As a result of the analysis of definitions of the word intelligent it is established that in lexicographical sources there is no uniformity in interpretations: usually the word is presented as a monosemant in which meaning the belonging of the person to a certain social group is fixed, in other cases belonging to group and at the same time some personally significant qualities are specified. It is emphasized that in order to list all the qualities recorded in the dictionaries, it is necessary to refer to different sources, in which complementary information is presented. Summarizing these dictionaries, the author formulates three literary meanings, on the basis of which different images of the intellectual are formed: as a representative of the class of intelligentsia; as a person endowed with positive moral qualities regardless of belonging to a social group; as a person belonging to the class of intelligentsia, but possessing negative characteristics (lack of will, adaptability, etc.). It is shown that according to the materials of dialect and slang dictionaries the image of an intellectual can be interpreted in the aspect of the semantics of exclusivity as a person, for various reasons alien to the society of criminals and traditional peasant society.

Еще раз о рус. диал. тюха-матюха (тюха-пантюха)

Comprehensive analysis of the widespread in Russian folk dialects idiom tyukha da matyukha and its various variants ( tyukha, pantyukha da kolupay s bratom ; tyukha-matyukha ; tyukha-pantyukha , etc.) is proposed. The author reveals models of phrase-forming, describes the semantics of the idiom and finds out the onomastic status of proper name components. It is emphasized that in structural terms, tyukha-matyukha and tyukha-pantyukha are paired words (names). It is noted that mechanism of reduplication is involved in the creation of enhanced variants of the idiom. The author draws attention to the fact that the semantics of the idiom, among other things, includes an indication of a quantity that varies depending on the interpretation of a dialect speaker of its internal forms: as rhymed “nickname” consisting of a personal name and assessment-describing words, or as a combination of synonyms - appellative characteristics of people similar to each other. It is proved that from the point of view of etymology some phraseological onyms are likely to be appellatives ( matyukha , pantyukha ), while others are personal names, partially exposed appellation forming ( fetyukha , van’ka s man’koy , proshka, yeroshka ). The author points out that among phraseological onyms of both types there can be those which moved from one level of language units to another before joining the expressions ( pantyukha , van’ka s man’koy , proshka, yeroshka ).

Принципы и методы описания социальной лексики в идеографическом словаре

Questions of ideographic description and lexicography of social vocabulary are considered. It is shown that in spite of a considerable number of works devoted to the study of different groups of social vocabulary, a comprehensive description of social nominations is currently lacking. On the example of the analysis of nominations representing institutional relations, a technique for analyzing vocabulary is developed and improved in terms of the actualization of social semantics in linguistic units. It is noted that the relevance of the work is due to the comparative perspective of the study, since the vocabulary is drawn from different idioms of the Russian language: literary language, jargon, urban vernacular and Russian folk dialects - in order to establish discrepancies and similarities between the consciousness of Russian speakers representing different social, territorial and other groups. The practical significance and perspective of research consists in the creation of an ideographic description of social vocabulary in the form of an ideographic dictionary. On the example of the analysis of the nomination banderovets ( Banderaers ), the logic of the formation of new meanings of words not previously fixed by dictionaries and the creation of dictionary articles for the ideographic dictionary is justified. Application of methods of semantic, classificatory, linguistic-statistical, contextual, definitional analysis is demonstrated and also the method of ideographic reconstruction of nominative sets is partially presented.