Foam Box Research Articles

Compare the Temperature Efficiency of Cabinets Made of Foam and Paper

At present, social waste has increased significantly, especially foam and paper wasteLaboratory teaching involves real laboratory equipment so that students are motivated to learn and have real-life experiences from such lessons. Comparison of heat storage efficiency of incubators made of foam and cardboard. There is a purpose To Assess the temperature and humidity passed into foam and cardboard boxes; (2) To Compare the temperature storage efficiency of incubators made of foam and cardboard.The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the thermal and moisture resistance of foam boxes and paper boxes and to compare the storage efficiency of custom-made incubators using foam boxes and paper boxes.he experiments were performed on 4 levels of temperature and 4 levels of humidity. The experiments were performed on 30 levels of data. The data were analyzed with the Independent Simple T-test at 95% confidence level From the test results of the insulation capacity of the incubator made of foam boxes and paper boxes, it was found that: When the outer surface of the incubator is heated, the temperature of the outer surface changes rapidly, causing heat to begin to accumulate inside the material continuously from the test results of the heat capacity of the incubator made of foam box and paper carton, it was found that: When the outer surface of the incubator is heated, the temperature of the incubator will change rapidly, the heat will start to accumulate inside the material, considering the air temperature in the daytime 28.8, 29.2, 29.5, 33.1 °C the temperature in the test box made of the foam box will change29, 29.4, 29.7, 33.3 °C Respectively the temperature inside the test box made of paper gas will change28.9, 29.3, 29.6, 33.2 °C the time to collect the temperature of both test boxes when testing between temperature changes but It was found that the test box made of paper can hold the temperature in 211,667 seconds and the test box made of foam can record the temperature in 180,997 seconds (P-value<0.05).Incubator made of foam box when the temperature inside the cabinet has an average internal humidity of 48.789%, when the average humidity is 48.012%; the incubator is made of paper gas when the average humidity is 52.515%.and when the temperature inside the temple reached an average relative humidity of 53.737%. (P-value<0.05).

High sensitivity metasurface sensor for estimating the complex permittivity of ionic liquids

In this paper, a sensor based on a metasurface structure for the complex permittivity of ionic liquids is designed. The structure consists of an F4B substrate with a metal resonance pattern, and a polystyrene foam box is used to contain the ionic liquids to achieve non-contact measurements. The simulation results show that without the presence of the ionic liquids, the sensor can achieve a significant reflection spectrum depth of −37 dB at 11.2 GHz, after adding the ionic liquids, the sensor can generate different responses depending on the types of ionic liquids in the frequency range of 8–9.3 GHz. Furthermore, by employing a characteristic matrix model inversion based on the relationships between the complex permittivity, resonance frequency, and quality factor variations, the standard deviations of the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity for seven ionic liquids are estimated to be 0.18 and 0.3, respectively. The estimated results show a good agreement with the standard values obtained from probe measurements. The sensor designed in this paper features a small size, simple structure, and low fabrication cost. With a volume of 0.216 milliliters of the sample, it achieves a high sensitivity of 462.87 MHz/ԑ′and frequency detection resolution of 391.57 MHz/ԑ′. It demonstrates excellent discriminatory detection capability for ionic liquids, providing a new direction for the application research of metasurfaces.

Packaging performance evaluation and freshness intelligent prediction modeling in grape transportation

Vibrations during transportation inevitably lead to mechanical damage, endangering grape freshness and directly impacting their economic worth. While adequate packaging serves as a viable solution, current studies on packaging efficacy lack depth. Moreover, conventional methods for forecasting fruit freshness fail to accommodate the varying freshness levels of grapes across different packaging techniques. Consequently, a novel approach for predicting fruit freshness leveraging multi-sensing technology and machine learning algorithms is introduced. By reasonably evaluating packaging performance, the automation, intelligence, and accuracy of fruit freshness prediction are enhanced. Initially, critical control points in grape supply chain logistics were scrutinized using the HACCP method to identify key environmental parameters (vibration, temperature, and humidity) and their interaction with grape freshness. Subsequently, an environmental monitoring platform was devised for the grape supply chain, facilitating environmental surveillance under distinct packaging types (corrugated carton, foam box, plastic box, and inflatable package). Through a blend of environmental monitoring outcomes and physical-chemical indicators, the protective efficacy of diverse transport packaging was meticulously analyzed and appraised alongside finite element analysis. Notably, environmental data proved capable of characterizing grape freshness in lieu of quality data, with vibration metrics exhibiting strong correlations with quality metrics. Machine learning models were developed to predict grape freshness based on environmental cues, yielding prediction accuracies of 92.512% (SVM) and 94.334% (GA-ANN). The automated, non-destructive data acquisition and novel machine learning approaches offer a fresh avenue for evaluating packaging, predicting freshness, and managing food quality within grape logistics operations.

Construction of a Robust Radiative Cooling Emitter for Efficient Food Storage and Transportation.

Nowadays, food safety is still facing great challenges. During storage and transportation, perishable goods have to be kept at a low temperature. However, the current logistics still lack enough preservation ability to maintain a low temperature in the whole. Hence, considering the temperature fluctuation in logistics, in this work, the passive radiative cooling (RC) technology was applied to package to enhance the temperature control capability in food storage and transportation. The RC emitter with selective infrared emission property was fabricated by a facile coating method, and Al2O3 was added to improve the wear resistance. The sunlight reflectance and infrared emittance within atmospheric conditions could reach up to 0.92 and 0.84, respectively. After abrasion, the sunlight reflection only decreased by 0.01, and the infrared emission showed a negligible change, revealing excellent wear resistance. During outdoor measurement, the box assembled by RC emitters (RC box) was proved to achieve temperature drops of ∼9 and ∼4 °C compared with the corrugated box and foam box, respectively. Besides, the fruits stored in the RC box exhibited a lower decay rate. Additionally, after printing with patterns to meet the aesthetic requirements, the RC emitter could also maintain the cooling ability. Given the superior optical properties, wear resistance, and cooling capability, the emitter has great potential for obtaining a better temperature control ability in food storage and transportation.

Simulated logistical transport effects on textural change of wax apple using different packaging types during storage time

The textural damage caused by logistics transport is a major problem during the post-harvest logistics and storage time of agricultural products. To address the issue, this study investigated the impact on the textural change of wax apple with different packaging types by conducting international safe transit association 6-amazon. com-sioc type A (ISTA 6 A) tests and measured the changes in related indicators over the eight-day storage time period at 15 ℃. The results demonstrated that compared to non-vibrated wax apple of the same packaging type, the damage index of the vibration-treated wax apple increased to 0.39 at the end of storage time. This led to more noticeable damage to fruit texture in the vibration-treated wax apple. With the same outer packaging type, different types of expanded polyethylene (EPE) cushioning materials presented varying degrees of textural damage following vibration treatment. The order was double-layer foam net (DL-FN, 0.23) < single-layer foam net (SL-FN, 0.38) < EPE liner (EPE-L, 0.50). The superior cushioning performance of DL-FN could distribute vibratory energy across the entire wax apple to reduce partial textural injury, but SL-FN provided weaker cushioning protection. Furthermore, it was more beneficial for the dissipation of respiratory heat to suppress the related cell-wall enzymes activities and prevented internal cottony softening of wax apple by maintaining an appropriate environment within the packaging, while EPE-L prevented respiratory heat dissipation and water diffusion. Using the same cushioning type, no significant difference was observed in the damage of fruit texture between the wax apple packaging by foam box (FB, 0.25) and corrugated box (CB, 0.23). The finding suggested that when the outer package had sufficient supporting performance, the cushioning type required not only adequate cushioning property, but also excellent vapor and gas permeability in order to facilitate respiratory heat diffusion and better protect the textural integrity of the wax apple in the process of logistics. This protection was crucial for the development of wax apple in e-commerce logistics.

Thermal insulation box design for maintaining cool temperature and the postharvest quality of okra

Postharvest loss of okra is caused by its high respiration rate and temperature fluctuations in the supply chain. To address this, five thermal insulation boxes were designed, combining different materials, and evaluated for okra quality during simulated transportation and storage. The treatments included the standard foam box, metalized foam sheet (two layers consisting of aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene), prototype-A (three layers consisting of dual layer of aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene), prototype-B (four layers consisting of aluminum foil, nonwoven, expanded polyethylene, and aluminum foil), and standard regular slotted container. Material tests revealed that aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene had the lowest thermal heat energy. The composite sandwich box design, prototype-A, demonstrated the highest maximum insulation time of 28 h and thermal resistance of 0.332 m2°C/W. Prototype-A and prototype-B effectively maintained low temperature fluctuation, minimized air and okra temperature changes, and maintained 6.19 to 8.25 % CO2, which was within an acceptable range of 4–10 % for okra. Both prototypes exhibited reduced percentage mass loss in okra below 5 %. Importantly, both prototypes demonstrated the lowest incidence of okra pod surface browning and maintained the quality for 6 d, surpassing metalized foam sheet and standard regular slotted container. These findings offer sandwich design with 3 or 4 layers as promising alternatives for thermal insulation boxes in cold chain management, enhancing the transport packaging of okra under ambient environments compared to the standard foam box.

Comparing the effectiveness of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of insoles manufactured from foam box cast versus direct scans on patient-reported outcome measures: a protocol for a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial

IntroductionCustom insoles are a routine treatment for many foot pathologies, and the use of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is well established within clinical practice in the UK. The...

A study on replacing chemical fertilizers with a mixture of biochar and rare earth elements for cultivating various Choy sum (Brassica chinensis L) varieties in foam boxes

A study on replacing chemical fertilizers with a mixture of biochar and rare earth elements for cultivating various Choy sum (Brassica chinensis L) varieties in foam boxes

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) of eco-friendly packaging for dairy products and fourth range.

In the current European regulatory environment, there is a growing emphasis on the need to develop fourth range and dairy packaging materials. which are more environmentally sustainable. In response to this need, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was conducted to assess the suitability of replacing traditional polystyrene foam boxes and polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays with packaging made of corrugated cardboard and coated with bioplastic. Life cycle analysis shows that bioplastic coated cardboard packaging has a lower environmental impact, despite the impact of corn and sugar cane bioplastic production. In the case of dairy packaging, an improved disposal scenario or scenario has been considered, in particular in terms of recycling. In the second case, raw materials that are totally or partially recyclable were considered. For the cardboard tray, recyclability is 100%, while for PET and PP respectively 50% and 4%, due to insufficient recycling and decontamination processes. In this scenario, the impact of fossil plastics decreases substantially, although corrugated and bioplastic packaging is again the best choice. To confirm these results, a multi-criteria decision analysis (multi-criteria Decision Analysis) was conducted, which corroborated the conclusions obtained through life cycle analysis.

An added aroma changes the behaviour of domestic pigs in a novel situation aimed for stunning

The currently most widespread stunning method for pigs is high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), but this method is under scrutiny due to animal welfare deficits. One alternative method currently under development with potential to replace CO2 is nitrogen (N2) filled high expansion foam. While N2 does not elicit the same aversive behaviour as CO2, it is currently not known if the high expansion foam itself may be frightening to the pigs. Means to alleviate fear reactions to foam could consist of diverting pigs’ attention using aromas (an odour in combination with taste) of interest to them. The current study aimed to investigate if an added aroma (vanilla aroma) affected pigs’ avoidance and exploratory behaviour when exposed to air-filled high expansion foam in a foam box. The study included 50 pigs (30 females, 20 males) of 14–16 weeks of age, of different crosses between Yorkshire, Hampshire and Duroc. The pigs were randomly assigned to either the treatment with air-filled foam with added aroma or the control treatment with no added aroma, which they were exposed to in a foam box. The results showed that pigs with the aromatised foam expressed significantly more exploration behaviour directed towards the foam and box walls, but not towards the floor or the lid. The aromatised foam also resulted in a higher activity level of the pigs. In contrast to the hypotheses, pigs with aromatised foam expressed more avoidance behaviour, and escape attempts were exclusively observed when pigs were exposed to aromatised foam. Slipping events and frequency of vocalisations did not differ between pigs with and without aroma added to the foam. This study shows that an added aroma (taste and odour in combination) increased pigs’ exploration behaviour towards the foam, and thus could serve as a distraction for the pigs when inside a confined foam box. The results emphasise the importance of taking foam aroma into consideration in the further development of the N2-filled high expansion as a stunning method. The potential anxiety- or stress-reducing effect of any added aroma needs further investigation, and future studies should focus on assessing various types of aromas, and/or odours, as well as different concentrations of the compounds to determine which solution is most efficient in alleviating pig stress and anxiety.

Microplastics and Nanoplastics Impair the Biophysical Function of Pulmonary Surfactant by Forming Heteroaggregates at the Alveolar-Capillary Interface.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants produced through the degradation of plastic products. Nanoplastics (NPs), commonly coexisting with MPs in the environment, are submicrometer debris incidentally produced from fragmentation of MPs. We studied the biophysical impacts of MPs/NPs derived from commonly used commercial plastic products on a natural pulmonary surfactant extracted from calf lung lavage. It was found that in comparison to MPs/NPs derived from lunch boxes made of polypropylene or from drinking water bottles made of poly(ethylene terephthalate), the MP/NP derived from foam packaging boxes made of polystyrene showed the highest adverse impact on the biophysical function of the pulmonary surfactant. Accordingly, intranasal exposure of MP/NP derived from the foam boxes also induced the most serious proinflammatory responses and lung injury in mice. Atomic force microscopy revealed that NP particles were adsorbed on the air-water surface and heteroaggregated with the pulmonary surfactant film. These results indicate that although the incidentally formed NPs only make up a small mass fraction, they likely play a predominant role in determining the nano-bio interactions and the lung toxicity of MPs/NPs by forming heteroaggregates at the alveolar-capillary interface. These findings may provide novel insights into understanding the health impact of MPs and NPs on the respiratory system.

Potential For Recycling Single-Use Plastic Waste - Case Study in Can Tho City, Vietnam

Circular economy is an economic ideal that has been concretized by the Vietnamese Government in the Law on Environmental Protection 2020. As a part of this model, plastic waste reuse and recycling are encouraged to extend the product life cycle. This study investigates the composition of recyclable plastic waste within the domestic waste sources in Can Tho city. The wastes were collected at waste gathering places, residential areas, markets, bus stations, and schools in the urban district of Ninh Kieu and suburban district of Cai Rang in Can Tho city. The results show that disposable plastic items are very diverse such as grocery bags, plastic bags, foam boxes, straws, drinking water bottles, etc. Plastic components accounted from 6.82 % in Cai Rang district to 14.89 % in Ninh Kieu district of the total waste. In which, LDPE plastic was the highest with 38.17 %, HDPE plastic and PETE plastic accounted for 20.81% and 4.89 %, respectively. Particularly, PETE is less found than other plastics as it is collected by scrap person at the disposal sources or by sanitation worker at the waste gathering place. PETE and HDPE plastics are completely recyclable, accounting for 25.70 %. In addition, LDPE plastic is also recyclable (38.17%) compared to other components. Thus, the recyclable plastic ratio of PETE, HDPE, and LDPE reaches 63.88 %. Meanwhile, non-recyclable plastics, accounted for 36.12 %, such as PS plastic (14.18 %), PP plastic (9.83 %) and other plastics (12.12 %). From the results, the amount of recyclable plastic discarded into the environment is nearly twice that of non-recyclable plastic. The potential to utilize recyclable plastics will most likely fit the circular economy model, which will both extend the product life cycle while limiting waste generation and minimizing adverse environmental impacts.

A Scalable Heat Pump Film with Zero Energy Consumption.

Radiative cooling is an effective technology with zero energy consumption to alleviate climate warming and combat the urban heat island effect. At present, researchers often use foam boxes to isolate non-radiant heat exchange between the cooler and the environment through experiments, so as to achieve maximum cooling power. In practice, however, there are challenges in setting up foam boxes on a large scale, resulting in coolers that can be cooled below ambient only under low convection conditions. Based on polymer materials and nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO, refractive index > 2, the peak equivalent spherical diameter 500 nm), the manufacturing process of heat pump film (HPF) was proposed. The HPF (4.1 mm thick) consists of polyethylene (PE) bubble film (heat transfer coefficient 0.04 W/m/K, 4 mm thick) and Ethylene-1-octene copolymer (POE) cured nano-ZnO (solar reflectance ≈94% at 0.075 mm thick). Covering with HPF, the object achieves 7.15 °C decreasing in normal natural environment and 3.68 °C even under certain circumstances with high surface convective heat transfer (56.9 W/m2/K). HPF has advantages of cooling the covered object, certain strength (1.45 Mpa), scalable manufacturing with low cost, hydrophobic characteristics (the water contact angle, 150.6°), and meeting the basic requirements of various application scenarios.

Evaluating the accuracy of unmanned aerial systems to quantify glacial ice habitats of harbor seals in Alaska.

Long-term monitoring programs to evaluate climate-driven changes to tidewater glaciers, an important habitat for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, are primarily carried out by costly, weather-dependent aerial surveys from fixed-winged aircraft. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) can be an alternative cost-effective solution for gathering image data to quantify, monitor, and manage these habitats. However, there is a paucity of information related to the accuracy of using imagery collected by UAS for purposes of measuring floating icebergs. We evaluated the accuracy of using a UAS with a built-in 20 megapixel (MP) camera as well as a consumer-grade digital 16 MP camera to capture images of floating and stationary icebergs for the purpose of collecting vertical height measurements. Images (n=869) were captured of simulated icebergs (Cuboidal foam boxes) "Cb" (n=5) and real icebergs (n=5) that were either grounded or floating. The mean error ratios obtained were less than 10% and derived by comparing the mean calculated measurements of heights of Cb obtained from images captured by UAS with the physically measured heights of these Cb. The mean error ratio for height measurements of grounded icebergs (n=4) and one floating iceberg was also less than 10%. Within an object-image distance range of 6-25 m, the cameras captured images that were suitable to accurately calculate the heights of floating and grounded objects, and drift or uncontrolled movement of the UAS caused by wind or temporary loss of GPS did not appear to have any significant effects on measurement error. Our study provides substantial evidence of the high accuracy associated with using images captured by UAS for measuring dimensions of structures positioned on water and land surfaces. Ultimately, accurate surveys of glacial ice used by harbor seals will improve our understanding of the role of decreasing habitat in explaining population variability between different tidewater glaciers.

Microflora for improving the Auricularia auricula spent mushroom substrate for Protaetia brevitarsis production

SummaryMushroom cultivation is a sustainable agricultural waste utilization method, but the lack of high-value utilization of the produced spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has hindered the development of mushroom cultivation-based circular agricultural systems. Conversion and utilization of SMS via Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) have proven to be a high-value AASMS utilization strategy. However, Auricularia auricula SMS (AASMS), which contains woodchips, is less palatable and digestible for PBL. To solve this problem, in this investigation, we screened out microflora (MF) for AASMS fermentation by comparing the fermentation performance as well as the effect on PBL feed intake, weight gain, and AASMS phytotoxic compound removal efficiency. In addition, by bacterial community analysis, the genera Luteimonas, Moheibacter, and Pseudoxanthomonas were predicted to be functional bacteria for AASMS fermentation and contribute to palatability and digestibility improvement.

Quantification of waste in schools: A case study in Danang City, Vietnam

BACKGROUND AND AIM Waste is a major problem that can affect the environment and health; especially in developing countries where there is often a lack of an appropriate system for waste treatment. Understanding the current situation of waste, its common type and amount are important to develop appropriate strategies for waste control, especially in a school-based setting. This study has been conducted to identify common types of waste that are disposed in schools and quantify such waste. METHODS This study used an audit method to identify the common types of waste and quantify such waste in Da Nang city in 2021. RESULTS There were four schools with a total number of 3064 students were participated in this study. The average total volume of waste that schools discharge in a day is 460kg (accounting for 7542 litres of storage volume); in which, organic waste has the largest volume of 261kg (57% of total volume) accounting for 2262 litres (30% of total volume); non-recyclable waste weights 175kg (38% of the total volume) with a maximum volume of 4524 litres (60% of the total volume); recyclable waste has a weight of only 22kg (5% of total volume) accounting for 719 litres (10% of total volume); The remaining types of waste are insignificant. This study also showed the presence of a large number of plastic bags (2128 pieces), multi-layer packaging (2036 pieces), milk cartons (1047 boxes), straws (772 pieces), plastic bottles (670 bottles), foam boxes (531 pieces), plastic spoons (400 pieces), polypropylene plastic cups (327 pieces) in the total waste produced in one day in these schools. CONCLUSIONS Schools are emitting a large amount of waste, significantly plastic waste. Intervention programs in the school-based setting are needed to reduce the amount of waste toward ensuring health for children and protecting the environment.

Evaluation of safety criteria for the total amount of volatiles in foam food containers in Ho Chi Minh City

Disposable plastic utensils such as plastic boxes and foam boxes are becoming more and more popular with significant output in Vietnam. These products are mainly made from polystyrene, which should be strictly controlled to reduce the risk of food insecurity, due to the leaching of certain substances into food. Therefore, conducting a study to determine the toxic substances remaining in the styrofoam box is necessary, with objective is to determine the percentage of foam food container products with total volatiles (through the determination of substances: styrene, ethylbenzene, toluene, n-propylbenzene) exceeding the allowable limit according to QCVN 12-1:2011/BYT. The study conducted on 138 samples of foam boxes randomly collected at 46 markets in 23 districts in Ho Chi Minh City, with analytical method being GC-MS technical method for the determination of volatile compounds from foam boxes. Results showed that all 138 foam samples had amount of each styrene, ethylbenzene below 1 mg/g, total styrene and ethylbenzene less than 1 mg/g, total volatiles (styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene) are all below 5 mg/g. Conclusion: There should be stricter control regulations on the quality of disposable food containers and the use of foam boxes should be limited to reduce the impact on the environment. &amp;nbsp;

Temperature-processing effect on equine semen cryopreservation

Advances in semen cryopreservation, alongside the implementation of new laboratory techniques to better protect sperm cells viability, have allowed increased quality and fertility of frozen semen in mammals. However, this process can impair the acrosomal integrity, viability, and motility of spermatozoa to some degree. Deleterious effects of cryopreservation are largely due to shock temperature during the freezing process that causes osmotic and oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to assess whether an early semen cooling could influence main parameters of equine frozen-thawed semen. Eight healthy and fertile Sicilian Oriental Purebred stallions underwent semen collection by using a Missouri artificial vagina. Semen samples were processed according to two different freezing protocols. Semen was extended 1:1 ratio (semen:extender) in INRA-96 extender prewarmed at 37°C; thereafter in protocol A diluted samples were placed into conical tubes with 2ml Maxifreeze cushion and centrifuged at room temperature for 10 min at 600g. After removal of supernatant and cushion, the sperm pellet was resuspended with INRA-freeze to a final concentration of <200 × 10 6 spermatozoa/ml. The obtained semen was then drawn at room temperature into 0.5-ml straws (Minitube, Germany), sealed thermally, and cooled at 5°C over one hour. Protocol B differed from protocol A as diluted samples were cooled at 5°C for one hour before being centrifuged at 5°C and all other steps of semen processing were performed at 5°C. Straws obtained with both protocols were placed 4 cm above liquid nitrogen in the vapor phase in a foam box for 10 min before being plunged into the liquid phase. The straws were then stored in goblets and kept immersed in liquid nitrogen until computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Student's T-test was performed to highlight differences in total, progressive, and immotile sperm, p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. After thawing, equine semen frozen according to protocol A showed higher total (p=0.03) and progressive (p=0.01) motility, in comparison with protocol B. In addition, immotile sperm were significantly lower in protocol A than B (p=0.03). Stallions show high individual variation in semen freezability, and equine spermatozoa are known to be very sensitive to shock temperature, hence several studies focused on exploration of temperature drop rates and freezing protocols. In this study, a higher quality of frozen-thawed semen was observed with room temperature centrifugation and packaging, rather than after one-hour semen cooling at 5°C before refrigerated centrifugation.

Phytophthora cactorum causing bleeding canker of Acer x freemanii in southern Idaho.

Since 2018, bleeding cankers have been observed on maple trees in multiple home gardens in southwest Idaho. The cankers ooze a dark sap and and are approximately 10 cm to 35 cm in diameter. Cankers typically occur on the main trunk but are also present on scaffold branches in severe infecrions. Symptoms of foliar chlorois, branch dieback, and premature autumn senescence were also associated with the disease. Phytophthora DNA was detected in symptomatic material from five trees using real-time PCR (Miles et al., 2017). In July 2019 recovery of a causal agent from a symptomatic Acer x freemanii tree was attempted. Excisions were made from the interface of healthy and diseased tissue around the cankers using a chisel. The tissue was then placed in sealed plastic ziplock bags at 4°C for 7 days. Hyphae were then removed with forceps and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with penicillin G (0.2 g/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (0.8 g/liter). Colonies resembling Phytophthora cactorum were consistently observed after 5 days at 21°C. Tentative P. cactorum identification was based on the presence of abundant papillate and caducous sporangia on a short pedicel; sporangia were approximately 30 μm long and 26 μm wide (Bush et al., 2006; Hudler, 2013). Individual hyphal tips were transferred to fresh PDA plates and sequencing of both the rDNA ITS region and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was completed for a representative isolate (D19-130). DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing were as previously described (Woodhall et al. 2013; Robideau et al., 2011). The resulting DNA sequences for rDNA ITS (MW315449) and COI (MW881040) were both 100% identical (723/723 bp and 728/728 bp) with sequences from cultures previously identified as P. cactorum (MH171627 and MH136858). To determine pathogenicity, 14 month-old maple (A. x freemanii) trees in individual containers with potting mix were wounded 15 mm above the soil line with a single 10 mm incision using a sterile razor blade and inoculated by placing a 10 mm2 fully colonized PDA plug of isolate D19-130 on the wound. The inoculum and wound were then covered with a damp cotton ball that was secured loosely with parafilm. Control plants consisted of uninoculated plants and wounded plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. Each treatment was replicated five times and placed in a controlled environment chamber set at 24ºC and 90% relative humidity. All treatments were sprayed with water daily to ensure the cotton balls remained damp. After 8 weeks, black lesions, up to approximately 25 mm above the soil line, were observed on the stem base of all P. cactorum-inoculated plants. No black lesions were observed on non-inoculated plants or plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. P. cactorum was isolated from lesions, as described above, except polystyrene foam boxes containing moist paper towels were used instead of bags. This report confirms P. cactorum as a causal agent of bleeding canker of maple in Idaho for the first time. It has been shown that several Phytophthora species can infect maple (Jung and Burgess, 2009; Huddler, 2013). P. cactorum has a wide host range but certain strains have been associated with lethal bleeding stem cankers in maple and other deciduous trees worldwide (Huddler, 2013). Knowledge of the causal agent of bleeding canker on maple will help determine appropriate disease management practices.

Analysis of vibration acceleration levels and quality deterioration of Chinese bayberry fruit in semi‐vacuum package by express delivery

AbstractRecent years have witnessed rapid advances in the transportation of Chinese bayberry fruit in China by express delivery (ED). The mainstream express packaging is a fruit basket filled with Chinese bayberry fruit. In order to analyze the vibration, impact and quality changes of bayberry fruit in the actual ED process, BiQi (BQ) and Dongkui (DK) bayberry fruit were selected as experimental objects. Real‐time acceleration and temperature of Chinese bayberry fruit in the package were recorded during ED transportation. Headspace CO2 gas concentration and squeezed juice percentage were measured when unpacking. The firmness and electronic nose (E‐nose) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) statistical results were measured during the 2‐day shelf life. The results show that semivacuum packaging can reduce the vibration intensity of Chinese bayberry fruit in the package. Whether it was BQ or DK bayberry fruit, the fruit quality of Chinese bayberry fruit sent by ED was considerably worse than that of road vehicle (RV) transportation when unpacking. The LDA statistics of E‐nose data showed that ED‐treated bayberry fruit barely constituted the fresh part. However, differences were noticed between the varieties. Compared with DK bayberry fruit, BQ bayberry fruit had more of its juice squeezed; further, its firmness had decreased more. In conclusion, multiple impacts and high‐intensity vibrations are the main reason for Chinese bayberry fruit damage during ED transportation. Compared to BQ bayberry fruit, DK bayberry fruit is more resistant to mechanical damage and is more suitable for ED.Practical ApplicationsCultivar Dongkui bayberry is more resistant to mechanical damage than BiQi bayberry after many aspects of comparison, and is suitable for express delivery (ED) transportation. To reduce the mechanical damage of bayberry fruit, it is suggested to improve the impact‐resistant design of existing packaging styles, with simply adding a layer of absorbent pad to the bottom of the fruit basket. The form of foam box semivacuum packaging is not only suitable to bayberry, but also to others such as strawberries during ED transportation.