Flux Values Research Articles

Study of Special Unbalanced Load Modes of New Double-Autotransformer of the Flexible Alternating Current Link

The purpose of the work is study of special asymmetric modes of new three-phase autotransformer device for flexible connection of alternative current power systems. The universal model was developed for the device, containing two autotransformers - the main phase-shifting and the additional regulating autotransformer. The model allows studying both symmetric and almost any asymmetric modes of the considered circuit. It became possible to connect asymmetrically the loads in different phases of the regulating autotransformer, as well as arbitrary connect the regulating autotransformer itself to the hexagon taps. According to the calculated values of currents, voltages and magnetic fluxes of the device the visual vectorial diagrams were constructed for the main and the regulating autotransformer, explaining specific of considered operating modes. It was shown that device’ currents in such modes contain symmetrical components of both zero and negative sequences. Also, at asymmetric connection of the regulating autotransformer, the relative magnetic flux of the legs of the main and regulating autotransformers are asymmetrical, but in main autotransformer their sum is approximately equal to zero and magnetic flux practically does not escape into the surrounding space. Radically different situation is observed in the regulating autotransformer. The significant zero-sequence fluxes arise with the release of significant (about 50%) magnetic flux into the surrounding space. This re-quires special measures to be taken to limit its harmful effects on the operation of the autotransformer.

Characteristics of Surface Charge Accumulation on Spacers and Its Influencing Factors

Charge accumulation usually happens on the surface of spacers under DC operation, which is susceptible to inducing surface flashover. In order to explore the surface charge accumulation mechanisms and the influences of dielectric conductivity, gas ion mobility, and temperature field on the surface charges, a time-varying charge density model at the gas–solid interface of spacers was established. The results of the simulation show that the discontinuity of the current density between the spacer bulk side and the gas ion flow is the fundamental reason for the charge accumulation on the spacer surface. Additionally, the value of current density fluxes at the interface continues to decrease with the change of the electric field, and the progress of charge transfer gradually stabilizes. Moreover, the dielectric conductivity directly affects the charge accumulation process, and there is a critical conductivity in which the effect of charge conduction in dielectrics counteracts that of gas-phase charge deposition, theoretically. When the conductivity is higher than the critical conductivity, the solid-side charge conduction is the main source of the surface charge accumulation, while the gas-phase charge deposition on the gas side plays a dominant role when the conductivity is lower than the critical conductivity. The charge accumulation is not significantly affected by gas ion mobility when the temperature is evenly distributed. However, under the temperature field with gradient distribution, the current density fluxes at the interface change, causing the polarity reverse of the accumulated charge. In the high-temperature region, the volume current density surges simultaneously with the conductivity, leading to a higher density of surface charge accumulation. Lastly, the design of spacers needs to keep the current densities on both sides of the interface as similar as possible in order to avoid excessive charge gathering in localized areas.

The Relationship between Vertical Kinematic Eddy Heat Flux, Air Temperature and Turbulent Kinetic Energy in Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Baghdad City

Studying the heat flux in the boundary layer and understanding its relationship to the various atmospheric variables reflects positively on understanding the nature of turbulence in this layer and thus understanding the nature of the spread and movement of pollutants and the transmission and distribution of energy in this layer, also, the vertical heat flux is considered a significant influence on the movement of buoyancy and stability in the boundary layer and its effect on the horizontal wind movement, and therefore it is considered one of the important studies indirectly involved in the estimates of wind energy production, pollutant diffusion, and turbulence. This study involved the calculation of the Eddy Heat Flux and turbulent kinetic energy across Baghdad city. Our investigation revealed a correlation between the Eddy Heat Flux, temperature, and Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE). The observations have been made for wind speed with three components (u, v, w) and temperature by using a fast-response anemometer. As for the atmospheric pressure data, it was obtained from the automatic weather station located in the department of Atmospheric Sciences at Mustansiriyah University. The range of observations extended through the duration of thirty days for 24 hours from 1st July 2016 to 30th July 2016 every second. The maximum Eddy Heat Flux value was 0.092 J/(m2.s) at 10:00 on 23th July 2016, while the minimum Eddy Heat Flux value was -0.013 J/(m2.s) at 21:00 hour on 25th July 2016, the negative sign refer to a change in the direction of heat transfer,. It was also found that there is a positive relationship between the eddy heat flux and temperatures with a correlation coefficient of 0.93, as well as between the eddy heat flux and the turbulent kinetic energy with a correlation coefficient of 0.8.

PENGARUH VARIABEL CELAH UDARA TERHADAP FLUKS MAGNET PADA GENERATOR PERMANEN MAGNETIK AXIAL FLUKS

Generators that use permanent magnets do not require initial excitation to produce voltage. where the generator design is an axial flux type using a ceramic type permanent magnet (NdFeB), and uses two flanking stator rotors. For electricity use, the AC voltage is changed to DC voltage using a rectifier for charging the accumulator. The air gap in an axialflux generator is the distance between the rotor and stator. The air gap is also a place for the magnetic field to move through the coils in the stator which ultimately produces a magnetic flux value which will influence the amount of induced voltage produced. The faster the rotation produced, the greater the voltage produced, but the frequency value will also increase, so that this generator is only limited to 400 rpm rotation, at a frequency value of 50 Hz, producing an effective voltage of ± 22 V with an air gap distance ( δ) is 2 mm, the frequency measurement has an error of 10-20 Hz and an error percentage of 5-10%, with the results of the induced current measurement having the same voltage

DETERMINATION METHODS OF BOILING HEAT FLUX

Boiling is a phase-change phenomenon, which is of significant practical application potential due to large heat flux values exchanged in the process. The paper provides an overview of calculation methods that enable to determine the values of pool boiling heat flux on smooth surfaces. The most commonly used correlations were analysed and the boiling phenomenon occurring on smooth surfaces has been discussed based on the experimental data. A modification of the Rohsenow model has been proposed with the values of the constants determined experimentally.

Development of a new criterion for predicting critical heat flux in rod bundles with supercritical water flowing upward

Investigations of heat transfer characteristics in channels with supercritical fluids are crucial for power cycle applications, such as supercritical water-cooled reactors. To ensure the safety of the system, heat transfer deterioration (HTD) should be avoided. The criteria to identify the onset of HTD in heated rod bundles are still not determined. This study summarizes indicators for the onset of HTD in a rod bundle with supercritical water flowing upward based on observations from experimental data. Existing criteria for the tube flow are assessed by comparing predicted critical heat flux (CHF) values with experimentally identified values. Considering effects of different operating parameters, a new criterion for predicting HTD behavior in rod bundles is developed. The results indicate that the new criterion has a better performance than all existing criteria, with a mean average relative deviation of 0.26 %. Predicted CHF values are within ± 20 % of the respective experimentally identified CHF values.

Energy partitioning over an irrigated vineyard in arid northwest China: Variation characteristics, influence degree, and path of influencing factors

In this study, a two-year experiment in an irrigated vineyard was conducted to investigate the variations in energy fluxes (net radiation, Rn; latent heat flux, LE; sensible heat flux, H; and soil heat flux, G) and quantify the influence of arid advection and environmental factors (vapor pressure deficit (VPD), Rn, air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and volumetric soil water content) on energy partitioning in arid Northwest China. For the diurnal variation, the peak values of the energy fluxes appeared at approximately 14:00, except for G (which appeared at approximately 16:00). LE was the main consumer of daytime (Rn>0) energy during the growing season (average LE/(Rn–G) was 87% and 89% in the two years), even during the shooting and leaf-fall stages. Arid advection, which affects energy partitioning mainly by increasing atmospheric evaporative demand and providing heat energy, contributed 6–60% and 1–56% of the average daytime LE during the two growing seasons, especially at the fruiting stage. Moreover, advection accounted for more than half of average daytime energy imbalances. We found that the arid advection induced by irrigation could be attenuated by selecting a reasonable irrigation time. According to the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, Rn had the strongest direct and positive regulation effect on LE at the half-hourly and daily scales, indicating that LE was limited by energy rather than water in the study area. The influence of Rn on LE gradually weakened with an increase in the time scale, whereas the effect of VPD increased, which may have been due to the smaller time-lag effect between VPD and LE. The diurnal variations in LE at approximately 08:00–19:30 and 19:30–08:00 were mainly controlled by the direct positive effects of Rn and VPD, respectively. The results obtained in this study will provide a better understanding of surface processes and help improve water resource management in arid agricultural areas.

Modeling of a liquid nitrogen droplet evaporating inside an immiscible liquid pool

Evaporation of liquid nitrogen in another immiscible liquid occurs in many industrial applications. Existing oversimplified one-dimensional (1D) quasi-steady models, although can quantitatively predict the evaporation rate by introducing an empirical fitting parameter, rely on configurations inconsistent with experimental observation so more rigorous models are required to get in-depth physical insights and improve modeling capability. This study proposes a 2D quasi-steady-state theoretical model, free of fitting parameters, that predicts the bubble growth rate and estimates the heat transfer rate for a liquid nitrogen droplet evaporating inside a liquid pool within the spherical bubble regime. The droplet's shape and position within a spherical bubble are determined by the equilibrium between the gravitational force and the upward pressure force resulting from the vapor flow between the droplet and the pool. The vapor layer thickness is calculated to be on the order of 10 microns. Notably, the primary contribution to heat transfer arises from the lower portion of the droplet, leading to local heat flux values up to approximately six times higher at the bottom compared to the top. The predicted bubble growth is quantitatively consistent with experimental data within the capillary spherical bubble regime. Furthermore, the overall heat transfer rate Q exhibits a distinct scaling relationship with the volume ratio between the bubble and droplet, yielding Q∼(Vb/Vd)−0.1.

MICRO-EDD OF INCONEL 800 USING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Micro-electro-discharge drilling ([Formula: see text]EDD) is a type of non-traditional machining process used for drilling micro-holes of desired dimensions with a high aspect ratio. But, there are no such research works that could have explained the desired accurate circular shape of micro-holes. The need for a more advanced hybrid machining process to improve the overall efficiency in terms of mainly desired circular shape and radial overcut is evolved. In this research work, an electromagnetic field force-assisted micro-EDM process has been carried out on Inconel 800 with a copper tool of 450[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. Experimental results showed that measured metal removal rate and tool wear rate decreased for ascending values of magnetic flux density, peak current and gap voltage, whereas circularity increases linearly with an increase in magnetic flux density and also the effects of magnetic field on circularity of micro-holes on Inconel 800 are more predominant than other parameters.

Effect of the angle of wedge-shaped hydrophilic patterns on drop evaporation and contact line behaviour: A lattice Boltzmann study

Hypothesis:Angular hydrophilic patterns can manipulate the drop morphology for applications like inkjet-printing. It is hypothesized that such patterns can also affect the contact line behaviour and evaporation rate of drops in a dynamic way, further affecting the quality of depositions. Here, the effect of the angular region is quantified using a wedge-shaped pattern. Experiments:The pseudo-potential multicomponent lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is used for the diffusion-limited (isothermal) evaporation of pinned liquid drops from wedge-shaped hydrophilic patterns. Findings:The contact line unpins the earliest at the apex region of the smallest wedge angles due to a pronounced difference between the local and overall contact angles. The difference reduces linearly with increasing wedge angles, leading to their delayed unpinning. The evaporative flux along the contact line is initially independent of the contact angle but reduces sharply near the unpinning angle. The variation of flux across wedge angles depends more on unpinning timings, as maximum flux values did not differ significantly. The evaporation rate is dynamic, with the smaller wedge angles initially exhibiting a higher evaporation rate because of larger drop surface areas, while the larger wedge angles dominate later owing to the delayed unpinning and retaining larger drop surface areas.

Synthesis and characterization of enhanced polysulfone-based mixed matrix membranes containing ZSM-5 zeolite for protein and dye removal

In this paper, polysulfone (PSf)-based ultrafiltration (UF) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) embedded with ZSM-5 zeolite nanoparticles were synthesized via the NIPS method. The membranes were characterized by FESEM, ATR-FTIR, AFM, and tensile analyses, along with contact angle, porosity, and mean pore size measurements. The FESEM images indicated that the addition of hydrophilic ZSM-5 nanoparticles has led to formation of more and larger finger-like macrovoids. Moreover, hydrophilicity and pure water flux (PWF) values were consequently augmented, which was also approved by water contact angle reduction. The maximum PWF was equal to 394.7 L m-2h−1 at 3 bar for the optimum MMM, containing 1 wt% ZSM-5 which is 125.4 % greater than the value for the bare membrane. In addition, filtration of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and aqueous solutions of two organic dyes were carried out. The highest BSA flux value was obtained 217.9 L m-2h−1 for the optimum membrane, where the BSA rejection values were all greater than 98 %. Furthermore, the optimum MMM displayed the highest flux recovery ratio (FRR%) of 60.1 % as well as the dyes rejection values equal to 95.5 % and 74.1 % for reactive black 5 (RB 5) and reactive yellow 160 (RY 160), respectively, representing its great potential to be applied in various wastewater treatment applications.

Infinite Quantum Twisting at the Cauchy Horizon of Rotating Black Holes.

We present a numerical calculation of the expectation value of the quantum angular-momentum current flux density for a scalar field in the Unruh state near the inner horizon of a Kerr-de Sitter black hole. Our results indicate that this flux diverges as V_{-}^{-1} in a suitable Kruskal coordinate such that V_{-}=0 at the inner horizon. Depending on the parameter values of the scalar field and black hole that we consider, and depending on the polar angle (latitude), this flux can have different signs. In the near extremal cases considered, the angle average of the expectation value of the quantum angular momentum current flux is of the opposite sign as the angular momentum of the background itself, suggesting that, in the cases considered, quantum effects tend to decrease the total angular momentum of the spheres away from the extremal value. We also numerically calculate the energy flux component, which provides the leading order divergence of the quantum stress energy tensor, dominant over the classical stress energy tensor, at the inner horizon. Taking our expectation value of the quantum stress tensor as the source in the semiclassical Einstein equation, our analysis suggests that the spheres approaching the inner horizon can undergo an infinite twisting due to quantum effects along latitudes separating regions of infinite expansion and contraction.

A numerical investigation of the thermal characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) flowing through mini serpentine channels

In this study, we numerically investigate the heat transfer characteristics of CO2 during phase transitions in its supercritical state in serpentine channels. Four different inclination angles are applied to three different radii of curvature flow channels with the same diameter of 2 mm. The supercritical state is maintained by assuming that the mass flux is approximately 191 kg/m2s, the inlet temperature is 298.15 K, and the operating pressure is 7.65 MPa. To ensure a consistent total heat input, different heat flux values are applied to the three different cases, eliminating the potential impact of the increased surface area on the heat transfer performance and allowing a clearer investigation of the geometric effects within the same temperature range. In a channel with a constant radius of curvature, the centrifugal force has a dominant influence on the heat flow compared to gravitational buoyancy, showing a flow phenomenon independent of the angle. In contrast, in a flow channel with a varying radius of curvature, the gravitational buoyancy fluctuates depending on the local area. As a result, the ratio of the centrifugal force to the gravitational buoyancy decreases, causing more variations with changes in the inclination angle. As the centrifugal force contributes significantly to turbulent mixing, the average heat transfer coefficient is highest in the flow channel with the shortest wavelength. As the wavelength increases, the ratio of centrifugal force to buoyancy begins to affect density stratification, especially in gas-like regions, leading to buoyancy. The local heat transfer coefficient at points around the circumference of the cross-section affected by buoyancy and in the film is analyzed, which is closely related to the centrifugal buoyancy and gravitational buoyancy, and their ratio. To express this influence in a correlation equation, a new Nu correlation with an error of less than 25 % is proposed using De, which combines the centripetal force and Reynolds number, ratio of centrifugal buoyancy and gravitational buoyancy, Ф, and Pr as.Nu=0.849De0.541∅-0.154Pr-0.160

Large eddy simulations of a turbulent flow with hybrid nanofluid subjected to symmetric and asymmetric heating

The present study includes a comprehensive numerical analysis of the usage of nanofluids inside a thermal receiver to assess the possibility of enhancing the efficiency of this device. All simulations are performed on a small portion of a thermal receiver, similar to a bi-periodic channel subjected to symmetric and asymmetric heating. To generate conventional and hybrid nanofluids, nanoparticles of Al2O3 and Al2O3-Cu are dispersed in the base fluid H2O. The values of nanoparticles' diameter is 20nm and volume fraction of the nanoparticles is 2%. The Reynolds numbers used in this study are 12 000 and 18 000, which respectively correspond to mean friction Reynolds numbers of 140 and 260. The thermal Large Eddy Simulation (T-LES) approach is used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the computational domain. The results are compared with those of prior numerical and experimental studies to validate the method and the numerical setup. A high level of agreement is achieved. In the case of symmetric and asymmetric heating, the dimensionless findings reveal that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid has a negligible impact on the velocity fluctuations. Nanoparticles make the base fluid denser and more viscous but also more conductive, allowing it to minimize kinetic energy while boosting heat transfer rate. Results also show that using hybrid nanofluids contributes better to improving the heat transfer rate compared to the base fluid and the conventional nanofluid. Introducing nanoparticles into the base fluid decreases its temperatures slightly, especially when Al2O3-Cu nanoparticles are used instead of Al2O3 nanoparticles. In the asymmetric case, water's turbulent heat flux values are greater than nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid, implying that more conductive and viscous liquids have the weakest turbulent heat flux. In the circumstances of symmetric and asymmetric heating, the variation of the velocity fluctuations is almost the same, but the behavior of the temperature–velocity correlation is entirely different. Finally, results show that symmetric heating leads to a higher heat transfer rate than asymmetric heating. The suggested research's findings may be utilized to promote the usage of nanofluids in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems.

Assessment of photosynthetic capacity of two blackberry cultivars subjected to salt stress by the JIP fluorescence test

BACKGROUND: Salt stress has recently emerged as one of the most significant abiotic stresses with negative impact on crop production. Photosynthesis is a vital biochemical process in plants, very sensitive to environmental constraints, including salt stress. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of salt stress on photosystem II in the leaves of blackberry cultivars (Rubus fructicosus L.). METHODS: Two blackberry cultivars (Thornfree and Boysen) were exposed to salt stress (20, 40, and 60 mM NaCl) for 28 days in in vitro culture. The photosynthetic activity was evaluated by probing chlorophyll a fluorescence (JIP test) and photosynthetic pigments. RESULTS: The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), performance indexes (PIABS and PItotal), and photosynthetic driving force (DFABS) were greatly affected by salt stress in the leaves of Boysen cultivar. Lower photosynthetic efficiency was confirmed by the increased values of absorption flux per RC (ABS/RC), trapping flux per PSII RC (TR0/RC), dissipation flux per RC (DI0/RC), decreased values of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, disruption in the interaction between the light-harvesting complex and the core proteins of PSII, as well as disruption of the oxygen-evolving complex. CONCLUSIONS: The provided informations suggest that the photosynthetic apparatus of Thornfree cultivar was found to be more tolerant to salt stress compared to Boysen.

Fabric handling evaluation of woven shirting fabrics by the fabric touch tester

A fabric touch tester is a novel instrument with fabric handling properties. Its principal advantage is that the device has integrated modules for compression, surface friction, and thermal and bending properties. This module integration simplifies the testing process, and provides an efficient measurement method, and a comprehensive physical index. This study focused on woven fabrics for dress shirts. The fabric samples comprised three groups with various yarn compositions – that is, cotton, polyester, and wool. Sample group 1 was composed of cotton, polyester, and blended yarns; sample group 2 mainly compared the effect of twist yarns on the fabric touch; and sample group 3 was composed of wool and blended yarns with polyester. The handling properties were assessed by compression work and the compression recovery rate for the compression attributes. The results revealed that fabric (T100p1) with high twist-level yarns had a higher value of compression work (242.56 gf*mm2), and the texture type may affect the compression characteristics more significantly than the blending ratio. The fabric touch tester can also distinguish small changes in the compression properties of samples (0.43–0.71), the maximum heat flux and surface roughness amplitude for the thermal and surface roughness properties. The results revealed that the maximum heat flux value of all the samples in this study was 1109 Wm−2, the sample C100 using pure cotton yarn had the highest maximum heat flux value (1270 Wm−2). Moreover, the sample W100 with 100% wool fiber yarn had the highest surface roughness amplitude in the warp direction (81 μm) and surface roughness amplitude in the weft direction (67 μm). Finally, the bending average rigidity was used to assess the bending performance of the fabric samples. These fabric touch tester indicators were applied to analyze the fabric handling characteristics of woven shirting fabrics, and perform cross-analysis among samples.

Effects of Flow Pulsation and Surface Geometry on Heat Transfer Performance in a Channel With Teardrop-Shaped Dimples Investigated by Large Eddy Simulation

Abstract Large eddy simulation was performed to investigate heat transfer performance of a pulsating flow over teardrop-shaped dimples. A total of six geometries of dimpled surfaces were examined for dimple arrangements of in-line/staggered/original and dimple inclination angle of 0–60 deg. Pulsating flows were generated by sinusoidally varying the volume-averaged velocity. The pulsation frequency and amplitude were changed for the Strouhal number of 0–0.60 and the root-mean-square velocity amplitude normalized by the bulk flow velocity of 0–0.14. The results showed that the surface-averaged Nusselt number and friction factor were larger for the pulsating flow case than for the steady flow case. The surface-averaged Nusselt number ratio and the friction factor increased with the Strouhal number up to the Strouhal number of 0.30. For the Strouhal number larger than 0.30, they decreased with the Strouhal number or stayed almost constant. Consequently, the heat transfer efficiency index increased with the Strouhal number. The increase in the local Nusselt number ratio due to the flow pulsation was observed at the leading-edge region of the dimples. The results of the streamlines near the dimple showed that the swirling separation bubble was located closer to the leading-edge region due to the pulsation, which resulted in the increase of the absolute values of the turbulent heat flux and the local Nusselt number ratio.

Investigating the thermal performance of a hybrid Ag-TiO2/water nanofluid in a copper porous nanochannel: Examine the meshless molecular dynamics simulation

Nanofluids have gained significant attention due to their improved heat transfer capability compared to traditional fluids, making them promising for various applications. Adding nanoparticles to the base fluid alters its thermophysical attributes, such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and heat transfer characteristics. Understanding the thermal behavior of hybrid nanofluids in porous nanochannels is crucial for optimizing their performance in practical applications. Therefore, this research uses molecular dynamic simulation to evaluate the thermal performance of an Ag-TiO2/water hybrid nanofluid combined with a copper porous nanochannel. The changes in parameters such as interaction energy, thermal conductivity, and heat flux were evaluated with time. Also, the effects of different atomic ratios of nanoparticles (1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 %) on mentioned thermal parameters were evaluated. Based on the findings obtained from the molecular dynamics simulation, with the passage of 10 ns, the interaction energy, thermal conductivity, and heat flux values have converged to 1.356 kcal/mol.atom, 1.717 W/m.k and 114.09 W/m2, respectively. Also, by increasing the atomic ratio of added nanoparticles to 3 %, the thermal conductivity and heat flux values have increased to numerical values of 1.83 W/m.k and 126.84 W/m2. After that, by increasing the atomic ratio of nanoparticles to 10 %, the mentioned parameters reach numerical values of 1.79 W/m.k and 120.05 W/m2.

An efficient solution based on the synergistic effects of nickel foam in NiFe-LDH nanosheets for oil/water separation

Efficient oil-water separation has always been a research hotspot in the field of environmental studies. Employing a one-step hydrothermal approach, NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets were synthesized on nickel foam substrates. The resulting NiFe-LDH/NF membrane exhibited rejection rates exceeding 99% across six diverse oil-water mixtures, concurrently demonstrating a remarkable ultra-high flux of 1.4 × 106 L·m−2·h−1. This flux value significantly surpasses those documented in existing literature, maintaining stable performance over 1000 manual filtration cycles. These breakthroughs stem from the synergistic interplay among the three-dimensional channels of the nickel foam, the nanosheets, and the hydration layer. By leveraging the pore size of the foam to enhance the functionality of the hydration layer, the conventional trade-off between permeability and selectivity was transformed into a balanced force relationship between the hydration layer and the oil phase. The operational and failure mechanisms of the hydration layer were examined using the prepared NiFe-LDH/NF membrane, validating the correlation between oil phase viscosity and density with hydration layer rupture. Additionally, an extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory was employed to investigate changes in interaction energy, further reinforcing the study's findings. This research contributes novel insights and assistance to the comprehension and application of hydration layers in other membrane studies dedicated to oil-water separation.

Ammonia concentration and recovery in an up-scaled electrochemical cell through screening of cation exchange membrane

An intensifying global alarm over excessive total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) calls for innovative recovery strategies. Although electrochemically-driven TAN concentration and recovery have been explored, limited research on upscaling lab-scale advancements with careful system engineering leaves a notable gap in practical application. Here, in the context of implementing an upscaled electrochemical system, we carefully chose a suitable cation exchange membrane to ensure the best ammonium migration, energy efficiency, and stability. Systematically examining the effects of applied current density and loading rate using Neosepta CSE, we achieved final concentrated TAN levels in the receiving catholyte, reaching 836.7 mM (4.4-fold), 778.8 mM (3.5-fold), and 980.4 mM (2.8-fold), with nitrogen flux values of 801, 817, and 955 g-N m−2 d−1 for synthetic, food, and livestock wastewater, respectively, at a current density of 25 mA cm−2 and a loading rate of 2.5 mL cm−2 h−1. Successful upscaling to an 8-cell stack, capable of treating 100 L every 20 h (recovering 207 g-N d−1) of synthetic wastewater, showcases the feasibility of upscaled electrochemical systems for TAN recovery.