Fluorescence Imaging Platform Research Articles

Optically-tracked handheld fluorescence imaging platform for monitoring skin response in the management of soft tissue sarcoma.

Standard clinical management of extremity soft tissue sarcomas includes surgery with radiation therapy. Wound complications (WCs) arising from treatment may occur due to bacterial infection and tissue breakdown. The ability to detect changes in these parameters during treatment may lead to earlier interventions that mitigate WCs. We describe the use of a new system composed of an autofluorescence imaging device and an optical three-dimensional tracking system to detect and coregister the presence of bacteria with radiation doses. The imaging device visualized erythema using white light and detected bacterial autofluorescence using 405-nm excitation light. Its position was tracked relative to the patient using IR reflective spheres and registration to the computed tomography coordinates. Image coregistration software was developed to spatially overlay radiation treatment plans and dose distributions on the white light and autofluorescence images of the surgical site. We describe the technology, its use in the operating room, and standard operating procedures, as well as demonstrate technical feasibility and safety intraoperatively. This new clinical tool may help identify patients at greater risk of developing WCs and investigate correlations between radiation dose, skin response, and changes in bacterial load as biomarkers associated with WCs.

Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Platform for Raman and Fluorescence Imaging of Cells.

Fluorescence and Raman bimodal imaging and Raman multifrequency imaging of Hela cells are carried out with the help of two kinds of graphene oxide-based hybrids. As a multifunctional platform, graphene oxide acts as not only a Raman probe, but also as a substrate for Raman and fluorescent probes to load on.

Wide-field in vivo background free imaging by selective magnetic modulation of nanodiamond fluorescence.

The sensitivity and resolution of fluorescence-based imaging in vivo is often limited by autofluorescence and other background noise. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a wide-field background-free imaging technique based on magnetic modulation of fluorescent nanodiamond emission. Fluorescent nanodiamonds are bright, photo-stable, biocompatible nanoparticles that are promising probes for a wide range of in vitro and in vivo imaging applications. Our readily applied background-free imaging technique improves the signal-to-background ratio for in vivo imaging up to 100-fold. This technique has the potential to significantly improve and extend fluorescent nanodiamond imaging capabilities on diverse fluorescence imaging platforms.

Sonoporation-Induced Depolarization of Plasma Membrane Potential: Analysis of Heterogeneous Impact

Disrupting plasma membrane integrity would inevitably promote anomalous ion fluxes across the membrane and thereby upset the trans-membranous potential. In this article, we report new findings on how sonoporation as a physical membrane perforation strategy would lead to different forms of plasma membrane potential disruption. Our investigation was conducted with a customized fluorescence imaging platform that enabled live monitoring of plasma membrane potential in relation to individual sonoporation events triggered on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Sonovue microbubbles were used as sonoporation agents (added at a 4:3 cell-to-bubble ratio), and they were activated by 1-MHz pulsed ultrasound with 0.35-MPa peak negative pressure, 20-cycle pulse duration, 20-Hz pulse repetition frequency and 1-s total exposure duration. Results indicate that the plasma membrane potential response was heterogeneous among sonoporated cells: (i) membrane potential of irreversibly sonoporated cells was permanently depolarized; (ii) reversibly sonoporated cells exhibited either transient or sustained membrane depolarization; (iii) intact cells adjacent to sonoporated ones underwent transitory membrane depolarization. These findings effectively serve to substantiate the causal relationship between sonoporation and plasma membrane potential.

A Neuron-Based Screening Platform for Optimizing Genetically-Encoded Calcium Indicators

Fluorescent protein-based sensors for detecting neuronal activity have been developed largely based on non-neuronal screening systems. However, the dynamics of neuronal state variables (e.g., voltage, calcium, etc.) are typically very rapid compared to those of non-excitable cells. We developed an electrical stimulation and fluorescence imaging platform based on dissociated rat primary neuronal cultures. We describe its use in testing genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs). Efficient neuronal GECI expression was achieved using lentiviruses containing a neuronal-selective gene promoter. Action potentials (APs) and thus neuronal calcium levels were quantitatively controlled by electrical field stimulation, and fluorescence images were recorded. Images were segmented to extract fluorescence signals corresponding to individual GECI-expressing neurons, which improved sensitivity over full-field measurements. We demonstrate the superiority of screening GECIs in neurons compared with solution measurements. Neuronal screening was useful for efficient identification of variants with both improved response kinetics and high signal amplitudes. This platform can be used to screen many types of sensors with cellular resolution under realistic conditions where neuronal state variables are in relevant ranges with respect to timing and amplitude.

Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles: A Platform for Fluorescence Imaging at the Cell and Small Animal Levels

Going in vivo, including living cells and the whole body, is very important for gaining a better understanding of the mystery of life and requires specialized imaging techniques. The diversity, composition, and temporal-spatial variation of life activities from cells to the whole body require the analysis techniques to be fast-response, noninvasive, highly sensitive, and stable, in situ and in real-time. Functionalized nanoparticle-based fluorescence imaging techniques have the potential to meet such needs through real-time and noninvasive visualization of biological events in vivo. Functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) doped with fluorescent dyes appear to be an ideal and flexible platform for developing fluorescence imaging techniques used in living cells and the whole body. We can select and incorporate different dyes inside the silica matrix either noncovalently or covalently. These form the functionalized hybrid SiNPs, which support multiplex labeling and ratiometric sensing in living systems. Since the silica matrix protects dyes from outside quenching and degrading factors, this enhances the photostability and biocompatibility of the SiNP-based probes. This makes them ideal for real-time and long-time tracking. One nanoparticle can encapsulate large numbers of dye molecules, which amplifies their optical signal and temporal-spatial resolution response. Integrating fluorescent dye-doped SiNPs with targeting ligands using various surface modification techniques can greatly improve selective recognition. Along with the endocytosis, functionalized SiNPs can be efficiently internalized into cells for noninvasive localization, assessment, and monitoring. These unique characteristics of functionalized SiNPs substantially support their applications in fluorescence imaging in vivo. In this Account, we summarize our efforts to develop functionalized dye-doped SiNPs for fluorescence imaging at the cell and small animal levels. We first discuss how to design and construct various functionalized dye-doped SiNPs. Then we describe their properties and imaging applications in cell surface receptor recognition, intracellular labeling, tracking, sensing, and controlled release. Additionally, we have demonstrated the promising application of dye-doped SiNPs as contrast imaging agents for in vivo fluorescence imaging in small animals. We expect these functionalized dye-doped SiNPs to open new opportunities for biological and medical research and applications.

Giga-pixel fluorescent imaging over an ultra-large field-of-view using a flatbed scanner.

We demonstrate a new fluorescent imaging technique that can screen for fluorescent micro-objects over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of ~532 cm(2), i.e., 19 cm × 28 cm, reaching a space-bandwidth product of more than 2 billion. For achieving such a large FOV, we modified the hardware and software of a commercially available flatbed scanner, and added a custom-designed absorbing fluorescent filter, a two-dimensional array of external light sources for computer-controlled and high-angle fluorescent excitation. We also re-programmed the driver of the scanner to take full control of the scanner hardware and achieve the highest possible exposure time, gain and sensitivity for detection of fluorescent micro-objects through the gradient index self-focusing lens array that is positioned in front of the scanner sensor chip. For example, this large FOV of our imaging platform allows us to screen more than 2.2 mL of undiluted whole blood for detection of fluorescent micro-objects within <5 minutes. This high-throughput fluorescent imaging platform could be useful for rare cell research and cytometry applications by enabling rapid screening of large volumes of optically dense media. Our results constitute the first time that a flatbed scanner has been converted to a fluorescent imaging system, achieving a record large FOV.

An all-fiber-optic endoscopy platform for simultaneous OCT and fluorescence imaging.

We present an all-fiber-optically based endoscope platform for simultaneous optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence imaging. This design entails the use of double-clad fiber (DCF) in the endoscope for delivery of OCT source and fluorescence excitation light while collecting the backscattered OCT signal through the single-mode core and fluorescence emission through the large inner cladding of the DCF. Circumferential beam scanning was performed by rotating a 45° reflector using a miniature DC motor at the distal end of the endoscope. Additionally, a custom DCF coupler and a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) were utilized to seamlessly integrate both imaging modalities to achieve an entirely fiber-optically based dual-modality imaging system. We demonstrated simultaneous intraluminal 3D OCT and 2D (surface) fluorescence imaging in ex vivo rabbit esophagus using the dual-modal endomicroscopy system. Structural morphologies (provided by OCT) and fluorophore distribution (provided by the fluorescence module) could be clearly visualized, suggesting the potential of the dual-modality system for future in vivo and clinical applications.

2D crystalline protein layers as immobilization matrices for the development of DNA microarrays

There is a growing demand for functional layers for the immobilization of (bio)molecules on different kinds of substrates in the field of biosensors, microarrays, and lab-on-a-chip development. These functional coatings should have the ability to specifically bind (bio)molecules with a high binding efficiency, while showing low unspecific binding during the following assay. In this paper we present rSbpA surface layer proteins (S-layer proteins) as a versatile immobilization layer for the development of DNA microarrays. S-layer proteins show the ability to reassemble into two-dimensional arrays on solid surfaces and their functional groups, such as carboxylic groups, are repeated with the periodicity of the lattice, allowing for immobilization of other (bio)molecules. Different fluorescently labeled amino functionalized DNA oligomers were covalently linked to the S-layer matrices to allow the characterization of DNA binding on S-layers. Hybridization and dissociation of DNA-oligomers were studied on S-layer coated slides, revealing low levels of unspecific adsorption of DNA on S-layer based immobilization matrices. In the following the principle was transferred to a DNA microarray design showing successful spotting and hybridization on whole microarray slides. Besides common laser scanning for fluorescence detection, S-layer based microarrays were evaluated with a compact, low cost platform for direct fluorescence imaging based on surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence excitation. It could be shown that S-layer protein layers are promising as immobilization matrices for the development of biosensors and microarrays.

Simultaneous Voltage and Calcium Mapping of Genetically Purified Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiac Myocyte Monolayers

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer a powerful in vitro tool to investigate disease mechanisms and to perform patient-specific drug screening. To date, electrophysiological analysis of iPSC-CMs has been limited to single-cell recordings or low-resolution microelectrode array mapping of small cardiomyocyte aggregates. New methods of generating and optically mapping impulse propagation of large human iPSC-CM cardiac monolayers are needed. Our first aim was to develop an imaging platform with versatility for multiparameter electrophysiological mapping of cardiac preparations, including human iPSC-CM monolayers. Our second aim was to create large electrically coupled human iPSC-CM monolayers for simultaneous action potential and calcium wave propagation measurements. A fluorescence imaging platform based on electronically controlled light-emitting diode illumination, a multiband emission filter, and single camera sensor was developed and utilized to monitor simultaneously action potential and intracellular calcium wave propagation in cardiac preparations. Multiple, large-diameter (≥1 cm), electrically coupled human cardiac monolayers were then generated that propagated action potentials and calcium waves at velocities similar to those commonly observed in rodent cardiac monolayers. The multiparametric imaging system presented here offers a scalable enabling technology to measure simultaneously action potential and intracellular calcium wave amplitude and dynamics of cardiac monolayers. The advent of large-scale production of human iPSC-CMs makes it possible to now generate sufficient numbers of uniform cardiac monolayers that can be utilized for the study of arrhythmia mechanisms and offers advantages over commonly used rodent models.

Anti-enteroviral Activity of Microalgal Extracts Probed by Bionanohybrids of Quantum Dots and Viruses

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) disease currently lacks effective prevention and treatment. Developing a rapid and efficient drug-screening platform could expedite the discovery of potential anti-EV71 agents. Water-suspensible fluorescent CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) employed as imaging probes were fabricated by using amphiphilic alginate to form hydrophobic interaction with hydrophobic surfactant layer originally harnessed to stabilize QDs in organic phase. In the presence of 50 μg/mL cationic polybrene, bionanohybrids of QDs and EV71 formed via colloidal clustering of both negatively charged QDs (−7.38 mV) and EV71 (−9.27 mV) were detected to be positively charged (5.58 mV) and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs with sizes around 30–40 nm. The formation of QD-EV71 bionanohybrids was also verified by the appearance of QD fluorescence within BHK-21 cells treated with QD–EV71 bionanohybrids. Fluorescent images of BHK-21 cells, pretreated with various concentrations of allophycocyanin (APC) or C-phycocyanin (CPC) extracted from microalgae for 1 h and subsequently challenged with QD–EV71 bionanohybrids for 60 min, were taken by confocal laser scanning microscopy. According to our cell-based fluorescent imaging platform, the minimal effective anti-EV71 concentration of APC and CPC was determined to be 50 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. In summary, the present study demonstrated the infectivity of QD–EV71 bionanohybrids remained intact to be internalized by cells susceptible to EV71 and anti-EV71 effectiveness of two microalgae extracts was rapidly visualized by blocking cell entry of fluorescent imaging probes (i.e., QD-EV71 bionanohybrids).

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

On-chip lensless imaging in general aims to replace bulky lens-based optical microscopes with simpler and more compact designs, especially for high-throughput screening applications. This emerging technology platform has the potential to eliminate the need for bulky and/or costly optical components through the help of novel theories and digital reconstruction algorithms. Along the same lines, here we demonstrate an on-chip fluorescent microscopy modality that can achieve e.g., <4 μm spatial resolution over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of >0.6-8 cm(2) without the use of any lenses, mechanical-scanning or thin-film based interference filters. In this technique, fluorescent excitation is achieved through a prism or hemispherical-glass interface illuminated by an incoherent source. After interacting with the entire object volume, this excitation light is rejected by total-internal-reflection (TIR) process that is occurring at the bottom of the sample micro-fluidic chip. The fluorescent emission from the excited objects is then collected by a fiber-optic faceplate or a taper and is delivered to an optoelectronic sensor array such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD). By using a compressive-sampling based decoding algorithm, the acquired lensfree raw fluorescent images of the sample can be rapidly processed to yield e.g., <4 μm resolution over an FOV of >0.6-8 cm(2). Moreover, vertically stacked micro-channels that are separated by e.g., 50-100 μm can also be successfully imaged using the same lensfree on-chip microscopy platform, which further increases the overall throughput of this modality. This compact on-chip fluorescent imaging platform, with a rapid compressive decoder behind it, could be rather valuable for high-throughput cytometry, rare-cell research and microarray-analysis.

Lensless Fluorescent Microscopy on a Chip

On-chip lensless imaging in general aims to replace bulky lens-based optical microscopes with simpler and more compact designs, especially for high-throughput screening applications. This emerging technology platform has the potential to eliminate the need for bulky and/or costly optical components through the help of novel theories and digital reconstruction algorithms. Along the same lines, here we demonstrate an on-chip fluorescent microscopy modality that can achieve e.g., <4μm spatial resolution over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of >0.6-8 cm2 without the use of any lenses, mechanical-scanning or thin-film based interference filters. In this technique, fluorescent excitation is achieved through a prism or hemispherical-glass interface illuminated by an incoherent source. After interacting with the entire object volume, this excitation light is rejected by total-internal-reflection (TIR) process that is occurring at the bottom of the sample micro-fluidic chip. The fluorescent emission from the excited objects is then collected by a fiber-optic faceplate or a taper and is delivered to an optoelectronic sensor array such as a charge-coupled-device (CCD). By using a compressive-sampling based decoding algorithm, the acquired lensfree raw fluorescent images of the sample can be rapidly processed to yield e.g., <4μm resolution over an FOV of >0.6-8 cm2. Moreover, vertically stacked micro-channels that are separated by e.g., 50-100 μm can also be successfully imaged using the same lensfree on-chip microscopy platform, which further increases the overall throughput of this modality. This compact on-chip fluorescent imaging platform, with a rapid compressive decoder behind it, could be rather valuable for high-throughput cytometry, rare-cell research and microarray-analysis.

Multifunctional Manganese Carbonate Microspheres with Superparamagnetic and Fluorescent Properties: Synthesis and Biological Application

Multifunctional manganese carbonate microspheres with superparamagnetic and fluorescent properties were fabricated and used as biological labels. The Fe(3)O(4)@MnCO(3) microspheres were synthesized by direct co-precipitation without any linker shell. The Fe(3)O(4)@MnCO(3) microspheres have uniform size distribution and rough surface, which provides a promising template for the assembly of polyelectrolytes (PEs) and CdTe quantum dots (QDs). A luminescent CdTe shell was observed in Fe(3)O(4)@MnCO(3)@PE-CdTe spheres by confocal fluorescence imaging. With excellent solubility in water and rough surfaces, the multifunctional microsphere offers a friendly microenvironment for immobilization of α-fetoprotein (AFP) antibodies (Ab(2)) to fabricate Fe(3)O(4)@MnCO(3)@PE-CdTe-Ab(2) architecture. By using the Fe(3)O(4) @MnCO(3)@PEs-CdTe-Ab(2) bioconjugate as a label, a promising and versatile platform for fluorescence imaging and electrochemical immunosensing of cancer biomarker AFP was developed. The prepared electrochemical immunosensor shows high sensitivity and selectivity with a detection limit of 0.3 pg mL(-1).

Lensfree Fluorescent On-Chip Imaging of Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Over an Ultra-Wide Field-of-View

We demonstrate lensfree on-chip fluorescent imaging of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) over an ultra-wide field-of-view (FOV) of e.g., >2–8 cm2 with a spatial resolution of ∼10µm. This is the first time that a lensfree on-chip platform has successfully imaged fluorescent C. elegans samples. In our wide-field lensfree imaging platform, the transgenic samples are excited using a prism interface from the side, where the pump light is rejected through total internal reflection occurring at the bottom facet of the substrate. The emitted fluorescent signal from C. elegans samples is then recorded on a large area opto-electronic sensor-array over an FOV of e.g., >2–8 cm2, without the use of any lenses, thin-film interference filters or mechanical scanners. Because fluorescent emission rapidly diverges, such lensfree fluorescent images recorded on a chip look blurred due to broad point-spread-function of our platform. To combat this resolution challenge, we use a compressive sampling algorithm to uniquely decode the recorded lensfree fluorescent patterns into higher resolution images, demonstrating ∼10 µm resolution. We tested the efficacy of this compressive decoding approach with different types of opto-electronic sensors to achieve a similar resolution level, independent of the imaging chip. We further demonstrate that this wide FOV lensfree fluorescent imaging platform can also perform sequential bright-field imaging of the same samples using partially-coherent lensfree digital in-line holography that is coupled from the top facet of the same prism used in fluorescent excitation. This unique combination permits ultra-wide field dual-mode imaging of C. elegans on a chip which could especially provide a useful tool for high-throughput screening applications in biomedical research.

A dendrimer-based platform for simultaneous dual fluorescence imaging of hydrogen peroxide and pH gradients produced in living cells

We present a modular dendrimer-based platform for simultaneous dual fluorescence imaging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and pH gradients produced in living cells. Acetyl-capped G5 PAMAM dendrimers functionalized with boronate-caged Peroxyfluor-1 (PF1) fluorophores for H2O2 detection and semi-naphthorhodafluor (SNARF2) dyes for pH sensing provide a single probe system that is capable of sensing multiple analytes at a time by multicolor fluorescence imaging. Spectroscopic measurements of the doubly-labeled dendrimer conjugates establish their ability to simultaneously monitor changes in both H2O2 and pH using different excitation/emission profiles. Moreover, this dual-probe platform allows for selective discrimination between H2O2 and pH changes in live RAW 264.7 macrophage cells when stimulated by an immune insult. Further imaging experiments show that pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase (Nox) proteins triggers a decrease in both oxidative burst and in pH regulation within phagocytic compartments and leads to disruptions of endocytic activity, suggesting that Nox-derived H2O2 signaling is critical to the maintenance of multiple components of the immune response. This work establishes a general molecular platform for simultaneous, real-time imaging of multiple analytes associated with redox biology in living systems and should be applicable to a wide range of chemosensor constructs.

Wide-field lensless fluorescent microscopy using a tapered fiber-optic faceplate on a chip

We demonstrate lensless fluorescent microscopy over a large field-of-view of ~60 mm(2) with a spatial resolution of <4 µm. In this on-chip fluorescent imaging modality, the samples are placed on a fiber-optic faceplate that is tapered such that the density of the fiber-optic waveguides on the top facet is >5 fold larger than the bottom one. Placed on this tapered faceplate, the fluorescent samples are pumped from the side through a glass hemisphere interface. After excitation of the samples, the pump light is rejected through total internal reflection that occurs at the bottom facet of the sample substrate. The fluorescent emission from the sample is then collected by the smaller end of the tapered faceplate and is delivered to an opto-electronic sensor-array to be digitally sampled. Using a compressive sampling algorithm, we decode these raw lensfree images to validate the resolution (<4 µm) of this on-chip fluorescent imaging platform using microparticles as well as labeled Giardia muris cysts. This wide-field lensfree fluorescent microscopy platform, being compact and high-throughput, might provide a valuable tool especially for cytometry, rare cell analysis (involving large area microfluidic systems) as well as for microarray imaging applications.

Cost-effective and compact wide-field fluorescent imaging on a cell-phone

We demonstrate wide-field fluorescent and darkfield imaging on a cell-phone with compact, light-weight and cost-effective optical components that are mechanically attached to the existing camera unit of the cell-phone. For this purpose, we used battery powered light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to pump the sample of interest from the side using butt-coupling, where the pump light was guided within the sample cuvette to uniformly excite the specimen. The fluorescent emission from the sample was then imaged using an additional lens that was positioned right in front of the existing lens of the cell-phone camera. Because the excitation occurs through guided waves that propagate perpendicular to our detection path, an inexpensive plastic colour filter was sufficient to create the dark-field background required for fluorescent imaging, without the need for a thin-film interference filter. We validate the performance of this platform by imaging various fluorescent micro-objects in 2 colours (i.e., red and green) over a large field-of-view (FOV) of ∼81 mm(2) with a raw spatial resolution of ∼20 μm. With additional digital processing of the captured cell-phone images, through the use of compressive sampling theory, we demonstrate ∼2 fold improvement in our resolving power, achieving ∼10 μm resolution without a trade-off in our FOV. Further, we also demonstrate darkfield imaging of non-fluorescent specimen using the same interface, where this time the scattered light from the objects is detected without the use of any filters. The capability of imaging a wide FOV would be exceedingly important to probe large sample volumes (e.g., >0.1 mL) of e.g., blood, urine, sputum or water, and for this end we also demonstrate fluorescent imaging of labeled white-blood cells from whole blood samples, as well as water-borne pathogenic protozoan parasites such as Giardia Lamblia cysts. Weighing only ∼28 g (∼1 ounce), this compact and cost-effective fluorescent imaging platform attached to a cell-phone could be quite useful especially for resource-limited settings, and might provide an important tool for wide-field imaging and quantification of various lab-on-a-chip assays developed for global health applications, such as monitoring of HIV+ patients for CD4 counts or viral load measurements.

Lensless wide-field fluorescent imaging on a chip using compressive decoding of sparse objects

We demonstrate the use of a compressive sampling algorithm for on-chip fluorescent imaging of sparse objects over an ultra-large field-of-view (>8 cm2) without the need for any lenses or mechanical scanning. In this lensfree imaging technique, fluorescent samples placed on a chip are excited through a prism interface, where the pump light is filtered out by total internal reflection after exciting the entire sample volume. The emitted fluorescent light from the specimen is collected through an on-chip fiber-optic faceplate and is delivered to a wide field-of-view opto-electronic sensor array for lensless recording of fluorescent spots corresponding to the samples. A compressive sampling based optimization algorithm is then used to rapidly reconstruct the sparse distribution of fluorescent sources to achieve ~10 µm spatial resolution over the entire active region of the sensor-array, i.e., over an imaging field-of-view of >8 cm2. Such a wide-field lensless fluorescent imaging platform could especially be significant for high-throughput imaging cytometry, rare cell analysis, as well as for micro-array research.

A wireless-compatible optics-free fluorescent array reader

Optical-based bioassays, particularly fluorescent-based arrays, form the basis for biological detection in both biological and clinical assays, yet their use is restricted by the need for sensitive optical detectors and optics. To address this, we developed an integrated circuit-based fluorescent imaging platform that functions without the use of optics while directly integrating electronics, enabling a low-cost integrated solution. Additionally, we incorporate a wireless interface, enabling optical detection within any biological environment. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the detection of 20 nM of Streptavidin on an array without the use of optical filters and lenses.