Flux Profiles Research Articles

Fuel Performance Analysis of Fast Flux Test Facility MFF-3 and -5 Fuel Pins Using BISON with Post Irradiation Examination Data

Using the BISON fuel-performance code, simulations were conducted of an automated process to read initial and operating conditions from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) database and reports, which contain metallic-fuel data from the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) MFF Experiments. This work builds on previous modeling efforts involving 1977 EBR-II metallic fuel pins from experiments. Coupling the FFTF PNNL reports to BISON allowed for all 338 pins from MFF-3 and MFF-5 campaigns to be simulated. Each BISON simulation contains unique power and flux histories, axial power and flux profiles, and coolant-channel flow rates. Fission-gas release (FGR), fuel axial swelling, cladding profilometry, and burnup were all simulated in BISON and compared to available post-irradiation examination (PIE) data. Cladding profilometry, FGR, and fuel axial swelling simulation results for full-length MFF metallic pins were found to be in agreement with PIE measurements using FFTF physics and models used previously for EBR-II simulations. The main two peaks observed within the cladding profilometry were able to be simulated, with fuel-cladding mechanical interaction (FCMI), fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI), and thermal and irradiation-induced creep being the cause. A U-Pu-Zr hot-pressing model was included in this work to allow pore collapse within the fuel matrix. This allowed better agreement between BISON-simulated cladding profilometry and PIE measurements for the peak caused by FCMI. This work shows that metallic fuel models used to accurately represent fuel performance for smaller EBR-II pins may be used for full-length metallic fuel, such as FFTF MFF assemblies and the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR). As new material models and PIE measurements become available, FFTF MFF assessment cases will be reassessed to further BISON model development.

The Taurid Resonant Swarm at Mercury

ABSTRACT It has previously been suggested that ejection and vaporization of Hermean surface material by meteoroids from comet 2P/Encke causes a seasonal enhancement in Mercury’s Ca exosphere observed by the NASA MESSENGER spacecraft in 2011-2015. The ESA/JAXA BepiColoen mission, now routeute to Mercury, will likely provide the next set of observational tests of this hypothesis after it enters orbit in late 2025. Here we study the Taurid Swarm Complex (IAU Code: STS), a population of cm-sized or larger meteoroids from Encke’s comet that encounters the Earth every 3–7 yr. Through analysis of previous observations of the STS and many-particle numerical simulations, we study the circumstances of encounters between the STS and Mercury and find that, unlike the Earth where STS encounters is observed in some years but not others, each time the STS is at perihelion it encounters Mercury on three consecutive planetary orbits. We further predict that the STS will encounter this planet during the early stages of BepiColombo’s orbital mission. The temporal flux profile during each encounter will be broad and possibly double-peaked with total number fluence 0.4×–1.7× that of the sporadic fluence for >1 kg meteoroids on the sub-radiant hemisphere of the planet. The meteoroid arrival direction and sub-radiant point strongly depend on True Anomaly Angle, switching from mainly nightside to mainly dayside impacts as Mercury travels from orbital perihelion to aphelion. Our predictions may be used to create detailed models of exosphere generation by Encke stream meteoroids.

BayFlux: A Bayesian method to quantify metabolic Fluxes and their uncertainty at the genome scale.

Metabolic fluxes, the number of metabolites traversing each biochemical reaction in a cell per unit time, are crucial for assessing and understanding cell function. 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis (13C MFA) is considered to be the gold standard for measuring metabolic fluxes. 13C MFA typically works by leveraging extracellular exchange fluxes as well as data from 13C labeling experiments to calculate the flux profile which best fit the data for a small, central carbon, metabolic model. However, the nonlinear nature of the 13C MFA fitting procedure means that several flux profiles fit the experimental data within the experimental error, and traditional optimization methods offer only a partial or skewed picture, especially in "non-gaussian" situations where multiple very distinct flux regions fit the data equally well. Here, we present a method for flux space sampling through Bayesian inference (BayFlux), that identifies the full distribution of fluxes compatible with experimental data for a comprehensive genome-scale model. This Bayesian approach allows us to accurately quantify uncertainty in calculated fluxes. We also find that, surprisingly, the genome-scale model of metabolism produces narrower flux distributions (reduced uncertainty) than the small core metabolic models traditionally used in 13C MFA. The different results for some reactions when using genome-scale models vs core metabolic models advise caution in assuming strong inferences from 13C MFA since the results may depend significantly on the completeness of the model used. Based on BayFlux, we developed and evaluated novel methods (P-13C MOMA and P-13C ROOM) to predict the biological results of a gene knockout, that improve on the traditional MOMA and ROOM methods by quantifying prediction uncertainty.

Entropy generation analysis on Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell nanofluid flow past a porous stretching sheet with threshold Non-Fourier heat flux model and Joule heating

This research paper inspects the flow characteristics of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell nanofluid in the presence of a Darcy-Forchheimer (DF) model applied to a stretching sheet. Additionally, numerical analysis is performed to evaluate the findings, utilizing a nanofluid composed of copper (Cu) suspended in water. The energy equation in this study incorporates thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model, and joule heating. The entropy generation is then determined based on the obtained solutions for temperature and velocity, in compliance with the flow constraints. By applying suitable similarity transformations, the conservative equations of energy and momentum are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To solve these equations, a bvp4c method implemented through Matlab software is employed. By taking into account pertinent characteristics like the relaxation Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, time parameter, radiation parameter, and others, one can analyse the normalized shear stress at the wall, temperature profile, and rate of heat flux. For practical purposes, the local Nusselt and number of skin frictions are determined for various modified values of the physical constraints. This provides vital insights about the system's behavior under various settings. The graphical results indicate that the velocity profile exhibits a decrease as the volume fraction, magnetic parameter, Maxwell fluid parameter, and inertia coefficient parameter increase. The entropy generation demonstrates an increase with growing values of the Brinkman number and magnetic parameter. On the other hand, entropy generation declines with increasing values of the temperature ratio parameter. The Bejan number exhibits the opposite behavior of the entropy generation. Specifically, as the Bejan number increases, the entropy generation decreases, and vice versa.

Considering solid shear stress in MP-PIC simulation of a CFB riser

To enable successful multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) simulations of circulating fluidized beds (CFBs), both the interphase drag force and interparticle collisions need to be carefully modeled. Particle collisions are usually represented by the solid stress consisting of the normal and shear components, in which the normal stress was found to have a leading role in the numerical stability of MP-PIC simulations, whereas the impact of the shear stress has seldom been reported. In this work, the effects of the solid shear stress are investigated by using two-dimensional simulations of the moderately dense laboratory-scale CFB riser with in-house MP-PIC code implemented on MFIX open-source platform. Cases including only normal solid stress and those considering both normal and shear solid stresses are simulated. The results of solids flux, axial and radial solids profiles are compared with available experimental data. The results show that the solid shear stress plays a minor role on the accuracy of simulation, and the increase of PPP (number particles per parcel) leads to a lower accuracy of simulation.

Numerical analysis of the heat transfer behaviour of a wickless heat pipe receiver for parabolic trough solar collectors

The thermal performance of a wickless heat pipe receiver for parabolic trough solar collector applications is investigated in this study. For three filling ratios of 30%, 50%, and 90%, nine different heat flux profiles were examined. The normal heat flux range was chosen to be between 58 and 288 W/m2. The influence of the non-homogeneity of the thermal flux on the receiver tube was numerically analysed for various filling ratios. The maximum average wall temperature of 390 K was observed for heat transfer profile 7 and a fill ratio of 30%. For a filling ratio of 90%, the heat flux profile 7 had a minimum thermal resistance of 0.245 K/W, and a correlation was proposed to calculate the thermal resistance. A maximum thermal resistance of 1.722 K/W was calculated for the heat flux profile 3 and a filling ratio of 30%.

Laboratory investigation of nominally two-dimensional anabatic flow on symmetric double slopes

We investigated the dynamics of highly turbulent thermally driven anabatic (upslope) flow on a physical model inside a large water tank using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a thermocouple grid. The results showed that the flow exhibited pronounced variations in velocity and temperature and, importantly, could not be accurately modeled as a two-dimensional quasi-steady flow. Five significant findings are presented to underscore the three-dimensional nature of the flow, namely, the B-shaped mean velocity profiles, B-shaped turbulent flux profiles, synthetic streaks that revealed particles flowing perpendicular to the laser sheet, average vorticity maps revealing helical structure splitting, and identified vortices shooting away from the boundary toward the apex plume. Collectively, these findings offer novel insights into the flow behavior patterns of thermally driven complex terrain flows, which influence local weather and microclimates and are responsible for scalar transport, e.g., pollution.

The impact of a single dose of whey protein on glucose flux and metabolite profiles in normoglycemic males: insights into glucagon and insulin biology.

Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates euglycemic glucagon and insulin secretion, a response that is particularly robust with rapidly absorbing proteins. Previously, we have shown that ingestion of repeated doses of rapidly absorbing whey protein equally stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd), thus explaining the preservation of euglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine if a smaller single dose of whey could elicit a large enough glucagon and insulin response to stimulate glucose flux. Therefore, in normoglycemic young adult males (N=10; Age ~26; BMI ~25), using [6,6-2H2] glucose tracing and quantitative targeted metabolite profiling, we determined the metabolic response to a single 25g 'standard' dose of whey protein. Whey protein ingestion did not alter glycemia, but increased circulating glucagon (peak 4-fold basal), insulin (peak 6-fold basal), amino acids and urea while also reducing free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations. Interestingly, the postprandial insulin response was driven by both a stimulation of insulin secretion and marked reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Whey protein ingestion resulted in a modest stimulation of EGP and Rd, both peaking at ~20% above baseline 1 h after protein ingestion. These findings demonstrate that the ingestion of a single standard serving of whey protein can induce a euglycemic glucagon and insulin response that stimulates glucose flux. We speculate on a theory that could potentially explain how glucagon and insulin synergistically provide hardwired control of nitrogen and glucose homeostasis.

Evaluation of vertically resolved longwave radiation in SPARTACUS-Urban 0.7.3 and the sensitivity to urban surface temperatures

Abstract. Cities' materials and urban form impact radiative exchanges and surface and air temperatures. Here, the SPARTACUS (Speedy Algorithm for Radiative Transfer through Cloud Sides) multi-layer approach to modelling longwave radiation in urban areas (SPARTACUS-Urban) is evaluated using the explicit DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model. SPARTACUS-Urban describes realistic 3D urban geometry statistically rather than assuming an infinite street canyon. Longwave flux profiles are compared across an August day for a 2 km × 2 km domain in central London. Simulations are conducted with multiple temperature configurations, including realistic temperature profiles derived from thermal camera observations. The SPARTACUS-Urban model performs well (cf. DART, 2022) when all facets are prescribed a single temperature, with normalised bias errors (nBEs) <2.5 % for downwelling fluxes, and <0.5 % for top-of-canopy upwelling fluxes. Errors are larger (nBE <8 %) for net longwave fluxes from walls and roofs. Using more realistic surface temperatures, varying depending on surface shading, the nBE in upwelling longwave increases to ∼2 %. Errors in roof and wall net longwave fluxes increase through the day, but nBEs are still 8 %–11 %. This increase in nBE occurs because SPARTACUS-Urban represents vertical but not horizontal surface temperature variation within a domain. Additionally, SPARTACUS-Urban outperforms the Harman single-layer canyon approach, particularly in the longwave interception by roofs. We conclude that SPARTACUS-Urban accurately predicts longwave fluxes, requiring less computational time (cf. DART, 2022) but with larger errors when surface temperatures vary due to shading. SPARTACUS-Urban could enhance multi-layer urban energy balance scheme prediction of within-canopy temperatures and fluxes.

Reconstruction of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Scenedesmus obliquus and Its Application for Lipid Production under Three Trophic Modes.

Green microalgae have emerged as beneficial feedstocks for biofuel production. A systems-level understanding of the biochemical network is needed to harness the microalgal metabolic capacity for bioproduction. Genome-scale metabolic modeling (GEM) showed immense potential in rational metabolic engineering, utilizing biochemical flux distribution analysis. Here, we report the first GEM for the green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus (iAR632), a promising biodiesel feedstock with high lipid-storing capability. iAR632 comprises 1467 reactions, 734 metabolites, and 632 genes distributed among 7 compartments. The model was optimized under three different trophic modes of microalgal cultivation, i.e., autotrophy, mixotrophy, and heterotrophy. The robustness of the reconstructed network was confirmed by analyzing its sensitivity to the biomass components. Pathway-level flux profiles were analyzed, and significant flux space expansion was noticed majorly in reactions associated with lipid biosynthesis. In agreement with the experimental observation, iAR632 predicted about 3.8-fold increased biomass and almost 4-fold higher lipid under mixotrophy than the other trophic modes. Thus, the assessment of the condition-specific metabolic flux distribution of iAR632 suggested that mixotrophy is the preferred cultivation condition for improved microalgal growth and lipid production. Overall, the reconstructed GEM and subsequent analyses will provide a systematic framework for developing model-driven strategies to improve microalgal bioproduction.

Evolution of low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in GX 339-4 during its 2021 outburst using AstroSat data

ABSTRACT The black hole X-ray binary GX 339-4 showed an X-ray outburst during 2021. The AstroSat captured this outburst when the source entered into the intermediate flux state while the count rate was declining. The source showed an alternating flux profile in a time-scale of ≲100 ks, where the hard energy band was more variable than the soft band. The energy-dependent timing study showed that the observed quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) was prominent in the low-energy bands, with its nearly sub-harmonic and harmonic components. These components appear and disappear with time, as observed in the orbit-wise QPO study. The Q-value, fractional rms, and 4.8–5.6 Hz frequency infer the QPOs as type-B and the spectral state as soft intermediate. The rms spectra of all orbits exhibiting QPOs show an increase in amplitude till ∼10 keV, beyond which it starts decreasing. This may indicate that ∼10 keV photons contributed relatively more in QPOs than other energy band photons. The Lorentzian normalization of the type-B QPO in different energy bands is consistent with the 10 keV peak. The energy-dependent time lag is complex and could be associated with the Comptonizing corona or jet. Finally, we discuss possible reasons behind the origin of different timing properties observed.

Modeling-based investigation on the contribution of radial heating into integrated VMD hollow-fiber modules at different scales for autonomous desalination

Integrating solar energy with vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is a promising means to provide fresh water in remote areas. Our previous work on integrated solar VMD modules focused on optimizing flat-sheet integrated modules; this study examines the feasibility of up-scaling VMD modules containing outside/in hollow fibers with an external module surface collecting solar heat (HF-SC-VMD). Such modules have been experimented with at the lab scale; however, additional information is required concerning the parameters governing the productivity in such modules at the industrial scale, notably concerning the impacts and limits induced by radial heating. We contribute to this goal by estimating the temperature profiles and the maximal permeate production achievable for an HF-SC-VMD module at a semi-industrial scale in the case of the more favorable heating conditions provided via solar radiation, where the maximum temperature acceptable for the constituent materials of the module is assumed to be the temperature reached by the feed close to the shell wall (Twall). A two-dimensional shell-side model is developed to describe the coupled radial and longitudinal heat and mass transfers accounting for temperature polarization while considering module design parameters and operating conditions for future optimization. The model properly describes the experimental VMD performances (without radial heating) with and without temperature polarization. The influence of Twall on the permeate flux and temperature profiles is examined to discuss the effect of radial heating. The specified semi-industrial-scale HF-SC-VMD module (2.1 m2) could produce 37.8 L/h of drinkable water (covering the daily needs of ~150 people) if the full module design (including the solar collector) allows Twall to reach 70 °C, confirming the interest of continuing research toward optimizing a full HF-SC-VMD module.

Measurement of flux distribution of an AmBe neutron source and estimation of two group integral capture cross-sections

Neutron capture cross sections of elements are of utmost importance in reactor physics, dosimetry applications and stellar nucleosynthesis studies. Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences (MCNS) possesses a 16Ci AmBe neutron source, which is housed inside a concrete structure. The neutrons undergo multiple scattering events in the concrete structure and surrounding materials; therefore, the neutron flux profile is unique to this source and structural material, which differs from the standard ISO spectrum. Using this AmBe source, experiments are being conducted to understand the neutron energy distribution in two groups to measure capture cross sections of various isotopes. In the present work, gold has been used as a flux monitor, and the indium cross-section has been measured in two groups. These foils (Gold and Indium) are irradiated with and without cadmium cover to understand the neutron spectra in two spectral regions as cadmium cutoffs neutrons of energy below 0.5 eV. Irradiated samples were counted in High-Pure Germanium (HPGe) detector, and the γ-spectra obtained were used to get the epi‑cadmium (0.5 eV and above) to total ratio of ⟨σ(E)ϕ(E)⟩. The neutron flux is estimated in two groups corresponding to thermal (thermal energy neutron extended up to 0.5 eV) and epi‑cadmium regions, and also the flux-weighted capture cross sections of 115In are determined.

Sparse, Empirically Optimized Quadrature for Broadband Spectral Integration

AbstractBroadband (spectrally‐integrated) radiation calculations are dominated by the expense of spectral integration, and many applications require fast parameterizations for computing radiative flux. Here we describe a novel approach using a linear weighted sum of monochromatic calculations at a small set of optimally‐chosen frequencies. The empirically‐optimized quadrature method is used to compute atmospheric boundary fluxes, net flux profiles throughout the atmosphere, heating rate profiles, and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere forcing by CO2, in the longwave for clear skies. We evaluate the method against two modern correlated k‐distribution models and find that we can achieve comparable errors with 32 spectral points. We also examine the effect of minimizing different cost functions, and find that in order to accurately represent heating rates and CO2 forcing, these quantities must be included in the cost function.

Shared metabolic shifts in endothelial cells in stroke and Alzheimer’s disease revealed by integrated analysis

Since metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of both stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mining shared metabolic patterns in these diseases will help to identify their possible pathogenic mechanisms and potential intervention targets. However, a systematic integration analysis of the metabolic networks of the these diseases is still lacking. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and AD models to construct metabolic flux profiles at the single-cell level. We discovered that the three disorders cause shared metabolic shifts in endothelial cells. These altered metabolic modules were mainly enriched in the transporter-related pathways and were predicted to potentially lead to a decrease in metabolites such as pyruvate and fumarate. We further found that Lef1, Elk3 and Fosl1 may be upstream transcriptional regulators causing metabolic shifts and may be possible targets for interventions that halt the course of neurodegeneration.

UF fractionation of fish protein hydrolysate

A commercial fish protein hydrolysate was fractionated using polymeric spiral wound ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. As protein hydrolysates are electrolytes, the effects of pH and ionic strength were investigated. Three different polyethersulfones (PES) membranes with different nominal molecular weight cut-offs (10, 5, and 3 kDa) and a polyamide-thin film composite (PA) membrane with a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 3 kDa were used. The membrane flux and retention profile, and the selectivity for <4 kDa peptides were analyzed and discussed. The PES membranes were suitable for fractionation of the hydrolysate, while the PA membrane showed high retention for all components because of the adsorption of solutes to the membrane surface. The results showed that with charged solutes, the nominal molecular weight cut-off as supplied by manufacturers was not the decisive parameter for choosing a membrane. The permeate flux at pH 8 was higher than that at pH 5 for all PES membranes. The presence of salt in the hydrolysate significantly improved the flux and selectivity. The overall retention mainly was dependent on the retention of small peptides (<4 kDa). The mass transfer mechanism of charged peptides within the concentration polarization during UF separation was simplified and presented regarding size and charge exclusions.

Broadband radiative quantities for the EarthCARE mission: the ACM-COM and ACM-RT products

Abstract. The EarthCARE satellite mission's objective is to retrieve profiles of aerosol and water cloud physical properties from measurements made by its cloud-profiling radar, backscattering lidar, and passive multi-spectral imager. These retrievals, together with other geophysical properties, are input into broadband (BB) radiative transfer (RT) models that predict radiances and fluxes commensurate with measurements made and inferred from EarthCARE's BB radiometer (BBR). The scientific goal is that modelled and “observed” BB top-of-atmosphere (TOA) fluxes differ, on average, by less than ±10 W m−2. When sound synergistic retrievals from the ACM-CAP process (ACM: ATLID – backscattering lidar, CPR – cloud-profiling radar, and MSI – multi-spectral imager; CAP: clouds, aerosols, and precipitation) are available, they are acted on by the RT models. When they are not available, the RT models act on “composite” profiles of properties retrieved from measurements made by individual sensors. Compositing is performed in the ACM-COM (COM: composite) process. The majority of this report describes the RT models – and their products – that make up EarthCARE's ACM-RT process. Profiles of BB shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) fluxes and heating rates (HRs) are computed by 1D RT models for each ∼ 1 km nadir column of inferred properties. Three-dimensional RT models compute radiances for the BBR's three viewing directions, with the SW model also computing flux and HR profiles; the 3D LW model produces upwelling flux at just one level. All 3D RT products are averages over 5×21 km “assessment domains” that are constructed using MSI data. Some of ACM-RT's products are passed forward to the “radiative closure assessment” process that quantifies, for each assessment domain, the likelihood that EarthCARE's goal has been achieved. As EarthCARE represents the first mission to make “operational” use of 3D RT models, emphasis is placed on differences between 1D and 3D RT results. For upwelling SW flux at 20 km altitude, 1D and 3D values can be expected to differ by more than EarthCARE's scientific goal of ±10 W m−2 at least 50 % of the time.

Analytic solution and numerical validation of the transient regime in dry surface grinding

In the framework of Samara–Valencia model for heat transfer in dry surface grinding, analytical expressions for the time-dependent temperature field of the workpiece during the transient regime in which the wheel is engaged (cut-in) and disengaged (cut-out) from the workpiece are calculated. The main assumption we consider is a constant heat flux profile along the contact zone between the wheel and the workpiece. According to the analytical expression obtained for the temperature field, a closed-form expression for the maximum temperature during the cut-in transient regime has been obtained. Further, a very rapid method for the numerical evaluation of maximum temperature during the cut-out is described. This maximum temperature is responsible of the thermal damage of the workpiece. Experimental evidence shows that the thermal damage risk is greater during the cut-out transient regime. The present analytical model reproduces this experimental feature. Finally, the analytical results have been numerically validated using FEM analysis and are intended to be very useful for the monitoring of the online grinding process in order to avoid thermal damage.

An empirical firebrand pile heat flux model

Firebrand exposure has been identified as a leading cause of structure losses during wildfires. However, only a limited number of studies have attempted to quantify the incident firebrand heat flux to a target substrate surface. In this study, a bench-scale wind tunnel retrofitted with an IR thermal imaging system was used to generate high-resolution temperature data for the back surface of a thin, non-combustible insulation board exposed to a glowing firebrand pile at 0.9–2.7 m s−1 air flow velocities and 0.06 and 0.16 g cm−2 firebrand coverage densities. An inverse heat flux modelling technique utilizing a solid-phase pyrolysis solver, ThermaKin, was employed to determine transient firebrand pile heat flux profiles underneath and directly in front of a glowing firebrand pile. The inverse modelling technique used both the experimental back surface temperature data and the insulation's thermophysical properties. Average incident firebrand pile heat flux values obtained for all testing conditions ranged between 28 and 80 kW m−2. For the first time, an empirical model capturing the firebrand pile incident heat flux dependence on time, air flow velocity and firebrand coverage density was developed.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Hybrid Thermal Management Concept at Different Discharge Rates for a Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Module

In this paper, an experimental and numerical study was conducted to analyze the performance of a hybrid thermal management concept for cylindrical lithium-ion battery modules at various discharge rates. The proposed concept consists of primary cooling through phase change material (PCM) and secondary cooling through vertical liquid channels between the PCM and airflow at the top of the cells. Two experimental studies were performed to obtain the temperature and heat flux profiles. In addition, the thermal performance of the battery module was obtained for 1 C, 2 C, 3 C, 5 C, and 7 C discharge rates using the numerical study. The results show that the maximum temperature was limited to ~30 °C. Additionally, the temperature uniformity in all the discharge rates was maintained below 5 °C. Finally, a meager amount of PCM was utilized during all the discharge cycles. At 1 C none of the PCM changed its phase, whereas at 2 C, 0.32%, 3 C, 0.14%, 5 C, 0.3%, and at 7 C, 0.12% of PCM changed its phase. The proposed hybrid concept can maintain the thermal environment required by the Li-ion cells for effective performance. Furthermore, this concept does not require excessive pumping fluid power and high air velocities, which reduces the energy required for the operation of the thermal management system, thereby increasing the available energy for propulsion.