Fluoride Mouthwash Research Articles

Comparison of the Efficacy of Plaque Removal of Listerine Smart Rinse Kids and Vi– One Junior Fluoridated Mouthwash in Children Aged 6 To 10 Years

Currently, dental caries and gingivitis are common oral and dental diseases in this country

Effect of Fluoride Mouthwash in Iranian Schools: Treatment or Exacerbation of the Disease

Dental and oral health is an important part that plays a significant role in the quality of life of people in our society, especially children, but due to insufficient attention, tooth decay in the world is increasing every year. Promoting oral hygiene requires the people's easy access to primary oral health care and the use of these services should be classified.

Oral Health in Schools and the Process of School Nursing Care

The decayed, missing, filled (DMF) index for permanent teeth among Taiwanese students remains above 2.0, which is the target standard established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, it is imperative that oral healthcare be promoted effectively in campus and community settings. This article conducts an analysis of relevant academic, education, and health authority survey statistics and discussions, and summarizes the three stages of oral health care from 1991 and the signing by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Education of the plan for health promotion in schools in 2002. Based on the school hygiene law, although the incidence of dental cavities has been declining over the years due to campus oral healthcare promotion efforts, there remain issues in need of improvement. Oral health issues must be addressed through initiatives such as the school nurse health angel program, encouraging tooth cleaning after lunch, the National Dental Hygiene Tournament, implementing the use of fluoride mouthwash, regular oral exams, and implementing corrective measures during health screenings. The results of this empirical study offers policy advice on reducing the incidence of dental cavities among school-age children in Taiwan. In light of the deep relationships between school nurses and students, teachers, and parents, it is our mission to ensure that oral healthcare in Taiwan will soon reach WHO standards and meet the expectations of parents and society.

Effect of oral environment and prescribed fluoride mouthwashes on different types of TMA wires - An in-vivo study.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intraoral conditions and fluoride mouthwashes on mechanical properties and surface characteristics of different types of titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) wires.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Three types of TMA wires of dimension 0.017” × 0.025” [1. Standard TMA (TMA), 2. ion-implanted, low-friction TMA (LF) and 3. Colored, Honey Dew TMA (HD)] were tested in three conditions as three groups; A) Control (as received), B) No fluoride (following intraoral use without fluoride) and C) Fluoride (following intraoral use with fluoride rinses). Surface roughness was evaluated using 3D Optical Profilometer. Three point bending tests were done to evaluate load deflection characteristics (LDR), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and Young's modulus (E). Statistical evaluation was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni multiple comparison, and paired t-tests.RESULTS:Control group TMA exhibited significantly higher surface roughness, peak height, and LDR as well as lower UTS and E when compared to LF and HD (P < 0.001). In nonfluoride group, the surface roughness and LDR increased significantly for all three types of wires (P < 0.001). The UTS and E showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001). Additional use of fluoride mouthwashes (fluoride group) further increased surface roughness and LDR and decreased the UTS and E (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:The ion-implanted LF/HD varieties had better surface smoothness, lower LDR, higher UTS, and higher E than standard TMA in the control group, pointing towards a better efficiency of these wires. Intraoral conditions significantly increased surface roughness and deteriorated mechanical properties of all types of TMA wires. With the use of daily fluoride mouthwashes, the deterioration was much worse.

In Vitro Analysis of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Root Extract Activity on Streptococcus mutans in Comparison to Chlorhexidine and Fluoride Mouthwash

The present study was done to determine the activity of licorice root extract on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in comparison to chlorhexidine and fluoride mouthwash. In the current study, the different concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic licorice root extract were subjected to microbiological assay and zone of inhibition was determined against S. mutans by agar ditch method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous and ethanolic solution was obtained by using broth dilution method and agar dilution method. Chlorhexidine and fluoride mouthwash were kept as a positive control in the present study. One-way ANOVA along with Tukey post hoc test were used at 5% level of significance to analyze data. Mean zone of inhibition of chlorhexidine mouthwash, fluoride mouthwash, aqueous and ethanolic licorice root extracts against S. mutans at 24 hours were 23 mm, 14.2 mm, 15.8 mm and 22.4 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous and ethanolic licorice root extract on S. mutans was 20 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively by both broth dilution method and agar dilution method. The antibacterial effect produced by ethanolic licorice root extract on S. mutans was comparable to chlorhexidine mouthwash while significantly higher in comparison with aqueous form and fluoride mouthwash. The interest in the plants with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity has increased now days to treat various dental diseases as consequences of current problems associated with the conventional agents. Licorice root is easily available, economically feasible and culturally acceptable and may possess minimal side effects as compared to conventional means of chemicotherapeutic agents used for reduction of S. mutans in oral cavity and hence can be recommended for prevention of dental caries.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of probiotic milk and fluoride mouthrinse on salivary Streptococcus mutans counts and plaque scores in children - An in vivo experimental study.

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of probiotic milk and fluoride mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans (SM) counts and plaque index (PI) scores in children. Thirty children of 8-13 years with zero decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft)/DMFT were randomly divided into two equal groups of 15 each; baseline saliva samples were collected, and plaque scores were recorded. Group A received probiotic milk and Group B received fluoride mouthwash for 7 days, and then, saliva samples were collected for colony counting, and plaque scores were recorded on the 8th day. This was a double-blind experimental in vivo study and randomized sample selection. The results showed that there was statistically significant reduction in both salivary SM counts and plaque scores in both the groups after 7 days period. Intergroup comparison showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (i.e., both groups are equally effective in caries reduction). Probiotic milk was as effective as fluoride mouthwash in reducing SM counts and PI scores.

Effects of amine fluoride and probiotic mouthwash on levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial.

Introduction:Porphyromonas gingivalis is one among the major etiological agent in periodontal diseases and has been proved to cause gingival inflammation under orthodontic appliances.Aim:To assess the effect of amine fluoride and probiotic mouthwashes on levels of P. gingivalis during orthodontic treatment, using real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Materials and Methods:A randomised controlled trial was performed including 45 patients. There were three groups: Group A (control group), Group B (patients using Amflor mouthwash) and Group C (patients using probiotic mouthwash). During the treatment, all the 3 groups were advised to brush twice a day using Colgate tooth paste and Group B patients were advised to swish 15 ml fluoridated mouthwash (Amflor) and Group C advised to swish probiotic for 60 s before swallowing, once in the morning and once before sleep. After gently removing supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque samples were collected by inserting a sterile dental curette into the bottom of the gingival crevice around 31, 32, 41, and 42 at two different intervals: T1 at start and T2 after 6 months of fixed orthodontic treatment. Sub-gingival plaque samples collected were transferred to laboratory within 48 h for RT-PCR analysis in Tris-buffer solution, to maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA.Results:The levels of P. gingivalis were significantly decreased with probiotic mouth wash.Conclusions:Probiotic mouth wash can be used as an adjunctive measure along with regular brushing to improve periodontal status during fixed orthodontic treatment.

Effect of 0.05% Sodium Fluoride Mouthwash on Surface Roughness and Friction between Ceramic Brackets and Rhodium-Coated and Uncoated Stainless Steel Wires.

Objectives:This study aimed to assess the effect of 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash on the surface roughness and friction between ceramic brackets and rhodium-coated (RC) and uncoated stainless steel (SS) wires.Materials and Methods:This experimental study was performed on 48 maxillary premolar ceramic brackets. Twenty-four pieces of RC-SS wires were used. Samples were divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 were immersed in artificial saliva, and groups 3 and 4 were immersed in a solution consisting of artificial saliva (9%) and mouthwash (91%). To assess surface roughness, images were obtained from the surface of wires and brackets with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the intervention. To assess friction, the wires were ligated into brackets, and friction was measured at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 significance level.Results:Friction during sliding in RC wires was significantly less than that in SS wires (P<0.05). Increase in the friction in SS wires by mouthwash was significantly greater compared to RC wires (P<0.05). Surface roughness coefficients of the wires before the intervention were not significantly different. The surface roughness of the wires significantly increased after the intervention and it was greater in SS wires than in RC wires (P<0.05).Conclusion:Considering the lower friction and surface roughness of SS-RC wires compared to SS wires, SS-RC wires may be a better alternative for use with ceramic brackets.

Effect of Remineralizing Agents on Tooth Color after Home Bleaching.

Objectives:The purpose was to investigate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash on teeth discoloration after home bleaching.Materials and Methods:In this in-vitro study, 48 intact and unstained human incisors were divided into four groups (n=12): control (Group 1), CPP-ACPF paste (Group 2), Remin Pro paste (Group 3), and 0.05% NaF mouthwash (Group 4). The specimens were bleached using 20% carbamide peroxide gel for 21 days and were subjected to pH cycling and surface treatment with remineralizing agents for one month. The color of the specimens was determined according to the CIELAB color space at baseline, after bleaching, and after surface treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) test, and one-sample t-test (P=0.05).Results:ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean ΔE of the four groups after surface treatment (P<0.05). Post-hoc LSD test showed a significant difference between the mean ΔE of the control group and those of the treatment groups (P<0.05) with no significant difference between the treatment groups, except for Remin Pro. The mean ΔE and ΔL of the Remin Pro group showed less change than those of the CPP-ACPF and NaF groups, indicating that Remin Pro has the lowest potential for post-bleaching tooth discoloration.Conclusion:CPP-ACPF paste, Remin Pro paste, and 0.05% NaF mouthwash cause noticeable teeth discoloration immediately after bleaching. Remin Pro has less effect on tooth color than the other two products.

Fluoride Release and Recharge Behavior of Bioactive Glass Ionomer Cements using Ion Chromatography

Objective: To evaluate fluoride release and uptake behaviors of the new bioactive resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (activa bioactive glass ionomer) compared to conventional glass ionomer cement(CGIC) (Fuji IX GP). Material and Methods: Forty specimens were prepared (10 mm x 2 mm) from Fuji IX GP glass ionomer and Activa Bioactive RMGI according to manufacturer’s instructions. The specimens stored in deionized water and fluoride release were assessed daily in the first week then weekly till the third week using ion chromatography. The specimens of each material were divided into two equal subgroups according to the recharging agents used ; either0.05% mouth wash (226 ppm sodium fluoride, G.U.M, Sunstar, Germany, GmbH) or 5% sodium fluoride varnish (22.600ppm fluoride, enamel pro varnish Premier Dental, Plymouth Meeting, PA,19462,USA). Fluoride release after recharge was measured and recorded daily for a total of 5 days. Data were analyzed by Two way ANOVA and Duncans test (α = 0.05) using the SPSS software program. Results: CGIC release higher amount of fluoride than RMGIC. Professionally applied fluoride varnish showed better recharging ability than home care fluoride mouth wash and CGIC had greater recharge ability than new RMGIC.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Various Topical Fluorides on Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study

White spot lesions (WSLs) occur frequently after fixed orthodontic treatment. This in vitro study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of 2.26% fluoride varnish, 1.23% APF gel, 0.21% fluoride toothpaste and 0.04% sodium fluoride mouthwashes in preventing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets in extracted premolars. The sample for this study included 100 premolars free of caries and enamel cracks. They were divided into five groups of 20 samples each. Group 1 (FV): light-curable Fluoride varnish (Clinpro™ XT 3M ESPE, Pymble, New South Wales, Australia), group 2 (FG): 1.23% APF gel (Patterson NE. International, USA), group 3 (FTP): 0.21% w/w sodium fluoride toothpaste with tri-calcium phosphate (Clinpro™ Tooth Crème, 3M ESPE, Australia), group 4 (FMW): sodium fluoride 0.044% (w/v) mouthwash (Colgate® Phos-Flur® Ortho Defense Rinse, Colgate-Palmolive, NY) and group 5 (C): control. The samples were subjected to laboratory pH cycling. The demineralization changes in the enamel were assessed before the start of the experiment and after 14 days. There was a significant change in the mean Diagnodent score value (p <0.001) in all groups from day 1-day 14. The mean values were significantly different among groups at day 1 (p = 0.002), day 14 (p = 0.001) and also the change from Day 1 to Day 14 was significantly different among Groups (p = 0.001). The least change in the mean value from baseline to 14 days was seen in group 1 (FV) followed by group 3 (FTP), group 2 (FG), and group 4 (FMW) and then the group 5 (C). All the topical fluorides tested were able to reduce the demineralization when compared to the control group under similar testing conditions, but to varying degrees. light-curable fluoride varnish outperformed all the topical fluorides followed by 0.21% w/w dodium fluoride toothpaste with tri-calcium phosphate, 1.23% Acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and sodium fluoride 0.044% (w/v) mouthwash. The control group where no topical fluoride was applied showed the least resistance to demineralization. Within the limitations of this study, routine application of light cured fluoride varnish (Clinpro) can be recommended to prevent enamel demineralization to prevent white spot lesions in patients receiving orthodontic treatment.

Influence of fluoride mouthwash containing nanohydroxyapatite on the dentin interface of direct restorations: a randomized controlled crossover in situ study

Influence of fluoride mouthwash containing nanohydroxyapatite on the dentin interface of direct restorations: a randomized controlled crossover in situ study

Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains.

Force decay elastomeric chains are significant, and it is a clinical problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching agent in the mouthwash on the force decay of orthodontic chains. In this experimental study, 160 gray closed elastomeric chains were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two test groups). Four loops of chains were stretched for 25 mm on custom-made jig. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva during the test period. Test group specimens were immersed twice a day for 30 seconds in the whitening (LISTERINE® HEALTHY WHITE™) and daily sodium fluoride (LISTERINE® TOTAL CARE ZERO) mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Force was measured at different time points (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni methods (a = 0.05). Force of elastomeric chains was decreased dramatically in all groups during the experiment. After 24 hours, force was decreased by 42.18, 48.34, and 53.38% in control group, daily, and bleaching mouthwash groups respectively. The corresponding numbers after 4 weeks were 66.30, 76.73, and 86.48. The difference between three groups at days 1 and 28 was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, bleaching and sodium fluoride mouthwashes could cause force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Whitening mouthwash is more weakening for elastomeric chains. Use of whitening mouthwash by orthodontic patients could decrease the force of elastomeric chains, so it could be recommended to use them for a short time.

Effect of fluoride mouthwash on tensile strength of stainless steel orthodontic archwires

Patients with orthodontic treatment are commonly recommended to use a fluoride mouthwash for maintaining their oral hygiene and preventing dental caries. However, fluoride may affect the characteristics of stainless steel orthodontic archwires used during treatment. The effect of fluoride mouthwash on the tensile strength of stainless steel orthodontic archwires is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to know the effect of fluoride mouthwash on the tensile strength of stainless steel orthodontic archwires. Examine the tensile strength of 0.016 inch stainless steel orthodontic archwires after immersion in 0.05%, 100 ml fluoride mouthwash for 30, 60, and 90 min. There is no statistically significant difference in the tensile strength of stainless steel orthodontic archwires after immersed in fluoride mouthwash. The p-values on immersion fluoride mouthwash for 30, 60, and 90 min consecutively are 0.790; 0.742; and 0.085 (p > 0.05). The use of fluoride mouthwash did not have an effect on the tensile strength of stainless Steel orthodontic archwires.

Comparison of Fluoride Levels in Tap and Bottled Water and Reported Use of Fluoride Supplementation in a United States-Mexico Border Community.

Compared to the general United States (U.S.) population, Arizona counties along the U.S.-Mexico border have a higher prevalence of dental caries, which can be reduced with adequate fluoride exposure. Because of concern regarding local tap water quality, fluoride-free bottled water consumption is common in this region, raising concern that families are not receiving adequate fluoride to promote dental health. To evaluate the levels of fluoride in tap and bottled water as well as the use of fluoride supplements in an Arizona border community. Low-income Latino households (n = 90) who report use of bottled water as their primary source of water intake were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire about their and their children's dental histories and use of fluoride supplements. Water samples (bottled and tap) were collected from a subset of households (n = 30) for analysis of fluoride. Fluoride detection levels were significantly greater (p = 0.02, Fisher's exact test) in tap water (average = 0.49 mg/dL) than in bottled water, yet, the majority (22/30) were below the range for optimal dental health (0.7-1.2 mg/L). Concentration of fluoride in the majority (29/30) of bottled water samples was below the quantitative detection limit of 0.4 mg/L. Children were significantly less likely to have dental caries if they received fluoride varnishing treatments (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), lived in households that reported using fluoridated mouthwash (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test), their parents received fluoride education (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), and their parents reported visiting a dentist yearly (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, none of the participants reported receiving recommendations from health-care providers about fluoride supplementation or variance in content by the type of water consumed. Although fluoride was significantly more likely to be detected in tap than bottled water, neither water source in this border community is likely to provide enough fluoride for optimal dental health. Low-income children in this region may benefit from regular access to fluoride varnishing treatments and/or use of fluoridated mouthwash, interventions that could be tested in future well-designed trials.

Effect of four different mouthwashes on force-degradation pattern of orthodontic elastomeric chains

PurposeElastomeric chains are widely used for exerting force in orthodontics. Since orthodontic patients are prone to plaque accumulation they are usually advised to apply antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three different mouthwashes including persica, chlorhexidine, sodium fluoride and the combination of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride on force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Materials and methodsIn this study, 315 pieces of elastomeric chains were divided into 5 groups: persica, chlorhexidine 0.2%, sodium fluoride 0.2% and the combination of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride and a control group. The samples were kept in artificial saliva and were soaked in the mouthwashes twice a day for 60s each time. The control group was kept in artificial saliva throughout the day. The forces exerted by the samples were measured by a universal testing machine at initial, 1 day, 7, 14 and 28 days. To compare the results, repeated measure ANOVA was performed. ResultsA significant force-degradation over time was observed in all groups (p<0.005). However, there were no significant differences among study groups and between study groups and the control group. ConclusionsApplication of persica, chlorhexidine, sodium fluoride and the combination of chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride mouthwashes had no adverse effect on the force-degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains.

Prevention and Treatment of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontic Patients.

Decalcification of enamel, appearing as white spot lesions (WSLs), around fixed orthodontic appliances is a major challenge during and after fixed orthodontic treatment by considering the fact that the goal of orthodontic treatment is to enhance facial and dental esthetic appearance. Banded or bonded teeth exhibit a significantly higher rate of WSLs compared to the controls with no braces as fixed appliances and the bonding materials promote retention of biofilms. These lesions are managed in the first step by establishing good oral hygiene habits and prophylaxis with topical fluorides, including high-fluoride toothpastes, fluoride mouthwashes, gels, varnishes, fluoride-containing bonding materials, and elastic ligatures. Recently, other materials and methods have been recommended, including the application of casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate, antiseptics, probiotics, polyols, sealants, laser, tooth bleaching agents, resin infiltration, and microabrasion. This article reviews the currently used methods to manage enamel demineralization during and after orthodontic treatment and the risk factors and preventive measures based on the latest evidence.

Mouthwashes: Do They Work and Should We Use Them? Part 2: Anticaries, Antihalitosis and Dry Mouth Relief Efficacy of Mouthwashes.

This article will review the anticaries, antihalitosis and dry mouth relief efficacy of mouthwashes. Fluoride mouthwashes may provide an additional benefit to toothpaste and gel in children with a high risk of dental caries, but toothpaste alone may be a more acceptable mode of delivery. There may be a beneficial effect of fluoride mouthwashes on caries levels in older adults, particularly those at higher risk of root caries. The available data of the antihalitosis effect of mouthwashes neither supports nor contra-indicates their use. The key area where a mouthwash may be of use in the treatment of patients with a dry mouth is through the anticaries effect of fluoride. Clinical relevance: The evidence supporting the use of anticaries, antihalitosis and dry mouth relief mouthwashes is evaluated. This provides guidance for dentists and dental care professionals of when it is appropriate to recommend the use of a mouthwash in these situations.

Antiplaque and remineralizing effects of Biorepair mouthwash: A comparative clinical trial

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Biorepair, fluoride and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis, in addition to their remineralizing effect on the initial carious lesions. Methodsabout 81 children aged 7–12 years were participated in this study. They were randomly allocated in 3 groups according to the type of the used mouthwash. At baseline, each child was examined for plaque and gingival indices. DIAGNOdent was used to determine the mineral content in the incipient lesions. Children were instructed to use their specific mouthwash twice daily for 2 weeks, then they were recalled after 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks for recording the same parameters. ResultsAll the three types of mouthwashes showed significant reduction in plaque accumulation and gingivitis compared to the baseline. However, Biorepair and fluoride mouthwashes only showed significant remineralization of early carious lesions. ConclusionBiorepair mouthwash can serve as a better alternative to different mouthwashes including both fluoride and chloehexidine. This single mouthwash can serve as a multi-purpose mouthwash.

Effect of fluoridated casein phospopeptide-amorphous-calcium phosphate complex, chlorhexidine fluoride mouthwash on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets: A comparative in vitro study

Objective The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP) complex, chlorhexidine fluoride mouthwash on shear bond strengths (SBSs) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods About sixty extracted healthy human premolar teeth with intact buccal enamel were divided into two equal groups to which brackets were bonded using self-etching primers (SEPs) and conventional means respectively. These were further equally divided into three subgroups - (1) control (2) CPP-ACP (3) chlorhexidine fluoride mouthwash. The SBSs were then measured using a universal testing machine. Results SBS of the conventional group was significantly higher than the self-etching group. The intragroup differences were statistically insignificant. Conclusion CPP-ACP, chlorhexidine fluoride mouthwash did not adversely affect SBS of orthodontic brackets irrespective of the method of conditioning. Brackets bonded with conventional technique showed greater bond strengths as compared to those bonded with SEP.