Fodder Units Research Articles

Nutrient balance and productivity of crop rotations as affected by their structure and fertilisation

Purpose. To investigate the influence of fertilisation systems on the productivity of short crop rotations and the formation of the balance of nutrients in the soil. Methods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. The productivity of crop rotations and the balance of nutrients in the soil depending on their structure and fertilisation systems are presented. It was established that organic-mineral fertilisation systems formed the highest fodder productivity of crop rotations and the best indicators of the balance of nutrients in the soil. Conclusions. Application of N53Р42K42 + 6.7 t of manure per 1 ha of arable land in crop rotation provided the highest fodder productivity of 9.2 t/ha with an advantage over control without fertilisers of 3.8 t per 1 ha of crop rotation area. The application of conventional and alternative organic-mineral fertilisation systems was determined to be effective in row crop rotation: the productivity of crop rotation was 8.4 and 8.3 tons of fodder units per 1 ha of crop rotation area, respectively. Organic-mineral fertilisation systems formed an optimal balance of nitrogen in grass and grain and row crop rotations with the intensity of the balance of 94–95% and 100–103%, respectively. In the grain and row crop rotation, the nitrogen balance was negative at the intensity of 82–84%. In all crop rotations, the combined application of organic and mineral fertilisers contributed to the accumulation of phosphorus in the soil and formed a positive phosphorus balance at an intensity of 103–115%. None of the fertilisation systems provided a positive balance of potassium in the soil. The best indicators of potassium balance in crop rotations were formed by applying N53Р42K42 per 1 ha of arable land + by-products with a potassium deficit of 33–41 kg/ha of the crop rotation area and the intensity of its balance of 73–78%.

Influence of moisture supply during the growing period on productivity and fodder value of soybean

Abstract The paper presents the results of research on comparative study of seed yield formation and aboveground biomass yield of soybean in years with different moisture availability, under the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. It has been found that the maximum accumulation of both raw and dry aboveground biomass, crude protein and fodder units in soybean agrocenosis is observed at the stage of full seed (R6). The average values for maximum yields in the experiment were the following: of aboveground raw biomass – 24.8 t/ha, aboveground dry biomass – 6.82 t/ha, protein yield in aboveground dry biomass – 1 278 kg/ha, yield in fodder units – 3.68 t/ha, the contribution of leaves to the yield of aboveground dry biomass being 23.0%, leaves accumulated 20.0% of protein where its content being 20.9%; the contribution of stems to the yield of aboveground dry biomass was 36.0%, stems provided 11.0% of protein accumulated where its content being 5.8%; the contribution of beans reached 41.0%, beans ensured 69.0% of crude protein where its content being 30.1%. Increased moisture availability contributed to a significant growth of the yield of aboveground raw biomass – 1.09-1.19-fold, aboveground dry biomass – 1.08-1.15-fold, protein yield in aboveground dry biomass – 1.10-1.21-fold, yield in fodder units in aboveground dry biomass – 1.07-1.14-fold. On average in the experiment seed yield reached 2.54 t/ha, yield of protein accumulated in seeds was 1 008 kg/ha, of fodder units – 3.40 t/ha. Increased level of available moisture contributed to increase in seed yield – by 1.14-1.21 times, collection of crude protein per unit area – by 1.19-1.31 times, yield of fodder units – by 1.13-1.21 times. It was found that the yield of aboveground biomass harvested at the stage of full seed (R6) significantly exceeded the seed yield: in terms of dry matter yield – by 2.69 times, protein yield – by 1.27 times, fodder units yield – by 1.08 times.

Листовые подкормки при возделывании козлятника восточного на орошении

To strengthen the fodder base of animal husbandry in the Lower Volga region, first of all, it is necessary to expand the range of fodder crops and varieties, to optimize their nutritional regime, to create optimal conditions for their cultivation, in other words, to ensure the production of a large amount of valuable fodder in a relatively limited area, in this regard, the improvement of cultivation technology of eastern goatgrass is relevant. The purpose of the research was to increase the efficiency of cultivation of oriental goatgrass in the Lower Volga region through the use of mineral fertilizers and growth stimulants. Experiments to study the dependence of productivity of oriental goatgrass in the form of green mass on leaf fertilization with water-soluble mineral fertilizers were conducted from 2016 to 2023 on an irrigated plot with irrigation regime of 70...85...70 % NV by sprinkler machine “Valey”. In the experiment in 2017, varieties of oriental goatgrass Krivich, Yubilyar, Kazbek were sown. The general background before sowing was applied mineral fertilizers in the form of azofosk at a dose of N24P24K24. In each cutting in the phase of active growth of plants were fertilized with potassium monophosphate with and without a sticking agent at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha for one fertilizer. On average for seven years, the largest leaf area - 43.7 thousand m2/ha and photosynthetic potential - 7.87 million m2 x dn./ha of oriental goatgrass in the experiment were in the variety Jubilar in the variant of potassium monophosphate with a sticking agent. On average for seven years, the largest leaf area - 43.7 thousand m2/ha and photosynthetic potential - 7.87 million m2 x dn/ha of oriental goatgrass in the experiment were in the variety Jubilar in the variant of potassium monophosphate with a sticking agent. Also on this variant the maximum yield of green mass - 92.7 t/ha, dry matter content - 23.2 t/ha, fodder units - 20.4 t/ha and exchangeable energy - 1.62 GJ/ha were observed.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АГРОТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОСЕВОВ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР

The purpose of research is to establish the most effective technologies for cultivating crops in forage crop rotation based on their phytosanitary condition and productivity. The objects of research were crops of forage crops in crop rotation (annual and perennial grasses, grain crops, corn), cultivated using five technologies that differ in the intensity of nutrition backgrounds and the use of pesticides (extensive – control, intensive, high-intensity, organic, biologized). Research was conducted in 2018–2021 in a joint field experiment of the Yaroslavl Scientific Research Institute of livestock breeding and forage production – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology” and the Yaroslavl State Agrarian University to study phytosanitary indicators (the number and weight of weeds, potential contamination of the soil with their reproductive organs, the spread of diseases and the number of insect pests) and the productivity of cultivated crops using generally accepted methods. The research results made it possible to recommend perennial grasses for up to 3 years of use in fodder crop rotations in order to improve the phytosanitary condition of crops and corn in order to obtain high fodder productivity of the crop rotation (over 5 800 fodder units per 1 ha). For the cultivation of crops in this crop rotation, the use of organic technology using only organic fertilizers (cereal straw, manure at a rate of 60 t/ha for corn, green manure) is quite justified, since it helped reduce the abundance of weeds by 13.3–15.4 %, minimized the prevalence of diseases of grass and corn, reduced the number of insect pests by 9.7 % while obtaining an average increase in productivity of 26.8 % compared to the control and the absence of a significant reduction in comparison with intensive technologies while increasing the quality indicators of the crop and economic efficiency (profitability level – 132.9 %, return on additional costs – 4.86).

SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOWING ALFALFA DEPENDING ON SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The article presents a review of literature sources on the study of alfalfa productivity depending on the influence of sowing dates, mineral phosphorus-potassium nutrition, soil liming, pre-sowing seed treatment with bacterial preparations and modes of grass stand use when grown for fodder purposes. It was found that the change of photoperiod in the year of sowing was a signal in alfalfa plants to pass through the microstages of growth and development, which was determined by the length of daylight hours and sowing dates, regardless of hydrothermal resources. Observations showed that the crop reached the beginning of flowering phase (code 61-62 of the BBSN) at daylight hours of 14:53-16:12 h, while at 12:48 h it reached the budding phase (code 49 of the BBSN). Regardless of climate change, which has been observed for more than a decade, sowing alfalfa provided the highest productivity indicators with early spring sowing and long-term use of the grass stand. Over the three years of vegetation, its leaf mass yield averaged 47.03 t/ha, dry matter yield was 11.09 and 2.07 t/ha of crude protein, and gross and metabolizable energy were 204.72 and 104.52 GJ/ha, respectively. At the same time, with the recommended summer sowing date (20 July), the indicators decreased by 9.1, 11.5, 13.1, 12.2 and 11.7%, respectively. Analysing the agro-ecological resources of Ukraine, given the natural soil fertility, moisture, temperature and light conditions, they are quite favourable for the maximum realisation of the biological potential of the fodder productivity of sowing alfalfa within the yield of fodder units of 10-12 t/ha and 1.8-2.2 t/ha of digestible protein. Among the elements of intensifying the cultivation of seed alfalfa for the production of plant raw materials and harvesting of various types of fodder, fertilisation is the most effective factor influencing their quantity and quality. To calculate the amount of mineral fertiliser, we take into account the biological characteristics of the crop, its cyclical growth and development during the growing season, the method of sowing and the duration of grassland use. Regardless of the geographical origin of the seed alfalfa, for two years of using the grass stand and observing technological measures of cultivation (lime, phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilisers, seed inoculation), alfalfa provided the highest yield of crude protein of 5.83-5.97 t/ha when mowing the first mowing in the flowering phase, the second - at the beginning of flowering and the third in the budding phase. Mowing of three mowings of sowing alfalfa at the beginning of the flowering phase contributes to the effective use of the light regime of the growing season as the main factor in increasing productivity. Innovative technologies for growing seed alfalfa use growth-regulating agents of various origins, microfertilisers and biological seed treatment products to increase yields and dry matter quality for foliar feeding. The complex application of these preparations provides an increase in the yield of leaf mass by 16.6-18.2%. Thus, in the context of modern agricultural development, alfalfa is one of the components of reducing the anthropogenic load on the agro-ecological system and increasing the production of environmentally friendly high-protein feed and livestock products for the purpose of efficient use of hydrothermal resources and environmental protection.

Изменение продуктивности низинного выработанного торфяника в зависимости от минерального удобрения

The paper presents the results of 50-year-long research on the changes in the botanical composition and productivity of the sown grass stand, as well as the agrochemical properties of the drained depleted lowland peatland used in fodder production. To maintain the productive longevity of fodder agrophytocenoses at the level of 5-6 thousand fodder units per 1 ha of arable land and to recover the soil fertility of the depleted peatland, we require additional energy in form of annual application of a balanced nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer. Even a slight deviation from the developed fertilizer system causes the immediate degeneration of perennial mown grass stands sharply decreasing their productivity and the fertility of depleted peatland.

Economic and energy efficiency of perennial agrophytocenoses with the jerusalem artichoke participation in the Karelia conditions

The article presents the results of the research of cultivation technology of topinambur with perennial legumes and grasses in the Republic of Karelia. The highest dry mass yield (9.3 t/ha) has been achieved by joint agrophytocenosis with Helianthustuberosus L. in comparison with the control of timothy grass + brome grass + clover (7.9 t/ha). Inclusion of topinambur has increased productivity of perennial stands of grass (7.99 thousand fodder units, 97.0 GJ of metabolizable energy, 1.34 t of crude protein per 1 ha). On the basis of economic and energy efficiency, it has been proved that agrophytocenoses of topinambur and perennial legumes and grasses are the most economically efficient. The maximum value of the agro-energy coefficient in terms of metabolizable energy has been obtained in the following variant: timothy grass + brome grass + clover + topinambur.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH PEAS DEPENDING ON HYDROTHERMAL RESOURCES

In the soil and climatic conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, regardless of the influence of abiotic and biotic factors, high adaptability of annual agrophytocenoses of spring oats and spring triticale with seed peas was established during the growing season. It is important to note the response of oat and pea plants to changes in moisture supply and temperature during the growing season, provided that the biological characteristics of the crop are maintained, to form an average yield of dry matter and digestible protein within 5.81 and 0.619 t/ha over 24 years of observations, respectively. During the long-term research period, the sum of active temperatures was 874 oC, precipitation was 124 and the hydrothermal coefficient was 1.46. Long-term studies have shown that during the formation of vegetative mass by agrophytocenoses (May-June), the distribution of precipitation was uneven against the background of an increase in the average monthly air temperature, which was reflected in the yield of dry matter and its quality. During the 10 years of research, the highest amount of precipitation was observed - 159-204 mm. The most critical period for growth processes and crop formation was 1999, 2003, 2004, when 37-53 mm of precipitation fell with the sum of active temperatures of 762-880 mm and the GTC of 0.46-0.69. Over the past 9 years (2011-2019), the temperature has increased to 1021°C. Comparing the fodder productivity of binary mixtures of annual crops, it can be stated that with early spring sowing, the yield of fodder units and crude protein in fodder oats was higher compared to spring triticale. This is primarily due to the biological characteristics and duration of the vegetation period of the studied crops, which in spring triticale, unlike oats, the earing phase occurs 8-10 days earlier. The research gives grounds to conclude that it is agrobiologically expedient to use binary grass mixtures with different types of cereal crops in the raw material conveyor. The use of cereal crops that mature at different times ensures the production of plant material for harvesting fodder (green mass, silage, hay or haylage from dried grasses) between the first and second mowing of perennial grasses. In particular, it is also important to note that biological groups of plants effectively use agrometeorological resources during the stages of organogenesis, forming a sustainable crop with high quality indicators. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to predict the productivity of annual agrophytocenoses for the following years.

Biotechnological methods of growing sunflower in different fertilizer systems

Abstract The presented results of the study on the effect of biopreparations and different fertilizer systems on the formation of sunflower yield and productivity, determination of economic efficiency of sunflower cultivation under sharp fluctuations in climatic conditions through the use of biotechnology elements and fertilization. Growing sunflower without seed treatment with biopreparations under mineral fertilizer system provided an average yield of 2.93 t/ha, with an additional 0.31 t/ha of sunflower seeds. The organo-mineral fertilizer system resulted in the highest increase in additional production – 0.50 t/ha, and the increase in sunflower yield through fertilization system was the most significant, with a minimum important difference (MID05) of 0.11 t/ha. Seed treatment with biopreparation contributed to an increase in sunflower yield in all fertilizer systems: without fertilizer application, only due to the action of biopreparation, the yield increased to 2.82 t/ha; application of mineral fertilizer ensured a harvest of 3.09 t/ha of sunflower seeds; the organo-mineral fertilizer system had the highest yield indicator – 3.23 t/ha. The highest output of dry matter from the production was obtained through seed treatment with biopreparation and the use of organo-mineral fertilizer system, which provided a yield per hectare of: grain units – 6.47 t, fodder units – 3.56 t, digestible protein – 1.23 t. However, the most significant increase in sunflower productivity was observed in the organo-mineral fertilizer system without seed treatment with biopreparation. The highest indicators of economic efficiency of sunflower cultivation were observed under the conditions of seed treatment with biopreparation without fertilizer application, which amounted to 18,322 UAH/ha – net profit at a profitability of 91.5 %.

Agrophysical properties of soil depending on crops of grass field crop root summary

Relevance. The agrophysical state of the soil is essential for the successful development of agricultural production. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of grass-field crop rotation on the agrophysical, biological properties of soil fertility and crop productivity in the forest-steppe zone of North Ossetia — Alania.Methodology. The studies were carried out in 2020–2022 in the field stationary crop rotation of the in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the North Ossetia — Alania . The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozems on pebbles. Bookmarking experiments, phenological observations, statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted methods.Results. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the lumpy fraction under crop rotation varied from 13.34 to 49.45%, in the macrostructure — from 48.42 to 81.77%, for an aggregate 0.25 mm thick — from 1.77 up to 7.99%. By the end of the growing season, the proportion of dusty fraction under winter wheat decreased from 8.01 to 1.09%. The structural coefficient varied from 2.22% (corn) to 2.49% (oats + clover). Studies have shown that the studied soil has a good structure, since it contains from 46.0 to 66.2% of water-stable aggregates. On crops of oats + clover (average (0–30 cm) soil layer), the soil density was 0.95 g/cm3 at the beginning of the growing season, 1.19 g/cm3 — during the period of intensive growth, 1.22 g/cm3 — in the end of the growing season. This trend is manifested in all crop rotation crops. It should be noted that grass links are more productive, where the collection of fodder units (16.37 t/ha) exceeds the indicators of the tilled link by 1.98 t/ha. In general, the exchange energy of the grass-field link of the crop rotation turned out to be 2.17 GJ/ha more than the tilled one and amounted to 13.43 GJ/ha.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PLANTS AS A FACTOR IN ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOREST PASTURES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CASPIAN SEA

The article presents the results of an assessment of the chemical composition and nutritional value of the most common vegetation of various life forms (trees, semi-shrubs, perennial grasses) in the forest pastures of the semi-desert zone of the Northwestern Caspian Sea. The research was carried out on forested pasture areas of the Neftekumsky district of the Stavropol Territory. The basis of the research was the laboratory-field method. The twig-leaf and herbaceous phytomass of forest pastures, in accordance with its chemical indicators of organic matter content, meets zootechnical requirements. The maximum protein content is observed in spring in the woody greenery of Ulmus pumila (at the level of 18.19%) and decreases in autumn (17.4%). In addition, it was found that the twig-leaf mass of Ulmus pumila has a relatively high feed value (0.68 f.u., 8.5 Mj, digestible protein 62.67 g/kg) than herbaceous species and is a large reserve in forest pastures during drought or absence of herbaceous vegetation before the establishment of snow cover. As a result of the research, it was also found that during the dry period (summer) in the grass-grass and grass-grass phytocenoses, there is a low protein content (less than 10%) and a high fiber content (34.0–35.13%). The nutritional value of plants in general on man–made forest pastures is 0.25–0.68 fodder units, while 1 kg of feed contains 31.0–78.48 g of digestible protein. The fat content in the analyzed plants in the territory under consideration is small (1.10–4.23%), and the content of nitrogen-free extractives is quite high (30.44–65.2%) regardless of the season of the year. According to the content of macronutrients, a deficiency of phosphorus (P) was detected according to the norms. Accordingly, with constant grazing of animals in these areas, it is necessary to additionally include feed additives containing this element in the diet for the prevention of deficiency and diseases.

Effect of preparation based on the bacteria <i>Lactobacillus buchneri</i> on the productivity of clover and timothy mixture

Relevance and methodology. Legume-grass mixtures are a source of complete feed for dairy cattle due to good digestibility and balance of protein, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins. We studied the effect of a microbiological fertilizer («Naturost-Aktiv») based on live microorganisms Lactobacillus buchneri on the productivity and nutritive value of clover and timothy grass mixture. The study was carried out by small-scale field experience in the FSBI «VolSC RAS» (Vologda region) in 2019–2022, as well as in 2021–2022 in the production conditions in the fields of LLC «Zazerkalie» (Vologda region).Results. In the small-plot experiment we showed that under the influence of the microbiological fertilizer treatment, the productivity of clover and timothy grass mixture increased by 7–39% depending on the year of vegetation; the total dry biomass collection for 4 years of the study in the experimental version exceeded the control by 16%. Evaluation of the nutritive value of the grass mixture showed that the fertilizer increased the content of fodder units in dry matter up to 10%, also the content of metabolizable energy, crude and digestible protein, sugars increased slightly and the content of fiber decreased. In the conditions of the production experiment under the influence of the microbiological fertilizer the herbafe collection increased by 10–17%, dry mass — by 9–22%. The nutritive value of the total content of fodder units in 1 kg of biomass in the experiment exceeded the control by 6%. The gross yield of fodder units from 1 hectare of the field increased by 9.6 cwt/ha under the effect of «Naturost-Aktiv».

Hematological indicators of bulls and their meat productivity depending on the structure of the ration

The article reflects the results of long-term scientific research conducted by the department of animal feeding and feed technology on fattening cattle. The task of the research was to study the specifics of the formation of meat productivity by the body of bulls of the Volyn meat breed, depending on the level of feeding, which, under the same type of ration, fully meets the animal's need for nutrients, in particular, in dry matter, available energy, the fractional composition of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and biologically active substances. The question of the organization of full-fledged nutrition of livestock of specialized meat breeds with the same type of feeding all year round using hay-type monoforage is relevant, especially in the practice of fattening young animals, with the aim of obtaining veal meat and young beef. This type of fodder according to the recipe proposed by us is produced at the “Pchany-Dеnkovich” farm. More complex fodder mixtures of three, four and five components have also been developed, based on the principle of field-made compound feed, which has received the name grain hay. Rations of this type do not require the use of concentrated feed when fattening livestock. This is exactly the approach reflected in the materials of the scientific and practical publication on the intensity of the functional growth processes of muscle tissue without excess fat. The data obtained in our research allow us to conclude that there is a direct relationship between the total protein content in muscle tissue and the nutritional qualities of the forage in the ration. Monofeed components such as grain of corn cobs of milk-wax maturity and soybean pods provide a relatively high protein content in the feed, which ensured high average daily gains in live weight with a limited amount of concentrates. The control slaughter of bulls at the end of the experiment showed that the average pre-slaughter live weight was at the level of 541–501 kg. The slaughter yield of the carcass had a direct dependence on the structure of the ration with a slight intergroup difference, which was within 0.8–1.2 % in relation to the first group, whose ration compensated the animals' need for energy and protein due to concentrates and was usually more expensive. Therefore, the replacement of part of the concentrates in terms of nutrition of the second and third groups does not lead to a significant negative impact on the morphological composition of the carcasses, which gives reason to assert the effectiveness of such rations. The conducted studies on fattening bulls of the Volyn beef breed allow us to state that the harvesting of monoforage (corn-soybean) of the hay type, the nutritional value of which is more than 0.5 fodder unit, which contains a sufficient amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts, ensures high average daily gains in live weight and has a positive effect on the quality indicators of young beef meat. The production of this type of fodder allows to produce 78.1–99.8 hundredweights of fodder unit from 1 ha of fodder area and 6.1–13.9 hundredweights of digestible protein and makes it possible to reduce the consumption of concentrated feed in the structure of the rations of fattening animals.

Productivity of corn Ross 140 depending on the level of the chemicalization of zonal soils of the republic of Tatarstan

It is known that one and the same corn plant material can be used to produce silage, cornage, milled grain, or grain for fodder. Each of them contains completely different amounts of nutrients and a wide range of gross yield of fodder units. The results of the research show the direct dependence of the choice of corn use on zonal features of the soil cover and the existing level of chemicalization of agricultural formations of the Republic of Tatarstan, which are considered in detail in this paper. Thus, in order to produce the ploughed grain or corn with the gross harvest of fodder units 7.94–8.82 t/ha and profitability of 78.7% on leached chernozems, which account for 38% of soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is recommended to cultivate corn using the complex application of agromeliorants and calculated norms of mineral fertilizers. Liming of acidic dark gray and gray forest soils with phosphorite and zeolite application in combination with NPK provides increase in gross harvest of fodder units of corn silage from 4.22 to 6.13 and 3.34 to 5.86 t/ha respectively. The high efficiency of agrochemicals application on corn crops and forage harvesting of different types of fodder taking into account zonal features of soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan is also confirmed by economic indicators. The profitability of production of rolled grain reaches the maximum value (78.8%) in the variant with liming and phosphating of leached chernozem combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in rates calculated for obtaining the planned 35 t/ha of green mass. At the same time, on dark gray and gray forest soils as the yield of green mass increases under the influence of agromeliorants the total costs of silage production increases by 13.1 and 16.5 thousand rubles/ha compared with the control variants of the experiment (without agrochemicals). However, the costs of production of 1 000 fodder units are reduced to 9.9 and 10.4 thousand rubles respectively, provided that the sale price is about14 thousand rubles.

Screening of the mogar collection samples according to productivity and biochemical composition of biomass

In the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, mogar is a promising fodder crop. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to identify promising samples for the development of new varieties that would meet the requirements of domestic agricultural producers. The paper has presented the estimation results of the mogar varieties of the VIR genetic resources collection according to morphometric parameters, productivity, and nutritional value of aboveground biomass. The study was carried out in the department of perennial and annual grasses of the FSB-SI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo” in 2021–2022. The objects of study were 36 mogar varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. Based on the estimation results of the initial material of mogar, ther have been identified the promising samples for further introduction in the breeding process to increase the values of individual traits, since it is advisable to use the following samples to improve the biochemical composition of the biomass, as k-1356 (Russia), k-1745 (Bulgaria), k-1748 (Bulgaria), k-1775 (Romania) to increase the content of crude protein (> 7.50 %); k-63 (USA), k-80 (USA), k-336 (Morocco), k-1854 (Hungary), k-1877 (the USA) to increase crude fat> 3.00% ; k-1356 (Russia), k-1850 (Hungary), k-1833 (China), Asket (st) (Russia) to increase crude ash >10.00%. The varieties k-605 (China), k-1027 (Kazakhstan), Atlant (Russia) are found promising for breeding work for high yields of aboveground biomass >20.00 t/ha. The studied mogar varieties k-336, k-605, k-993, k-1027, k-1726 according to the collection of fodder units per hectare exceeded the standard variety from 1.2 to 12.9 %. The highest gross energy yield per unit area, exceeding the indicator of the standard variety, was established for the varieties k-336 (Morocco), k-605 (China), k-993 (Romania), k-1027 (Kazakhstan), k-1726 (Canada), k-1775 (Romania).

Анализ состояния и перспективы развития кормопроизводства в Удмуртской Республике

Abstract. The purpose of the research is based on the analysis the state of dairy cattle breeding and fodder production in the Udmurt Republic, to give recommendations for improving the supply of fodder for domestic production. Methods. The state of dairy cattle breeding and fodder production in the Udmurt Republic was assessed according to the statistical data of the Territorial authority of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Udmurt Republic and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Udmurt Republic for 1990-2021. The fodder productivity of promising species and varieties of perennial grasses was analyzed based on the results of studies conducted at the Udmurt Federal Research Center of the UB RAS. Scientific novelty. A comprehensive analysis of the number of cattle, gross milk yield, sown areas of fodder crops and their gross harvest in the Udmurt Republic was carried out. Results. During the study period, the number of cattle decreased from 592.2 to 336.8 thousand heads, including cows - from 269.2 to 134.5 thousand heads. Milk production increased from 434.6 thousand tons in 2005 to 924.0 thousand tons in 2021. During the study period, the area of arable land decreased from 1233.6 to 917.4 thousand hectares. Forage crops occupied 55.7-62.3% in the structure of sown areas, the largest area of 567.5 thousand hectares was noted in 2005. The area of fodder crops in 2021 amounted to only 423.5 thousand hectares. An analysis of the fodder production development in the Udmurt Republic indicates the potential for increasing milk production to 1.2 million tons, the number of cows – up to 140 thousand heads. The production of fodder units on arable land should be at least 11 million tons to ensure the increased livestock and its productivity. Also, the area of fodder crops should be increased to 650,000 ha. It is necessary to pay more attention to the introduction of new types and varieties of fodder crops, increasing their yields, and the quality of the fodder produced.

Agroecological assessment of short crop rotation on sod-podzolic soil

In the conditions of drained lands with unsatisfactory work of reclamation systems, in the Polissia zone it became possible to grow commercially attractive crops, in particular, such as winter rapeseed and corn for grain. A short-rotation crop rotation was analyzed: lupine — winter rapeseed — winter rye — corn, on the basis of which various variants of the fertilization system were studied, including by replacing litter manure with siderate and by-products of all crops in combination with the recommended for the zone and increased (intensive) mineral norms fertilizers. The goal of the task was to determine the optimal agrochemical support for grain crop rotation to obtain stable crop productivity and preserve soil fertility. It was noted that during the 2016–2020 research, during the growing season of agricultural crops, the reserves of productive moisture in the meter-long layer of drained sod-podzolic sandy soil decreased to 60–80 mm, that is, to a critical level. It was established that the overall productivity of the crop rotation depended on its saturation with corn, the grain yield of which was 6.01–7.13 t/ha on average over 5 years at different levels of organic and mineral nutrition. The highest yield of grain and fodder units from 1 ha of crop rotation area (4.23 and 4.52 tons, respectively) was obtained when by-products were applied together with an increased rate of mineral fertilizers (N67P84K91). It was established that the replacement of litter manure with the by-products of grain, leguminous and oilseed crops as an organic fertilizer, together with the use of the recommended (N45P56K61) and increased (N67P84K91) mineral fertilizer rates, does not reduce the productivity of crop rotation, ensures a deficit-free nitrogen balance and the annual accumulation of humus in the amount of 320 and 440 kg, respectively, which guarantees extended reproduction and increased soil fertility.

The contribution of perennial fodder crops to the nitrogen balance of agroecosystems in Western Siberia

The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha. The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P60N60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control.

The relationship of selenium with the productivity of young cattle

During the scientific-economic experiment young cattle of the dairy and post-dairy period of growing of the 1st control group (C-) were fed with the basic diet (BD), whereas calves of the 2nd experimental group (C+) with BD feeding additional premix containing sodium selenite (0,30 mg Se per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) of a diet). Animals of the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups (E100, E75, E50) were fed additional 0.30, 0.22 and 0.15 mg Se per 1 kg DM of diet in the form of proteinate. On average over the period of the experiment the total average daily gain (ADG) of body weight of calves in experimental groups was 719; 736; 781; 710 g or 6.8; 9.4; 16; 5.5% more compared to control. Calves from groups E100 and E75 fed 0.30 and 0.22 mg Se used 8.60, 13.75% and 8.56, 13.79% less energy fodder units (EFU) and digestible protein (DP) per 1 kg body weight gain compared to the control group (C-). The animals in the 3rd and 4th experimental groups fed 0.30 and 0.22 mg Se per 1 kg of diet had better digestible dry matter - by 3.18 and 3.92% (p<0.1), organic matter by 1.81% (p<0.1), and 3.64% (p<0.05), protein by 3.93 and 4.01% (p<0.1), fat by 1.02 and 1.80%, fibre by 1.01 and 2.79% (p<0.01), BEV by 1.91 (p<0.1) and 2.05% compared to control. Feeding calves of experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 with various levels of selenium proteinate promoted the increase of selenium concentration in hair (p<0,05) and blood serum (p>0,05) with decrease of Se removal with faeces (p<0,01, E75 vs C-) . In the experimental groups of calves calculation of conditional realization of the additionally gained live weight gain showed a higher level of gain compared to the control by 1481; 2008; 3468,5 and 1200 RUB per head respectively for the period of the experiment.

Урожайність і продуктивність п’ятипільних сівозмін за органо-мінеральної системи інтенсифікації в умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу України

Goal. To study the influence of precursors and the organo-mineral fertilizer system on the productivity and economic efficiency of growing crops in a short 5-field crop rotation in conditions of insufficient moisture in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Long-term field–for determination of the interaction of research objects with natural and agrotechnical factors; laboratory–for determination of the content of the main nutrients in soil and plants, the chemical composition of grain; calculation and comparison–for determination of the economic efficiency of growing crops in a 5-field crop rotation using the organo-mineral fertilizer system; statistical and mathematical — for carrying out dispersion analysis and for statistical processing of research results. Results. It is proved that in conditions of unstable moisture in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe, a 5-field crop rotation saturated with grain crops with 80% and 20% of sunflower (peas — winter wheat — sunflower — spring barley — corn for grain) is highly productive and rational under the organo-mineral fertilizer system, which involves the application of N54P56K62 + by-products of the predecessor per 1 ha of crop rotation area. Such a crop rotation on average for 2016–2020 provided a yield of grain in the range of 4.09–9.08 t/ha, and sunflower — 3.91 t/ha. Productivity of the crop rotation area by collection from 1 ha in a 5-field crop rotation was: grain — 5.07 tons, fodder units — 9.37, digestible protein — 0.79 tons. The economic efficiency of growing field crops in a 5-field crop rotation depended on the crop rotation factor, fertilizer system, and predecessors, the conditional net profit was UAH 6.86–24.93 thousand/ha with a profitability of 50–176%. Conclusions. It is established that corn (9.08 t/ha) provided a high grain yield when placed after winter wheat. The yield of sunflower seeds was at the level of 3.91 t/ha with a high content of fat (45.6%) and protein (19.6%) for the highest net profit of UAH 24.93 thousand/ha and profitability level of 176%.