Water Flow Research Articles

Biomimetic Hydrodynamic Sensor with Whisker Array Architecture and Multidirectional Perception Ability.

The rapid development of ocean exploration and underwater robot technology has put forward new requirements for underwater sensing methods, which can be used for hydrodynamic characteristics perception, underwater target tracking, and even underwater cluster communication. Here, inspired by the specialized undulated surface structure of the seal whisker and its ability to suppress vortex-induced vibration, a multidirectional hydrodynamic sensor based on biomimetic whisker array structure and magnetic 3D self-decoupling theory is introduced. The magnetic-based sensing method enables wireless connectivity between the magnetic functional structures and electronics, simplifying device design and endowing complete watertightness. The 3D self-decoupling capability enables the sensor, like a seal or other organisms, to perceive arbitrary whisker motions caused by the action of water flow without complex calibration and additional sensing units. The whisker sensor is capable of detecting a variety of hydrodynamic information, including the velocity (RMSE<0.061ms-1) and direction of the steady flow field, the frequency (error<0.05Hz) of the dynamic vortex wake, and the orientation (error<7°) of the vortex wake source, demonstrating its extensive potential for underwater environmental perception and communication, especially in deep sea conditions.

KATANA - water activation facility at JSI TRIGA, Part I: Final design and activity calculations

Water as a primary coolant will play an important role in the performance of fusion reactors, as it causes an ionising radiation field throughout the facility after its irradiation and activation and requires improved shielding for instruments and personnel. To support ITER, the KATANA irradiation facility, which utilises a closed-water activation loop, was built, licenced and commissioned in early 2024 at the TRIGA research reactor at the Jožef Stefan Institute in Slovenia.A comprehensive overview of the KATANA irradiation facility, which serves as a well-defined and stable high-energy γ and neutron source, is given, including the final design, experimental set-up, detector systems and overall timeline. The physical characteristics of KATANA were assessed by analyses of neutron transport simulations leading to activity calculations in connection with a conventional analytical approach, without using CFD calculations. The KATANA facility demonstrated the desired operational characteristics in terms of high and stable water flow rates, leading to high activity values of the observed isotopes 16N, 17N and 19O, which is essential for minimising experimental uncertainties.The preliminary calculations provided in-depth operational knowledge and important data for the KATANA facility, forming a basis for more advanced future experiments.

A revised model for calculating virtual scarce water

Accounting for virtual scarce water facilitates and improves the analysis of virtual water, and facilitates comparisons between water use embodied in products from regions with different water resource conditions. However, previous virtual scarce water models were inadequate for the analysis of both water quantity and quality, and only provided a rough estimate. To address this problem, we proposed a modification of this model. In the revised model, we determined the scarcity induced by inadequate water quality by analyzing the availability of suitable quality water for specific sectors (residential, industrial, agricultural, and environmental) rather than focusing on a single sector (usually environmental). Additionally, the revised model evaluated scarcity from water quantity by considering clean water technologies and environmental flow demand. This comprehensive scarcity measure is then incorporated into an input–output model to determine virtual scarce water. We used two typical Chinese river basins (the Hai River and Pearl River basins) with different water endowments to evaluate the model. We found that in the water-scarcity region the virtual scarce water was more strongly affected by water quality and clean water technologies, whereas in the water-rich region it was more strongly affected by the environmental flow demand. These findings underscored the need for more targeted economic and environmental policies for different regions. Water-scarcity regions should prioritize the promotion of clean water technologies and contaminant mitigation techniques, while water-rich regions should pay more attention to ensuring the environmental flow demand.

Study of Low Temperature-Treated Aldolized Cellulose Nanocrystals for Enhancing Dye Separation and Self-Healing Properties of Graphene Oxide Membranes.

Graphene oxide (GO) membranes with a 2D layered structure and nanoscale channels have great application prospects for dye wastewater purification. In this paper, ethylenediamine (EDA) was grafted onto the surface of GO nanosheets at 70 °C and aldolized cellulose nanocrystals (ICNC) were introduced to form EDA-ICNC hydrogel structures between the GO nanosheets by Schiff base reaction. The interlayer structure of the membrane was determined by adjusting the amount of ICNC added and the degree of aldolization, and the EGOICNC-24 membrane with the best performance was prepared. The water flux is not only 12 times higher than that of GO membrane but also has a good separation ability for dye molecules with a molecular weight around 300. Following the EDA-ICNC-24 hydrogel cross-linking process, the tensile strength of the EGOICNC-24 membrane exhibited a 173% increase relative to that of the GO membrane. Additionally, the dye rejection rate reached 97.16% after 130 h of dye separation. When the surface of the membrane was damaged, it was self-healed by regulating the repair temperature and adding a very small amount of ICNC to undergo a dynamic Schiff base reaction and a synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding.

The Seasonal Variations in Hydrological Factors in the Activity Zones: An Essential Examination of the Ecosystem in Badagry Creek, Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract: The season is a pivotal representative in ascertaining the health status of a coastal ecosystem in a changing climate condition. The physico-chemical parameters of Badagry Creek were spatially and temporally investigated for twelve months (July 2017 to May 2018 for dry and wet seasons). Water samples were collected bi-monthly from nine stations, grouped into five activity zones during the water flow, covering upper, middle and lower courses. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical characteristics of Badgry Creek were found to be significantly different (&lt;0.05) in salinity, phosphate, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), depth, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Spearman correlation at α₀.₀₅. The wet season had greater values of conductivity (551.27±79.09µS/cm; 412.77±42.7µS/cm) , pH (7.43±0.39: 7.41±0.41), salinity (5.04±1.11ppt: 1.22±0.40ppt), DO (6.72±0.26: 5.39±0.58mg/l), and chloride (Cl̉ˉ, 684.51±82.50 µmol/L: 674.22±73.44 µmol/L) than the dry season respectively. An increase in salinity during the wet season indicates the seawater intrusion and the waste discharge effluents from domestic and aquaculture processes into the stream from the higher course. Significant differences were observed between the Aquaculture (AQ) and Aquaculture combined Dredging (AQ_DG) zone for Sulphate and Chloride (Clˉ). The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) varied significantly between zones; they were 3.12±0.74mg/l in the Aquaculture zone (AQ) to 4.00±0.42 mg/l in the Domestic Waste (DW) zone and 2.10± 0.5 mg/l in the Aquaculture and Dredging (AQ_DG) zone to 19.2±9.44 mg/l in the Domestic Waste (DW) zone, respectively. The Highest value of TOM in DW station indicates anthropogenic effluents from domestic waste in this zone. The seasons were used to describe variations in Badagry Creek's physicochemical parameter values because the wet season noted higher parameter values, which may be related to an influx of water from the upper to the lower course.

Multi-Channel Stormwater Ponds: A Sustainable Approach to Urban Flood Resilience

Flood-prone cities depend on stormwater ponds, but current designs with single, shallow channels limit storage. This paper proposes a new approach: using multiple channels to create smaller sections on the pond floor. Modeling shows this significantly increases storage for floods without needing a bigger pond. It also improves water flow and reduces stagnant areas. Finally, the paper explores practicalities for building these ponds, making them a valuable tool for better urban water management without needing more land or changing the pond’s height. These multi-channel ponds are particularly beneficial for frequent smaller storms by distributing water flow, reducing its speed, and allowing more time for sediment to settle, leading to improved water quality. Sustainable solutions are essential for safeguarding the future. In this research, sustainability plays a pivotal role, as the multi-channel stormwater pond design provides an innovative approach to improving flood management without the need for extra land or resources, thus supporting the goals of sustainable urban development.

Analysis of the Distribution and Influencing Factors of Antibiotic Partition Coefficients in the Fenhe River Basin

Affected by point and non-point source pollution, the Fenhe River Basin faces significant environmental challenges. This study aimed to analyze the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of antibiotics in the water and sediments of the Fenhe River Basin. Samples were collected from 23 sites within the basin, and 26 antibiotics from five different classes were detected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The water–sediment partition coefficient (Kp) was calculated, and spatial analysis was conducted using geographic information system (GIS) technology. The results showed that 25 antibiotics were detected in the water, with concentrations ranging from 130 to 1615 ng/L, and 17 antibiotics were detected in the sediments, with concentrations ranging from 121 to 426 μg/kg. For quinolones (QNs), except for ofloxacin, all others could be calculated with overall high values of Kp ranging from 692 to 16,106 L/kg. The Kp values for QNs were generally higher in the midstream, with considerable point source pollution from industries and non-point source pollution from developed agriculture. The distribution of Kp is closely associated with risk. This study found that the Kp values of the antibiotics were influenced by various factors such as temperature, water flow, and the physicochemical properties of sediments. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between Kp and parameters such as river width, water depth, water quality (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand), and sediment pH and clay content.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСТУ СВІТЛОПРОЗОРИХ ФАСАДНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ З ВЛАШТУВАННЯМ ЗРОШУВАЧІВ

The popularity of translucent materials in construction, especially in high-rise buildings, creates challenges for improving approaches to fire safety. Translucent designs have a limited. During a fire, they can quickly heat up, crack or even collapse, which helps the fire to spread to other parts of the building and increases the speed of fire spread. Practical methods and methods of limiting the spread of fire on building facades are considered in the work, including the use of fire eaves, protective screens made of fire-resistant material, limiting the area of the window opening, as well as the use of water irrigation. Water irrigation is an effective method of extinguishing fire and cooling facade elements, but its parameters, such as working pressure, water flow, location, etc., require careful research to achieve maximum efficiency. The purpose of this work is to use the PyroSim software complex to investigate the effectiveness of sprinklers for the protection of transparent structures on the facade of high-rise buildings and to determine their main parameters. With the help of PyroSim, a detailed three-dimensional model was created, which takes into account the complex geometric shapes of the building and the impact of fire protection systems, taking into account the features of translucent facades. In the course of research, structural elements that can affect the spread of fire and smoke are also taken into account, namely the characteristics of materials, fire load, installation of window openings. PyroSim, simulating the spread of a fire, made it possible to take into account heat and smoke flows, convective effects occurring during a fire, as well as the interaction of sprinklers with the heat load. The results of such modeling can be used to optimize the design of fire protection systems and ensure the compliance of building regulations with fire safety issues. In particular, modeling allows you to determine the most effective ways to place sprinklers, taking into account the specific conditions and structural features of the building. Thanks to this, it is possible not only to increase the level of protection of buildings against fires, but also to minimize the costs of installing and maintaining fire systems.

Differential microbiome features in lake-river systems of Taihu basin in response to water flow disturbance.

In riverine ecosystems, dynamic interplay between hydrological conditions, such as flow rate, water level, and rainfall, significantly shape the structure and function of bacterial and microeukaryotic communities, with consequences for biogeochemical cycles and ecological stability. Lake Taihu, one of China's largest freshwater lakes, frequently experiences cyanobacterial blooms primarily driven by nutrient over-enrichment and hydrological changes, posing severe threats to water quality, aquatic life, and surrounding human populations. This study explored how varying water flow disturbances influence microbial diversity and community assembly within the interconnected river-lake systems of the East and South of Lake Taihu (ET&ST). The Taipu River in the ET region accounts for nearly one-third of Lake Taihu's outflow, while the ST region includes the Changdougang and Xiaomeigang rivers, which act as inflow rivers. These two rivers not only channel water into Lake Taihu but can also cause the backflow of lake water into the rivers, creating distinct river-lake systems subjected to different intensities of water flow disturbances. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing, we selected 22 sampling sites in the ET and ST interconnected river-lake systems and conducted seasonally assessments of bacterial and microeukaryotic community dynamics. We then compared differences in microbial diversity, community assembly, and co-occurrence networks between the two regions under varying hydrological regimes. This study demonstrated that water flow intensity and temperature disturbances significantly influenced diversity, community structure, community assembly, ecological niches, and coexistence networks of bacterial and eukaryotic microbes. In the ET region, where water flow disturbances were stronger, microbial richness significantly increased, and phylogenetic relationships were closer, yet variations in community structure were greater than in the ST region, which experienced milder water flow disturbances. Additionally, migration and dispersal rates of microbes in the ET region, along with the impact of dispersal limitations, were significantly higher than in the ST region. High flow disturbances notably reduced microbial niche width and overlap, decreasing the complexity and stability of microbial coexistence networks. Moreover, path analysis indicated that microeukaryotic communities exhibited a stronger response to water flow disturbances than bacterial communities. Our findings underscore the critical need to consider the effects of hydrological disturbance on microbial diversity, community assembly, and coexistence networks when developing strategies to manage and protect river-lake ecosystems, particularly in efforts to control cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu.

Parametric Study on Venturi Pressure Drop for Two Phase Oil (D130)-Water Flow for Different Operating Conditions – An Experimental Investigation

The governing parameters which affect pressure drop of two-phase oil-water flow across the venturi meter are water cut and angle of inclination. The study investigates experimentally the effect of inclination and water cut on pressure drop measurements across different venturi meters with beta ratios (β) = 0.4, and 0.6 for oil–water two-phase flow experiments in a 3-inch pipe for different operating conditions. Two-phase inclinable flow loop has been employed for conducting the experiments for different fluid mixture flow rates and water cuts. The working fluids utilized are Exxsol mineral oil (D130) and potable water. The experiments were conducted for water cuts varying from 0 to 100% in steps of 20%, flow rates ranging from 2000 to 12000 barrels per day (BPD), and for horizontal and vertical flow loop inclinations (0◦ and 90◦). Liquid flow rates considered in the study match flow rates of real oil wells. The results indicate that the venturi pressure drop varies linearly with water cuts for both β ratios (0.4 and 0.6). The study indicates that the effect of inclination on venturi pressure drop is not appreciable for all water cuts and flow rates. Also, from the experimental results it can be concluded that venturi with β = 0.6 is favourable for multiphase flow metering (with flow rates ranging from 8000 to 12000 BPD). The tangible findings of the study will be helpful in combating multi-phase flow challenges in oil and petroleum industries.

Oceanographic preconditions for planning seawater heat pumps in the Baltic Sea – an example from the Tallinn Bay, Gulf of Finland

Abstract. The use of low-temperature seawater heat for renewable energy installations is demonstrated with an example from the Tallinn Bay, Baltic Sea, based on Copernicus Marine Service reanalysis data. Tallinn and its surrounding seaside counties are home to about half a million people and produce about half of Estonia's gross domestic product (GDP). The Tallinn Bay with an area of 223 km2 extends to the north and has an open connection to the Gulf of Finland. Depths more than 50 m that cover the halocline already appear at a distance of 3–4 km from the coast. Surface layers get too cold during winter to be used in heat pumps for district heating; therefore, a feasible option is to pump slightly warmer seawater from the deeper halocline layers. The lowest monthly mean halocline temperature – down to 2.6 °C at 50 m depth and 3.3 °C at 70 m – is found in March and April based on reanalysis data from 1993–2019. The seawater seasonally cools below 3 °C on average on 1 January at 20 m depth and on 12 February at 50 m depth. At the 70 m depth, the average start of T&lt;3 °C was calculated on 28 February, although only 14 winters out of 26 had such water present; in 12 winters the condition T&gt;3 °C was always fulfilled. The median number of cold days is 11, with a maximum of 128 d in the winter 1993/1994 when stratification became rather weak due to the prolonged absence of Major Baltic Inflows of saltier and warmer North Sea waters. During the recent warmer period of 2009–2019, the start of the cold seawater period was delayed on average by 5–10 d. Tallinn has, among other Baltic Sea cities and industrial sites, a favorable location for seawater heat extraction because of the short distance to the unfreezing sub-halocline layers. Still, episodically there are colder-water events with T&lt;3 °C, when seawater heat extraction has to be complemented by other sources of heating energy.

Long-Term Changes in Deep Ocean Currents between Ulleung Island and Dok Island in the East Sea from 1996 to 2023

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of long-term deep ocean currents between Ulleung Island and Dok Island in the East Sea, based on data observed from the East Sea Current Measurement 1 (EC1) mooring station spanning from 1996 to 2023. The deep current at the Ulleung Interplain Gap, a trough situated between Ulleung Island and Dok Island, originates from the Japan Basin, a region where deep water formation occurs within the East Sea. The southward flow and velocity of this deep water are reflective of both regional and global climate dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for assessing environmental impact, both locally in Korea and globally. Significant trends and anomalies were identified in the zonal and meridional velocities within the 1,800 and 2,500-meter depth range. Data from 2012 to 2014 required corrections due to unit inconsistencies, which, after adjustment, revealed a deceleration of the southward bottom current, with speeds decreasing from 1.49 cm s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in November 1996 to 1.14 cm s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in April 2023. These changes may be linked to global climate variations and bottom water formation in the Japan Basin, influencing regional circulation patterns. The findings highlight the importance of sustained ocean monitoring and enhanced data management to ensure the accuracy and utility of long-term oceanographic datasets.

IoT and AI: a panacea for climate change-resilient smart agriculture

The application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for disaster preparedness and sustainable agriculture has been a topic of great interest lately. In the last few years, extreme weather swings due to climate change caused by global warming have caught the farming community off guard, especially in the developing world. One of the key objectives of smart agriculture is optimal use of freshwater, which has become an increasingly scarce resource around the world. Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo), an estimation of total flux of water evaporating from a reference surface is an important parameter for irrigation management. IoT & AI-based location-specific estimation of ETo for crop water requirements augments the decision-making process. In this work, we utilize the Hargeaves and Samani (H–S) model and six regression algorithms for the estimation of ETo. We create a location-specific dataset with locally sensed IoT data from a flood warning system and remotely sensed meteorological data, spanning over 5 years. We train and test Linear Regression (LR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Bagging and Random Forest (RF) algorithms on the locally curated dataset with 20 basic, extracted, and derived attributes. We gradually reduce number of attributes in the dataset from 20 to 3 and compare performance of the six algorithms using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Relative Absolute Error (RAE), Root Relative Squared Error (RRSE), Coefficient of Determination R2, Kendall Tau and Spearman Rho metrics. SVR shows superior performance with an MAE of 0.03 and an RMSE of 0.05, followed closely by MLP with an MAE of 0.04 and RMSE of 0.06 with a dataset of 12 attributes. The performance of Bagging and RF algorithms remains relatively unchanged with feature reduction whereas RBF shows slight improvement in performance when number of attributes is reduced to 3. Finally, we develop a novel ensemble hybrid model using the Stacked Generalization technique, which outperforms all individual models in prediction accuracy when using reduced-feature datasets. This work clearly delineates the performances of a diverse set of ML algorithms for feature-rich and feature-scarce scenarios and demonstrates the efficacy of our hybrid ensemble ML algorithm for estimating ETo under limited availability of data in resource-constrained environments.

A coupled atmosphere-ocean source mechanism was a predictor of the 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami

Volcanic tsunamis pose significant threats to nearby coastal communities. Despite extensive research, the mechanism behind tsunami generation remains unclear, and the ability to forecast a destructive tsunami has proven elusive. Here we present findings from the 2022 Tonga volcanic incident, showing that the leading air-pressure wave holds promise as a key predictor of tsunami behavior. We constructed an integrated atmosphere-ocean model to explain the underlying mechanism and validated it with various data, including satellite altimetry measurements. Contrary to prior hypotheses, our results reveal that: (1) the eruption process governs both the air-pressure and tsunami dynamics; and (2) the resulting crater volume controls the volcanic ejecta that produces the air-pressure waves, while the corresponding mass loss in the ocean triggers influxes of water into the crater, generating the tsunami. This study unveils a coupled atmosphere-ocean source mechanism in generating volcanic tsunamis and advocates for incorporating air-pressure sensors into early warning systems.

Smart Dispenser Using Voice Recognition as an Assistive Device for the Visually Impaired with a Second-Order IIR Filter Algorithm

This research developed a Smart Dispenser with Voice Recognition technology as a tool to help the visually impaired in taking drinking water. The system is designed using a Voice Recognition sensor, an ISD 1820 sensor, and a microcontroller to enable the operation of the dispenser via voice commands. The test was carried out to analyze the performance of the system in recognizing voice commands and removing water. The results showed a voice detection accuracy rate of 28%, with factors such as environmental noise and sound intonation affecting the effectiveness of the system. The study also identified several areas of improvement, including the use of a DC water pump to increase the flow rate, the addition of an automatic feature to stop the flow of water when a glass is taken, and the use of a DC fan to maintain the sensor's optimal temperature. Further development is needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the system so that it can more effectively help the visually impaired in daily life.

Modification of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes by sulfonated poly (ether ether keton) coating for membrane distillation of textile wastewater

The textile and related industries can produce a large amount of wastewater with organic dyes pollutants which can cause uncertain environmental impacts. In this study, the improved poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) hollow fiber membranes were used in a continuous air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) operation for wastewater treatment of the Hamadan textile factory, Iran. The porous membranes were fabricated by a phase-inversion process and the inner surface was coated by a thin layer of sulfonated poly (ether ether keton) (SPEEK). After SPEEK coating, the water contact angle of the membrane decreased from about 93° to 57°. The SPEEK coated membrane presented mean pore size and overall porosity of 10 nm and 82.2%, respectively. For the wastewater treatment, the improved membrane presented the water flux and color rejection of 24.7 kg/m2 h and 99.8% during 72 h of the AGMD operation, respectively. Additionally, the treated wastewater reduced to the turbidity of ∼2 NTU, total dissolved solid (TDS) of 16 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 10 mg/L. The coated membrane presented a reasonable anti-fouling property with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 91.7% after 72 h of the operation. Hence, the improved PVDF-HFP membrane can be a potential alternative for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater via a membrane distillation process.

Enhancement of heat dissipation efficiency in the CSNS target through the innovative design of a serial cooling water channel

This paper presents a coupling of the Monte Carlo method with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the flow channel design of an irradiated target through numerical simulations. A novel series flow channel configuration is proposed, which effectively facilitates the removal of heat generated by high-power irradiation from the target without necessitating an increase in the cooling water flow rate. The research assesses the performance of both parallel and serial cooling channels within the target, revealing that, when subjected to equivalent cooling water flow rates, the maximum temperature observed in the target employing the serial channel configuration is lower. This reduction in temperature is ascribed to the accelerated flow of cooling water within the serial channel, which subsequently elevates both the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number, leading to enhanced heat transfer efficiency. Furthermore, the maximum temperature is observed to occur further downstream, thereby circumventing areas of peak heat generation. This phenomenon arises because the cooling water traverses the target plates with the highest internal heat generation at a lower temperature when the flow channels are arranged in series, optimizing the cooling effect on these targets. However, it is crucial to note that the pressure loss associated with the serial structure is two orders of magnitude greater than that of the parallel structure, necessitating increased pump power and imposing stricter requirements on the target container and cooling water pipeline. These findings can serve as a reference for the design of the cooling channels in the target station system, particularly in light of the anticipated increase in beam power during the second phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS Ⅱ).

ДРЕЙФУЮЩИЕ НИТЧАТЫЕ ВОДОРОСЛИ В ПРИБРЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ ВОСТОЧНОГО КАСПИЯ КАК САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЕ ВЕРХНЕПЕЛАГИЧЕСКОЕ СООБЩЕСТВО

The coastal zone of the Middle Caspian is currently undergoing significant changes due to falling sea levels. With shallowing, the nature of the influence of water flows on bottom landscapes changes, including the intensification of the impact of storm waves on their surfaces inhabited by bottom communities. The impact of rolling and storm waves on bottom algae is also increasing. Cenoses of bottom macrophyte algae, which was previously growing on underwater rocks, including flat rock platforms, which abound along the eastern coast of the Middle Caspian, at depths of 10-12 m, were previously affected only by particularly strong storm waves. Now their habitats are at a significantly shallower depth (about 7.5-9.5 m), which led to more frequent and massive detachments of macrophyte thalli and their transfer to the pelagic zone. Mass transfer of living thalli of green and red algae to the upper layers of the water column during different seasons of the year led to the formation of communities of a new type, differently structuring the surface layer of the phytopelagic zone. New cenoses are a set of metamorphosed thalli of filamentous algae with a microepiphytic complex abundantly growing on them, live in the surface layer of water for a long time, serve as food for pelagic fish and have a significant impact on coastal landscapes. Mass development of macrophytes on the bottom, and their further intensive development in the pelagic zone, in turn, can be caused by increased eutrophication of the coastal zone in areas of large settlements.

The Role of Logar River in Sustaining Agricultural Production: A Case Study

This study explores the impact of diminished water flow from the Logar River on water system practices and agricultural productivity within the Logar Province, Afghanistan. As climate change worsens water scarcity, nearby agriculturalists face critical challenges in maintaining trim yields and supporting their livelihoods. The research aims to quantify the percentage of agricultural products in the Logar Province that are directly attributed to the irrigation provided by the river and investigate the critical challenges faced in water management within the province, particularly in the context of climate change. Using quantitative data analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the research identifies trends and correlations between water availability and agricultural productivity. Around 61% of the total agricultural products within the Logar Province are ascribed to the Logar River, implying its central role in driving agricultural yield and maintaining agricultural production in the region. Approximately 90,740 people, constituting around 21% of the province's population, benefit specifically from the agricultural products irrigated by the Logar River.

High-Flux Steady-State Demulsification of Oil-In-Water Emulsions by Superhydrophilic-Oleophobic Copper Foams with Ultra-Small Pores Under Pressure.

3D superwetting materials struggle to maintain high-flux steady-state demulsification for oil-in-water emulsions because the accumulated oil within the material is difficult to discharge rapidly. The water flow shear force can swiftly remove the oil from the anti-fouling surface. In this study, by introducing nanofibers and carbon nanotubes and chemical modification, a superhydrophilic-oleophobic copper foam with pores of several micrometers is prepared, which can achieve a continuous demulsification process with steady-state flux over 57000 Lm-2h-1 for oil-in-water emulsions and rapid hydraulic-driven oil release under an additional pressure of 5kPa. Thanks to the ultra-small pores of the copper foam, the steady-state demulsification efficiency can be still maintained at over 97.5%. During the demulsification process, the accumulation of oil and surfactants within the copper foam can be maintained at low levels, achieving dynamic equilibrium. With the aid of second-stage superhydrophilic copper mesh, the demulsified oil-water mixtures can be rapidly separated. This high-flux, steady-state, and efficient demulsification process shows great potential for industrial applications.