Folin-Ciocalteau Reagent Research Articles

Chemometrics of the composition and antioxidant capacity of essential oils obtained from six Cupressaceae taxa

Essential oils (EOs) are complex and susceptible to environmental conditions, they have a wide range of biological activities and are often used to differentiate between similar species. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) coupled with chemometric analysis was applied to systematically analyse and evaluate EOs constituents and antioxidant activity of six Chinese Cupressaceae taxa (Platycladus orientalis Franco, P. orientalis Franco ‘Sieboldii’, P. orientalis Franco ‘Aurea’, Juniperus chinensis Roxb., J. chinensis Roxb. ‘Kaizuca’, and J. sabina L.) under identical conditions. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated using 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing power (FRAP), and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the EOs was determined by Folin–Ciocalteau reagent. In total, seventy individual constituents were identified with the main components being α-pinene, sabinene, d-limonene, bornyl acetate, δ-3-carene and β-myrcene. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) successfully discriminated the six taxa into three chemotypes and the unique chemotype revealed that J. chinensis ‘Kaizuca’ may be a species rather than a cultivar of J. chinensis. The results of OPLS-DA analysis showed that the three compounds screened, namely, α-pinene, sabinene, and δ-3-carene, can completely distinguish Platycladus spp. from Juniperus spp. The DPPH assay results ranged from 576.14 (J. chinensis ‘Kaizuca’) to 1146.12 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/mL EO, while the ABTS values ranged from 1579.62 (P. orientalis ‘Aurea’) to 5071.82 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/mL. In the FRAP assay, the values ranged from 1086.50 (J. chinensis ‘Kaizuca’) to 1191.18 (J. sabina) μmol eq Trolox/ml and the TPC of the EOs studied ranged from 15.17 (J. chinensis ‘Kaizuca’) to 39.37 (J. sabina) mg GAE/mL EO. The results consistently showed that J. sabina possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and can be preferentially used as a rich source of potentially natural antioxidants.

THE EFFECT OF MATURITY ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MUNTINGIA CALABURA FRUITS CULTIVATED IN INDONESIA

Objective: Cultivation location and maturity levels could affect Muntingia calabura's bioactive compounds and biological activities. The present investigation evaluated two different maturity stages (young and ripened) of Indonesian M. calabura on their phytochemical constituents (total phenolic [TP] and total flavonoid [TF]), antioxidant activity, and nutrition composition. Material and Method: The TP and TF were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and ammonium chloride (AlCl3). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS). Nutrition composition: total soluble solids (TSS) were determined by the gravimetric method; soluble sugars used anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric assays; and vitamin C established 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) titration. Result and Discussion: The ripened fruit presented the most potent antioxidant activity. DPPH and ABTS IC50 values were 28.38 ± 0.84 µg/ml and 29.92 ± 3.05 µg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the young fruit exhibited the highest TP (56.85 ± 1.08 mg/g GAE) and TF (8.45 ± 0.65 mg QE). Our findings additionally suggested that ripened fruit was a good source of nutrients, such as soluble sugar (SS; 12.34 ± 0.76%) and vitamin C (21.88 ± 2.73 mg/g).

Study of Total Phenols, Flavonoids, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities from Dioscorea hispida Tubers

The tubers of Dioscorea hispida Dennst., a Dioscoreaceae plant, contain flavonoid molecules and plant secondary metabolites that are antioxidants and antibacterials. In this study, the total phenolic content and flavonoids from the ethanol extract and fraction (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) of Dioscorea tuber were investigated for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Fractionation with n-hexane and ethyl acetate followed by diffusion with 96% ethanol. The Folin-Ciocalteau reagent measured total phenol at 765 nm, and the AlCl3 method measured total flavonoid at 440 nm using a visible spectrophotometer. The DPPH assessed the antioxidant activity, whereas the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined using agar diffusion on paper discs. The extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate exhibited total phenolic content of 33.02, 5.95, and 156.33 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Similarly, the total flavonoid content was measured at 20.26, 14.31, and 74.02 mg QE/g extract. The extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate of the Dioscorea tuber exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8.25, 7.76, and 10.30 mg/mL against S. aureus and 8.51, 8.31, and 12.05, against E. coli, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that the ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction derived from Dioscorea tubers exhibited comparatively diminished antioxidant and antibacterial properties in comparison to the ethyl acetate fraction. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited elevated concentrations of total phenols and total flavonoids in comparison to the remaining fractions.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Anti Hyperlipidemic Activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Male Wistar Rats

The current study's objective was to assess the antihyperlipidemic, in vitro antioxidant, and qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers hydroalcoholic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg in rats that were made hyperlipidemic by a high-fat diet. The Folins Ciocalteau reagent and the aluminium chloride method were used for the quantitative measurement of flavonoids and phenolics, respectively. Through phytochemical investigation, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and steroids were found in the hydroalcoholic extracts of N. arbor-tristis flowers. The hydroalcoholic extract flowers had a total phenolic content of 126.000 mg/gm, which was followed by flavonoids at 103.104 mg/gm. Hydroalcoholic extracts of flowers showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in vitro against DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging test technique. In this investigation, rats were given a high-fat diet as part of an experimental induction procedure. By lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels, the HANAT therapy and the medication atorvastatin dramatically reduce body weight. grew When hydroalcoholic flower extracts were given orally to animals that had been forced to become hyperlipidaemic due to a high cholesterol diet, the levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins were all much lower. The p value (p<0.001) indicated that the results were significant. The triton-induced study results indicate that animals treated with HANAT at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg had considerably lower blood lipid parameters (p<0.01) than the control group; however, the 400 mg/kg of HANAT group animals showed significantly higher serum lipid parameters (p<0.001) than the control group. Additionally, a higher HDL level was noted at this time. Keywords: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Physicochemical analysis, Antioxidant activity, DPPH. Antihyperlipidemic activity

Comparative antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities of in vitro-grown callus and wild-grown various parts of Piper longum L

BackgroundPiper longum L. is a tropical and subtropical medicinal plant that has been used as antidiabetic, diarrhea, stomachache, cough, asthma, and bronchitis since ancient times. The in vitro-grown callus from the leaf, however, has not been tested and utilized for any of these conditions. Thus, this research pursues to assess the comparative study of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities of in vitro-grown callus and various parts of Piper longum-grown in the wild. MethodsThe antioxidant activity of crude extracts and the fractions were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging assay, the antibacterial activity by agar-well diffusion method, and antidiabetic activity by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. In addition, the total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were calculated using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminum chloride complex-forming assay respectively. ResultsThe highest antioxidant activity (IC50=134.81±1.16 µg/mL), TPC (41.22±0.50 mg of GAE/g dry weight), and TFC (73.41±0.53 mg of QE/g dry weight) were obtained in the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of root than other crude extracts and fractions. The DCM fractions of root exhibited the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 5.0 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 8.35 mg/mL to the Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the DCM fraction of root showed the highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50=365.21±31.02 and 489.07±27.96 µg/mL) than other crude extracts and fractions. To the best of our information, comparative antioxidant (IC50=206.61±0.64 µg/mL), antibacterial (suppressed 80 % of tested bacteria), and antidiabetic (IC50=1165.15±15.63 and 1304.76±12.43 µg/mL) properties of the in vitro-grown callus were recorded for the first time in P. longum, and were found to be comparative to those of the wild-grown parts. ConclusionsThese results showed that wild-grown P. longum roots, particularly the DCM fraction, could be an important source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and antidiabetics for better curative uses than other wild-grown parts and in vitro-grown callus. In vitro-grown callus, however, could be used as a natural drug source and used to conserve P. longum in its natural habitats in the future.

Lipase Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Jombang Leaves Extract (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg)

Background: Obesity is a condition that occurs due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Lipase enzymes play an important role in the process of fat metabolism, making it a target in obesity treatment strategies. Jombang plant has been used for generations as an alternative treatment for various diseases. The main content of secondary metabolite compounds in jombang plants are phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the activity and potential inhibition of jombang plant (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.) against lipase enzyme in vitro. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening was determined by a color change reaction with certain reagents, while total phenolic content was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent spectrophotometrically. The inhibitory activity of 96% ethanol extract of jombang leaves as well as orlistat as positive control was measured by titration method and using olive oil substrate. The extract concentrations used were 125 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm. Results: Jombang leaf extract contains alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid and terpenoid compounds qualitatively. Determination of total phenolic content in 96% ethanol extract of jombang leaves was obtained at 12.69 ± 0.91 mgGAE/g. The highest percentage of inhibition was found at a concentration of 500 ppm which amounted to 103.85%. The difference in the percentage of inhibition in all groups showed no significant difference (Sig>0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that jombang leaf extract is able to inhibit lipase enzyme activity with the highest percentage of inhibition was 103,85%.

Exploring antioxidant potential and phenolic compound extraction from Vitis vinifera L. using ultrasound-assisted extraction

Abstract The research investigates the extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from grape pomace, a wine fermentation byproduct. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), varying parameters such as solute:solvent ratio, power, and time were utilized. UAE was specifically applied to Vitis vinifera L. using high-intensity ultrasound with ratios of 1:18 and 1:42 g:mL, 250 and 400 W power levels, and extraction times of 15 and 20 minutes. Total phenolic content was quantified via the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent, and total flavonoids were determined using quercetin as a standard. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assays, with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) for comparison. Results indicated a total phenolic content of 50 to 80 μmol GAE/g d.w., with no significant differences among treatments. Total flavonoid concentration ranged from 2.5 to 4 μmol QE/g d.w. Importantly, the solute:solvent ratio impacted antioxidant capacity, with higher ratios showing increased ABTS radical capacity. Treatment 1, with the highest flavonoid content, exhibited the greatest antioxidant capacity against DPPH radicals. This study underscores the intrinsic correlation between cumulative bioactive compound content and the inherent antioxidant capacity of grape pomace extracts. This highlights the potential application of these extracts as antioxidant reservoirs, poised for integration into functional foods and biomedical nutraceuticals.

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Water and Methanol Extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa

Background: Oldenlandia corymbose is a small perennial herb used traditionally to clear toxins, activate blood circulation, and relieve urinary obstruction. Objectives: This study investigated the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of water and methanol extracts of Oldenlandia corymbosa. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin contents of Oldenlandia corymbosa were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, Colorimetric AlCl3 method, and spectrophometry method respectively. The antioxidant activities were analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity (MCA), 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, and phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA). Results: The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin of the methanolic extracts were found to be higher than that of the water extracts. The DPPH, FRAP, MCA, ABTS and PMA for the water extracts were found to be 56.05 ± 0.1 %, 0.018 ± 0.002 mg Fe(II) equivalent/g, 0.346 ± 0.04 mg EDTA equivalent/g, 63.67 ± 0.6 mg trolox equivalent/g, 0.82 ± 0.03 ascorbic acid equivalents/g and greater than that of the methanol extract 47.26 ± 0.09 %, 0.009 ± 0.0001 mg Fe(II) equivalent/g, 0.198 ± 0.002 mg EDTA equivalent/g, 62.68 ± 0.7 mg trolox equivalent/g and 0.365 ± 0.008 ascorbic acid equivalents/g respectively. These results show that, though the methanol extracts contain more polyphenolic compounds, the water extract exhibits more antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The water extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa shows superior antioxidant activity due to the synergistic effects of its phytoconstituents than that of methanol extracts and can serve as a natural remedy for managing oxidative stress.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ficus septica Leaves from Sabah, Malaysia

Medicinal plants have long been used as primary antidotes for a variety of ailments, including tuberculosis, heart diseases, cancer, wound healing, asthma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, pharyngitis, etc. Medicinal plant of Ficus septica Burm. f. (Moraceae) is a subtropical tree commonly known as the ivory fig, septic fig or white-veined fig. The present work aims to investigate the antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and qualitative screening of various phytochemicals in aqueous extracts of F. septica leaves. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were calculated using Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride reagents. The antioxidative effect of F. septica was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Ficus septica was found to contain 27.32 ± 0.03 mg/g total phenolics expressed as gallic acid equivalent and 12.65 ± 0.00 mg/g total flavonoid expressed as catechin equivalent. In addition, the leaf extracts were found to contain various secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. The ability of F. septica to scavenge the DPPH radical was determined by its IC50 value. The IC50 value of F. septica was 4.45 µg/mL. Inferred from the presence of phytochemicals, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the plant, F. septica could be a potential addition to pharmaceutical products to improve human health by participating in the antioxidant defence system against the production of free radicals.

The Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Total Tannin Content of Methanol Extract of Simpur Air Leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa)

The use of metal mordants in fabric dyeing can harm the environment and health, so it is necessary to look for natural mordants that are more environmentally friendly. The utilization of Simpur Air leaves (Dillenia suffruticosa) as a biomordant is one of the efforts to produce a more environmentally friendly tannin mordant. D. suffruticosa has been reported to contain tannin compounds in all parts of the plant. However, scientific evidence of differences in the total tannin content of methanol extracts of D. suffruticosa leaves with various extraction methods have not been found so far. This study aims to determine the effect of different extraction methods on the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extracts of D.suffruticosa leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 755.8 nm with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. D. suffruticosa leaves are extracted by using three methods, namely maceration, soxhletation and reflux. Tannic acid is used as a comparator. The results show that the yield value of D. suffruticosa leaves extracted by maceration, soxhletation and reflux methods were 8.35%; 12.26%; and 25.24%, respectively. The total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves with maceration method is 0.15% ± 0.007; soxhletation is 0.18% ± 0.007 and reflux is 0.21% ± 0.016. Based on the results of the data analysis, the significance value <0.05 was obtained. It can be concluded that the extraction method affects the yield value and total tannin content of methanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves.

Selective extraction of maleic hydrazide in foods using magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and colorimetric detection via smartphone

Maleic hydrazide (MH) is a plant growth regulator, herbicide, and sprout inhibitor used to improve the growth and quality of certain vegetables and fruits, unfortunately, MH has genotoxic and carcinogenic effects; thus, MH residues in food need to be analyzed. Herein, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MagMIP) were synthesized by radical polymerization in just 30 min using a microwave for rapid and selective extraction of MH. The colorimetric detection of MH using the immobilized Folin Ciocalteau's reagent (FCR) on 96-well microplate via smartphone sensor exhibits useful sensitivity for MH with a limit of detection (LOD = 0.6 ppm) which is far lower than the maximum residue limits (higher than 5 ppm). The immobilized FCR was stored dry at two different storage conditions at +4 °C and room temperature without losing its performance over six months. The coupling MagMIP-extraction/clean-up and smartphone determination were tested towards food samples (i.e., potatoes, and carrots), obtaining good recovery (79–96 %), high repeatability (RSD 4.5 %; n = 10), and high selectivity for MH determination.

Exploring bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of twenty-six Indian medicinal plant extracts: A correlative analysis for potential therapeutic insights

The aim of the present study was to analyse the bioactive constituents and antioxidant potential of twenty-six medicinal plant extracts and their correlation for potential therapeutic insights. The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid (TF) of plant extracts were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau reagent and aluminum chloride calorimetric assay, respectively. The extract was used to determine the antioxidant potential using different assay including total antioxidant activity, DPPH, and FRAP. The methanolic Terminalia chebula, Aloe vera, and Curcuma longa extracts showed the highest (p < 0.05) values of total phenolic content being 39.11, 38.80 and 38.14 mgGAE/g dw, respectively. The Ocimum tenuiflorum and Aloe vera extract had the highest (8.12 mg/g) total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) as compared to other extracts. The higher FRAP value (mMFe+2/g) was observed in methanolic extracts of Cinnamomum cassia, Moringa oleifera, and Withania somnifera and lowest was in water extract of Zizyphus zuzube. Correlation study indicated that TPC was found correlated with antioxidant capacity of plant extracts (TAC, r = 0.670, p < 0.01; FRAP, r = 0.501, p < 0.01; DPPH-IC50, r = −0.664, p < 0.01). The methanolic extracts from most of the plants had much higher TPC and antioxidant activities. The phenolic compounds are a primary contributor to the antioxidant efficacy among the medicinal plant species under investigation for potential therapeutic application. Overall, the current investigation demonstrated that the selected plants are potential sources for producing bioactive principles capable of scavenging free radicals.

The effect of soaking of white and red varieties of Sorghum bicolor flour on its antioxidant, antidiabetic and physicochemical properties

Sorghum is rich in beneficial phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols, tannins, and policosanols. This study aimed to study comprehensively the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of red and white sorghum compared to soaked sorghum. The treatment process of soaked sorghum was carried out by soaking white and red sorghum grains for 2 h at 50 ℃ followed by drying in the sun for 8 h. All the sorghum grains were processed into flour. The antioxidant assay by DPPH showed that red sorgum flour (RSF) had the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 of 98.85 ppm, followed by soaked red sorgum flour (RSF2), white sorghum flour (WSF) and soaked white sorghum flour (WSF2). Meanwhile, for the antidiabetic assay, WSF and RSF had similar alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity as of 97.43% and 97.42%, respectively at concentrations of 1000 ppm. Total phenolic assay using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent showed that RSF2 had the highest content as of 5031.6 mg GAE/g. The physico-chemical properties of sorghum flour were also studied by proximate analysis, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy).The result showed that sorghum flour had good potential properties as flour substitution in functional food products since its good antioxidants and antidiabetic properties.

Antioxidant Properties of Leaves Extracts of Acanthaceae Species

The objective of this study is to determine the antioxidant properties of leaves extracts of 24 Acanthaceae species: Asystasia guttata, Ballochia amoena, Barleria aculeata, B. orbicularis, B. parviflora, B. prionitis, B. ventricosa, Blepharis cayaniense, B. maderaspatensis, Crossandra johanninae, Dicliptera effusa, D. paniculata, D. verticillata, Ecbolium gymnostachyum, Hypoestes pubescens, H. triflora, Justicia caerulea, J. heterocarpa, J. odora, Megalochalmyas violacea, Phaulopsis imbricata, Trichocalyx orbicular, Ruellia grandiflora and R. paulayana. The radical scavenging activities of 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total phenolic compounds of species were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Blepharis cayaniense has the highest phenolic compounds (995.5 mg of gallic acid per g of sample) while Hypoestes pubescens, and Ruellia paulayana (10 mg/mL gallic acid equivalent) have the lowest concentration of phenolic acid but less radical scavenging activities (DPPH) and reducing ferric power. Only Trichocalyx orbiculatus has the highest concentration in phenolic content, radical-scavenging activities, and reducing power. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of different Acanthaceae species exhibit unique medicinal properties.

Characterization and determination of total phenol levels of ethanolic extract of bawang dayak bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa urb.) based on variation in growing time of plants

Background: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) grows widely in Kalimantan. This plant can be used as a raw material for medicine and is known to contain phenolic compounds that have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The quality of the raw material of a plant determines its pharmacological activity. This is, of course, related to the content of compounds or active substances. One factor that plays an important role is the age of harvest, which can affect the content of compounds both qualitatively and quantitatively. Objective: To determine the simplicia characterization and total phenol content in bulbs of bawang dayak extracted using 96% ethanol, which were harvested at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 months. Method: Bulbs of bawang dayak are used in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months with several testing stages, namely organoleptic tests, macroscopic tests, and microscopic tests. Further qualitative analysis used TLC with chloroform and methanol (8:2) as the mobile phases. In the quantitative test, we used a UV-Via spectrophotometer with the folin-ciocalteau reagent and the gallic acid comparison. Results: The TLC test showed a positive result for phenol, which was marked after being sprayed with 1% FeCl3, a black spot appeared. The results of the determination of total phenol content in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months, respectively, were 59.196 ± 0.057, 76.596 ± 0.057, and 60.63 ± 0.2 mg/g GAE. Conclusion: The data above shows that the highest total phenol content is in the second month.

Phytochemical Screening, Chromatographic and Quantitative Study of Phenols and Flavonoids in Leaves of Oroxylum indicum and Pongamia pinnata

Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. The current study's goal was to identify the phytochemical components, thin-layer chromatographic profile, total phenol, and total flavonoid content in the leaves of Pongamia pinnata and Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) (P. pinnata). The well-known test protocol described in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents, thin-layer chromatography, and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids. By using the Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively, phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analysed quantitatively. Both plants contained glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenes, phenol, proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, according to a phytochemical analysis. Studies using thin-layer chromatography and various solvent systems revealed homogeneous spots with various Rf values. According to the findings of the current study, O. indicum and P. pinnata crude extracts are a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents that have significant antioxidant potential. The pharmaceutical industries, pharmacologists, and phytochemists will all benefit from the study's findings.

Chemical and Organoleptic Quality of Kombucha Tea at Different Fermentation Time and Concentration of Cherry Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.)

The leaves of the cherry plant (Muntingia calabura L.) contain vitamin C and phenolic compounds. High phenolic compounds have the potential to have antioxidants. Efforts to increase antioxidant activity can be carried out by fermentation using SCOBY. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cherry leaf concentration and fermentation time on the chemical and organoleptic quality of cherry leaf kombucha tea, and to determine the best treatment for cherry leaf kombucha tea. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which was arranged in a factorial manner with 2 factors. The first factor is the fermentation time with 3 levels (4 days, 8 days, 12 days). The second factor is the concentration of cherry leaves with 3 levels (1%, 2%, 3%). Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times. The chemical analysis of cherry leaf kombucha that will be tested is the total phenol content using the Folin Ciocalteau reagent with the spectrophotometric method, antioxidant activity with the DPPH method, and vitamin C with the iodine titration method. Analysis of organoleptic quality was carried out by testing the level of preference / hedonic test which included color, aroma, and taste. Determination of the best treatment is done by using the effectiveness test. K3L2 treatment with 3% cherry leaf concentration and 8 days of fermentation gave the best treatment results, namely 0.71, which means that this treatment is the best treatment with parameter criteria including antioxidant 109.77 ppm, phenol 9.42 mg GAE/g, vitamin C 22.92 ppm, taste 3.85 (neutral), scent 3.00 (rather dislike), and color 5.00 (rather like)

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata Flowers Extracts

Since the dawn of time, humans have used plants as a natural source for healing and remedies. Among these, medicinal herbs have gained popularity due to their widespread use and lack of negative side effects. The globe has seen a rise in plant study in recent years, and a tonne of data has been gathered to demonstrate the enormous potential of the therapeutic plants employed in many traditional systems. In this work, flower extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata from the Madhya Pradesh region of Bhopal were evaluated for their qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition. The well-known test procedure described in the literature was used to determine the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as the qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents. Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata both included alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, fixed oils and lipids, flavonoids, and phenolics, according to phytochemical analyses. By using the Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively, phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analysed quantitatively. The amount of total phenolics in the methanolic extract of the flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata was 18.23±0.16 and 217.00±0.916mg/gm, respectively. Flavonoids came in second with 164.10±0.52 and 79.33±3.511mg/gm. This research gave information that might be used to standardize and correctly identify this plant material. The wide range of phytochemicals found in the plant thus points to its medicinal potentials, which could be investigated in both traditional medicine and the drug manufacturing business.&#x0D; Keywords: Sphaeranthus indicus, Spathodea campanulata, Qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, Phytochemical analysis

Penetapan Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Daun Jotang (Sphagneticola Trilobata) Dengan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Phenolic compounds are the largest group of compounds that act as natural antioxidants in plants. One of the plants that has the potential as a natural antioxidant is Jotang (Sphagneticola trilobata). This study aims to determine whether jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata) has phenolic content and to determine the total phenolic content in jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata). Jotang leaves were extracted by maceration method using methanol solvent. The method of determining total phenolic content was carried out using Folin-ciocaltaeu reagent because phenolic compounds can react with Folin-Ciocalteu to form a solution that can be measured absorbance. As a standard solution, gallic acid is used which is reacted with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent to produce a yellow color indicating that it contains phenolics, after which it is added with Na₂CO₃ solution as a base atmosphere giver. The phytochemical screening of jotang leaf extract showed positive results containing flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids. Determination of the wavelength of gallic acid obtained maximum 653 nm. The results showed that jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata) has phenolic content and obtained total phenolic content of jotang leaf extract of 0.909 mg /g.

TOTAL PHENOLIC, FLAVONOID AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF THE METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PLANCH. EX BENTH

Objective: Parinari curatellifolia is a medicinal plant that possesses multifunctional properties. The aim of this research was to evaluate the mineral, total phenolic and flavonoids contents and some biological parameters of the methanolic leaf extract. Methods: The leaves were extracted with methanol to obtain the crude extract. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the method described by Harborne, 1999. The extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis, Aluminum colorimetric assay was used to determine the total flavonoid content while Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was used to evaluate the total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The mineral content was determined via atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, while steroids, anthraquinones and cyano glycosides were absent. The GC-MS profile showed catechol as the most abundant phytochemical and the identified phytocomponents were mainly polyphenolics, carbonyls, fatty acids and fatty acid esters. The extract possesses total flavonoid and phenolic contents of 13.46±0.02 mg/g quercetin equivalent and 58.43±0.15 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The extract exhibited a significant antioxidant of 84%. Concentration of the macro and micro elements were quite high in some cases. Na had the highest concentration of 42522.70±2146.50 µg/g, while Cu has the lowest value of 4.18±0.03µg/g. The antibacterial activity of the extract was comparable to that of the standard antibiotic. Bacillus subtilis exhibited the highest zone of inhibition of 29±0.10 mm while Salmonella typii and Kliebsiella pneumoniae gave the lowest value of 14±0.12 mm. Conclusion: Parinari curatellifolia leaves possess tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. It has high antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities.