Type Of Fluid Research Articles

Normal saline vs balanced intravenous fluids in acute ischemic stroke: A retrospective study.

While some studies have suggested better outcomes for critically ill patients with balanced solutions over normal saline, the best type of intravenous fluid to use for stroke patients remains unknown. Using a retrospective chart review of 2015-2019 Get with the Guidelines® data at a single academic medical center, this study sought to determine whether balanced solutions or normal saline are associated with risk of hemorrhagic transformation or 90-day disability in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Exposure was the type of intravenous fluid and outcomes were modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≤2 at 90 days and hemorrhagic transformation. Multivariate analysis controlled for age, demographics, medical history, time to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and admission stroke scale. We identified 302 patients who received thrombolysis, of which 166 patients had mRS data at 90 days. In univariate analysis, exposure to any balanced solution was associated with increased 90-day disability (odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8-4.9) and hemorrhagic transformation (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-2.2). In multivariate analysis, exposure to a balanced solution at any time was associated with increased 90-day disability (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.4-17.0, p < 0.01), but not hemorrhagic transformation. Thus, this observational trial demonstrated that exposure to balanced solutions is associated with an increased risk of disability at 90 days and possibly hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis. This data would suggest that normal saline is a preferred solution in these patients, though larger future trials are needed.

A Novel Analytical Solution of Radial Diffusion Equation with Constant Terminal Rate of Slightly Compressible Fluid

In reservoir engineering, the flow and type of fluids crossing porous media, are associated with pressure drops leading to variations on hydrodynamic parameters and the filtration stages which are of interest to be assessed as they impact the production efficiency of oil and gas industry. These parameters are the key to the practical solutions of numerous subjects faced during oil field exploitation. Dealing with the problem of sound field development initiatives requires a rigorous examination of unsteady filtration of slightly compressible fluid in the reserves layer. The state of the art of the proposed scientific work is to present an innovative mathematical approach that gives unique results, in the mathematical connection and combination of the equations used versus existing diffusion equation in the case of the constant terminal rate solution. This model helps the designers in the field of oil and gas to better and faster evaluate the diffusivity of the pay zones, the different hydrodynamic parameters, and the different variables that take part in the development of fluid filtration processes in the porous medium expressed as in the dependence of time, distance, and other variables, all of which together impact the well testing and long-term projections.

The art of reservoir characterization

How does one define reservoir characterization? The answer depends on who is asking and for what purpose. Are they looking for volume, shape, fluid type, flow rates, or behavior over time — or perhaps mechanical response to drilling or hydraulic fracturing, maximum economic return in a particular time period, or minimal environmental impact? What are the underlying reservoir properties that control these desired features, and, more fundamentally, what is the physics that underlies these properties, individually and in combination? Can multiple properties be predicted simultaneously yet distinguished from one another? At what resolution? Can these properties be validated and deterministically identified remotely, or do approximations and probabilities need to be introduced? Can we trust the validation information or does that also contain uncertainty? How do we harmonize scales, competing objectives, limited resources, and entrenched attitudes? Despite all these questions, the overriding purpose of any reservoir characterization is to enlighten, to inspire confidence, and to provide utility. It must be trusted enough to be consulted and then ultimately improve future decisions and outcomes. Furthermore, rather than a rigidly derived specific answer, a dynamic workflow is preferable — one that is adaptable, flexible, and customizable. With a clear understanding of these objectives, a systematic approach, and multidisciplinary input, diverse data can be distilled into useful representations of key properties with maximum credibility. Achieving this end will require human ingenuity, machine assistance, science, and art.

FLOW ANALYSIS IN A ROLLER DRILL BIT DURING DRILLING USING WATER-BASED AND HYDROCARBON-BASED MUD

Drilling is the main type of increase in hydrocarbon production. Bits of various types are used as a rock-destroying tool during drilling. When drilling any wells for oil and gas, drilling fluids are used as a working fluid. The flow of these types of liquids differs from the flow of water, which is an incompressible medium. The purpose of this work is to study the flow of the Newtonian fluid of water and two types of water-based drilling fluids, which is described by the power-law model of a non-Newtonian fluid and the hydrocarbon-based fluid of the Herschel-Bulkley type. In the work, the construction of the geometric model of the square bit was carried out, and the estimated unstructured grid of the liquid volume filling the internal area of the bit and the space behind the bit was constructed. Calculations of the three-dimensional flow of water, drilling fluids on water and hydrocarbon bases were carried out using the open platform OpenFOAM. It was found that during the flow of liquids described by non-Newtonian models, the kinematic viscosity of the liquid changes depending on the velocities and shear stresses. Another important factor in the use of non-Newtonian fluids when drilling wells is the reduction of hydraulic losses during their flow. This is achieved due to the presence of a certain structure of the liquid, non- zero values of shear stresses, lubricating properties even with their viscosity, which is ten times higher than the viscosity of water. Visualization of the flow of three types of fluids: Newtonian, non-Newtonian power-law and non-Newtonian Herschel-Bulkley type is presented. The use of non- Newtonian fluids makes it possible to reduce the formation of vortices and, as a result, also affects the amount of hydraulic losses in the direction of their reduction.

Anesthesia management of CRS and HIPEC in advanced ovarian cancer with ultra-high intra-abdominal pressure: a case report

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a leading treatment for advanced ovarian cancer, significantly improving overall survival and disease-free survival. This case involves a patient with peritoneal metastasis and ultra-high intra-abdominal pressure (36 mmHg). CRS + HIPEC induces extensive pathological and physiological changes affecting respiratory, circulatory, renal, coagulation, and metabolic systems. Effective perioperative anesthesia management, including the type and volume of fluids administered, is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. The complexities of anesthesia management in such cases present significant challenges.

Annular cement sheath characterization and hydraulic aperture assessment through single- and two-phase seepage tests

The integrity of well barriers is critical throughout the life cycle of oil and gas wells, with annular cement as a key component in maintaining the structural integrity of the barrier system. In this study, an annular cemented section with a well-defined microannulus was systematically constructed and characterized, and both single- and two-phase seepage tests were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of how relative permeability impacts the estimation of hydraulic aperture in potential leakage pathways. The test cell design allows modification of the microannulus gap size by changing the pressure applied inside the inner casing. This enables studying different microannulus sizes throughout the conducted tests. The single-phase seepage tests showed consistent measurements of hydraulic aperture for both gas and water, despite variations in fluid type and applied pressure, with surface roughness likely affecting the non-linear behavior of the hydraulic aperture under stress. The two-phase seepage tests demonstrated a clear relationship between breakthrough pressure and microannulus size, with the van Genuchten model providing a better fit for relative permeability and capillary pressure data. Breakthrough time experiments revealed that initial permeability estimations were significantly lower than those obtained from single-phase tests; however, once relative permeability at breakthrough was accounted for, the estimated absolute permeability values aligned closely with the single-phase experimental data. These findings offer valuable insights into the complex interactions between cement sheath integrity and gas migration, potentially contributing to developing new well integrity assessment technologies, including tracer gas below the well barrier element, as well as insights relevant for both gas migration and sustained casing pressure analysis.

Physics-based, data-driven production forecasting in the Utica and Point Pleasant Formation

We introduce a robust, data-driven and physics-based method to forecast the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of gas and condensates from the Utica-Point Pleasant Formation. By categorizing 3,410 horizontal wells into eight static cohorts based on the initial gas-oil ratios (GOR) and completion dates, we construct generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions of annual reservoir fluid mass production for each cohort. We use the expected values (means) to build historical, statistical well prototypes for each cohort. These prototypes account for hydraulic fracture deterioration, pressure interference between neighboring fractures, well interference, and advancements in completion technology. We extrapolate mass production of the reservoir fluids for several decades by fitting the scaling parameters of our physics-based model to the statistical well prototypes. A key innovation in this approach is using GEV statistics to generate a time series for each cohort’s GOR and condensate-gas ratio (CGR). We replace the individual production rates from all existing wells with their corresponding extended well prototypes and convert mass to volumetric rates. We sum up the latter rates and provide a base forecast of total reservoir fluid rates and cumulative production, closely matching the historical field production. Our base forecasts predict approximately 23 trillion scf of gas and 200 million barrels of condensate by 2035.The Utica-Point Pleasant Formation is divided into core and noncore areas, each further subdivided into regions based on fluid types. We analyze the future infill potential per square mile in each of these regions, proposing two drilling schedules and four potential future drilling scenarios. We identify approximately 35,847 potential future wells: 12,476 in the core area and 23,371 in the noncore area. The core wells can contribute about 157 trillion scf of natural gas and 0.9 billion barrels of condensate.This study marks the first integrated evaluation of the future production from the Utica-Point Pleasant Formation by combining GEV statistics, physics-based modeling, big-data analysis, geology, proposed drilling programs, and economics. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the Utica-Point Pleasant Formation’s significance in future U.S. shale production.

Pore-scale numerical studies on determination of the effective thermal conductivity of the fluid saturated porous media

Accurate prediction of the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of a fluid saturated rock is crucial for fulfilling efficient geo-energy harvest practices. In this paper, the ETCs of a rock with 23% porosity and 2.7 W/m·K thermal conductivity when saturated with various fluids, including water, oil, hydrogen gas, and air, are numerically investigated. Advanced digital rock technique is employed to reconstruct the complex solid-pore structure in the rock, and CFD simulations are performed to assess the ETCs, focusing on the influence of fluid type and heat flux direction. The results show the maximum ETC values of 2.10 W/m·K for water-saturated rocks, in contrast to the minimum values of 1.3 W/m·K for air-saturated samples. When the internal fluid possesses a higher thermal conductivity than air, the ETCs of the fluid-saturated rock display minimal anisotropy, while significant anisotropy is observed in the air filling rock sample. The methodology is validated based on satisfactory agreements between the numerical ETC results and the Geometric Mean model predictions in the water saturated rock case. Due to the fact that the commonly used empirical correlations produce significant deviations when applying to low thermal conductivity fluids, a new ETC model that achieves less than 8% deviation for all studied fluid types is proposed based on the numerical results. This study provides pore-scale insights into fluid flow and thermal conduction behavior within fluid-saturated porous media.

Enhancing high-density battery performance through innovative single-phase spray technology in immersion cooling systems

The flow field organization in liquid-cooled BTMS (Battery Thermal Management System) is crucial to the thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries. This study introduces an innovative single-phase spray technology to optimize the flow field and enhance thermal characteristics in BTMS. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations, key factors such as dielectric fluid type, nozzle diameter, spray angle, and nozzle position are analyzed. Novec 7500 is identified as the optimal dielectric fluid, with thermal conductivity and viscosity playing significant roles. Response Surface Analysis and the entropy weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution) determine optimal conditions: a 0.47 mm nozzle diameter, 0 mm nozzle offset, and an 88.16° spray angle. These parameters reduce the maximum battery temperature to 25.43 °C and minimize the temperature gradient to 3.41 °C, achieving reductions of 14.20 % and 57.74 %, respectively, compared to non-spray systems. Furthermore, the system reduces the maximum temperature of a 36-cell battery module by 27.28 % to 25.33 °C and the maximum temperature difference by 69.39 % to 4.35 °C. The optimized spray cooling technology is effective for smaller battery stacks and demonstrates the potential to maintain high cooling efficiency in complex systems, providing a solution for BTMS.

Investigation of Erosion and Deposition Due to Flows with Particles.

In this work, we employed experimental technique to study the issue of particle erosion and deposition in multiphase flows involving both particles of micro/meso- and nanoscale (sand particles and iron oxide particles). Especially, liquids with immersed nanoparticles gained a lot of interest in the recent years due to their enhanced thermal properties. At the same time, this type of fluids is still not widely used in practical and engineering applications, and one of the reasons is a risk of leading to erosion and deposition on, for instance, pipe walls. In our experiments, an aluminum plate was subjected to a flow with particles by immersing it in a beaker with a rotating fluid for 530 h. After this, the plate was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), followed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. According to our observations, the erosion was mainly caused by the largest particles (sand particles), while the nanoparticles did not lead to clear erosion but resulted in significant deposition due to strong adhesion, as well as corrosion, resulting in aluminum oxide formation. This issue was also confirmed through theoretical analysis by comparing the momentum response time and the characteristic time of the flow, as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.

Using barium isotopes to distinguish metamorphic and magmatic fluids for the gold deposits

The orogenic and intrusion-related gold deposits represent the two most significant types of gold reserves globally, collectively accounting for over half of the total and are formed associated with metamorphic and magmatic hydrous fluids, respectively. Theoretically, gold deposits should be a result of activities of the metamorphic and magmatic hydrous fluids that sourced, carried, and reserved gold. However, distinguishing differences between the metamorphic and magmatic fluids proves challenging mainly due to overlapping of trace elements, S, and Re-Os isotopes of sulfides and C, H, O, He, and Ar isotopes of the ore-forming fluids. Barium, as a fluid sensitive cation, is believed to faithfully record the sources and evolution of fluids. In this work, we presented the Ba isotopes of various ore-rocks from the Hadamen and Haoyaoerhudong gold deposits along the northern margin of the North China Craton. These two deposits have been well-defined the ore-forming fluids that originated from crystal-melt separation in alkaline granitic magma and dehydration of chlorite and mica from the black sales during metamorphism, respectively. The Ba isotopes exhibit significantly fractionation among the various ore-rocks from above two gold deposits. With increasing SiO2 content, δ138/134Ba values increased from −0.28 ‰ in the potassium silicate alteration zone, crossed −0.21 ‰ ∼ −0.19 ‰ in the potassium silicate alteration zone filled with sulfide-quartz veins, to −0.13 ‰ ∼ +0.01 ‰ in the sulfide-quartz veins. This suggests that the heavier Ba isotopes were preferentially incorporated into the evolving magmatic fluids primarily due to the crystallization of K-feldspar and barite. In contrast, δ138/134Ba values decreased from the carbonaceous slate (+0.73 ‰ ∼ +0.95 %) to sulfide veins (−0.28 ‰ ∼ +0.07 ‰), then increased to sulfide-quartz veins (+0.01 ‰). This phenomenon results from the continuously enhanced dissolution of diagenetic barite accompanying metamorphism and the crystallization of barite during evolution of metamorphic fluids. The microstructural characteristics also support that crystallization and dissolution of barite control significant Ba isotope fractionation in two types of fluids with different features. Furthermore, the magmatic and metamorphic fluids exhibit relative positive and negative relationships between Ba content and δ138/134Ba values, respectively. These geochemical features are also useful in defining the origin of the ore-forming fluids. Therefore, we propose that Ba isotope composition will be a new tool for deciphering the evolution of the Au-bearing ore-forming fluids and distinguishing the origin of the ore-forming fluids.

Abstract A013: Quality control of the biobanked matched tissue: Blood samples for the development of diverse liquid based molecular assays

Abstract The availability of high-quality matched biological samples (tumor-blood) is the major limiting factor for research and development of novel, liquid biopsy-based assays in oncology. Frequently, ongoing specifically timed collections of blood samples are required. De-identified tissue blocks (formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) or flash frozen) matched with patient's blood samples collected in fixative-containing (Streck) of EDTA containing tubes, were collected at worldwide geographic locations and transferred to biobanking facility (Reference Medicine, Phoenix, AZ). Additional blood samples were collected at various times regarding the cancer surgery. Plasma and buffy coat samples were locally prepared and shipped to the biobank. A subset of blood samples without matched tissues from healthy donors were also collected. All samples were shipped under strict transport conditions. Quality control performed at the biobanking facility included pathology review and nucleic acids quality assessment. A total of over 3,000 cases were collected and provided to end-users working on various assays based on cfDNA (e.g. monitoring for minimal residual disease or multi-cancer early detection). Immuno-reactivity to various antigens in samples collected in Streck and EDTA tubes (from 50 patients) was assessed by peptide microarray binding assay. Feedback information on the quality of samples was shared in 900 cases. Approximately 4% of cases had failed internal pathology review, due to poor preservation, lack of adequate tissue composition, or low tumor volume and 11% failed internal nucleic acid quality assessment (DNA concetration and integrity). The blood collection tubes had no significant impact on serologic testing using peptide microarary assay. Customer feedback data showed that overall success rate exceeded 85%. Type of blood collection tubes (Streck vs EDTA) had no impact on serologic testing and studies looking at predicted neoantigens based on NGS data can be confirmed using peptide epitope arrays. Blood collected for NGS works without compromise on peptide arrays. Future validation of other collection tubes for blood or other types of fluids is needed to confirm their adequacy for specific assays. Citation Format: Zoran Gatalica, Phillip Stafford, Chris Diehnelt, Inga Rose. Quality control of the biobanked matched tissue: Blood samples for the development of diverse liquid based molecular assays [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Liquid Biopsy: From Discovery to Clinical Implementation; 2024 Nov 13-16; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(21_Suppl):Abstract nr A013.

Complementary Superwetting Structures Treated by a Femtosecond Laser for Simultaneous Spontaneous Directional Transport of Water Droplets and Underwater Bubbles.

The control of fluid transport is crucial and has broad applications in the fields of intelligent systems and microfluidics. However, current studies usually focus on the spontaneous directional transport of a single type of fluid or require complex preparation processes. In this paper, the single femtosecond laser direct processing of complementary superwetting structures using polyimide/polytetrafluoroethylene is proposed, for the first time, to realize simultaneous spontaneous directional transport of water droplets and underwater bubbles without any additional energy or chemical treatment. The flexible laser fabrication enables the creation of diverse transport structures, facilitating the achievement of linear and curvilinear fluid transport on superwetting structures. In addition, relevant applications in self-transporting chemical reactions and bubble switching are presented. This technique provides a novel approach to fabricate patterned superwetting surfaces for applications in intelligent transport, microbiology, and chemistry.

Bacterial profile-based body fluid identification using a machine learning approach.

Identifying the origins of biological traces is critical for the reconstruction of crime scenes in forensic investigations. Traditional methods for body fluid identification rely on chemical, enzymatic, immunological, and spectroscopic techniques, which can be sample-consuming and depend on simple color-change reactions. However, these methods have limitations when residual samples are insufficient after DNA extraction. This study aimed to develop a method for body fluid identification by leveraging bacterial DNA profiling to overcome the limitations of the conventional approaches. Bacterial profiles were determined by sequencing the hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene,using DNA metabarcoding of evidence collected from criminal cases. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were analyzed to identify significant microbial patterns in different body fluid samples. The bacterial profile-based method demonstrated high discriminatory power with a machine learning model trained using the naïve Bayes algorithm, achieving an accuracy of over 98% in classifying samples into one of four body fluid types: blood, saliva, vaginal secretion, and mixture traces of vaginal secretions and semen. Bacterial profiling enhances the accuracy and robustness of body fluid identification in forensic analysis, providing a valuable alternative to traditional methods by utilizing DNA and microbial community data despite the uncontrollable conditions. This approach offers significant improvements in the classification accuracy and practical applicability in forensic investigations.

The role of the production geologist in carbonate reservoir development

Carbonate production geologists are deployed to tackle field management and (re)development issues on increasingly mature fields. This paper shares examples of how geologists raise awareness of current and potential production opportunities with insights into permeability architecture and its uncertainty. The examples represent diverse fluid types and a range of depositional, diagenetic and structural settings. ‘Plumbing diagram’ examples communicate what matters to flow from the reservoir to the well perforations. In the Luconia gas fields, thin low-porosity horizons either accentuate or baffle vertical permeability to rising aquifers. In a Middle Eastern gas–oil gravity drainage development constrained by gas re-injection, well placement into unfractured intervals led to an oil redevelopment at a lower gas cut. In a Middle Eastern waterflood, dynamic characterization of permeability contrasts facilitates improved oil recovery through sweep management. The examples stress the importance of continued geological data analyses in brownfield settings, as well as active engagement during engineering-dominated discussions on fluid flow that inevitably follow field development plan execution and monitoring. A discussion examines why brownfield development opportunities delay to later field life, and into the energy transition, how production geologists might improve geothermal and sequestration reservoir developments.

A numerical investigation on rheological turbulent flow through a 90° mixing elbow

Mixing elbows are widely used in various industrial processes to mix two different Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids under turbulent flow conditions. This study numerically investigates the fluid flow and mixing characteristics in 90-degree elbows with different bend curvatures (curvature ratios of 3, 6, and 9) and Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 × 104 to 5 × 105 for both fluid types. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the turbulent k-epsilon model in ANSYS Fluent. Results show that the bend curvature creates an adverse pressure gradient that drives secondary flows, which become more pronounced with higher Reynolds numbers and lower curvature ratios. Higher Reynolds numbers improve mixing quality, as indicated by velocity and temperature variations quantified using standard deviations. For Reynolds numbers in the range of 104, velocity fluctuations initially increase, but at higher values (~ 105), they decrease, even by up to 64% as the Reynolds number rises from 1 × 105 to 5 × 105. Similarly, increasing the curvature ratio enhances mixing efficiency, with a 32% reduction in velocity fluctuations when the curvature ratio increases from 6 to 9. Furthermore, shear-thinning fluids (n=0.6\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n = 0.6$$\\end{document}) exhibit superior mixing performance, with a standard deviation of velocity fluctuations at the outlet of 0.32, compared to 0.54 for shear-thickening fluids (n=1.4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n = 1.4$$\\end{document}). In terms of temperature fluctuations also, a similar trend is observed. These findings are valuable for optimizing mixing and fluid transport in industries such as chemical processing and food production, where effective mixing of complex fluids is critical. This study provides insights for improving the design of mixing systems that handle fluids with various rheological characteristics.

Petrological, mineralogical, carbonate C-O and sulfide S isotope study of the Bayinqinggeli sandstone-hosted uranium deposit in the northern Ordos Basin

Many sandstone-hosted uranium deposits have been discovered in the northern Ordos Basin, including the Bayinqinggeli deposit, exhibiting tremendous potential for uranium exploration and prospecting. This region is characterized by complex fluid activities, yet unknowns or controversies still exist regarding the source and properties of the fluids and their influence on uranium mineralization. In this study, we employed optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), C-O isotope of calcite, and in situ S isotope of pyrite, to investigate the genesis and evolution of the Bayinqinggeli deposit. Pyrite and calcite are closely associated with uranium minerals, and all exhibit distinct characteristics in rocks of varying grades. In high-grade mineralized rocks, ore-related pyrite, characterized by euhedral and colloidal forms, mainly predated uranium mineralization, evidenced by the extensive coffinite replacement. The mostly negative δ34S values with a broad range (−24.6 ‰ to 23.9 ‰; mean = −4.2 ‰) point to microbial sulfate reduction under restricted conditions. In low-grade and barren rocks, pyrite unrelated to mineralization, mainly as large granular or colloidal cement, shows generally positive δ34S values with a wide range (−49.5 ‰ to 67.4 ‰; mean = 15.3 ‰). This suggests the involvement of both biological and abiological processes during different stages, with the latter possibly associated with deep-sourced fluids. Considering the heterogeneous isotope compositions of sulfur in pyrite and carbon in calcite (δ13C ranging from −21.4 ‰ to −4.9 ‰), it can be deduced that the deposit was strongly affected by two types of fluids: (1) surface oxidizing fluids and (2) deep reducing fluids. The mineralizing fluids were derived from oxidizing surface water, which dissolved uranium ions, carbonates, and sulfates from weathered source rocks and during infiltration through the sandstone, resulting in the formation of abundant uranium minerals and associated pyrite and calcite. The presence of low δ13C calcite further corroborates the influence of deep hydrocarbon-bearing fluids, which played a protective role in post-ore stage preservation, corresponding to the widespread green alteration in the Lower Zhiluo formation. Overall, the development of sandstone-hosted uranium deposits is a continuous and progressive process, with early-formed mineralization being transformed by late-stage fluid events. Calcite has a significant impact on the formation, development, and extraction of uranium ores in the deposit, protecting the paleo-orebodies against remobilization and remigration. A significant portion of uranium ore is preserved by calcite cementation. Therefore, the careful management of carbonates during in situ leaching is essential for the effective extraction of uranium from the host sandstones.

Artificial intelligence approach in mixed convection heat transfer under transverse mechanical vibrations in a rectangular cavity

In the current research, the mixed convection heat transfer in a rectangular chamber with walls with sinusoidal oscillations and mechanical vibrations has been investigated. Mechanical vibrations on the chamber, sinusoidal oscillations of the hot wall and flow due to buoyancy are considered. The finite volume method is utilized for simulation. The efficacy of changes in governing parameters, such as frequency, oscillation amplitude, Ra, chamber length to width ratio, change of fluid type on Nu has been investigated. The results indicate that there is an optimal ratio of chamber dimensions that has the maximum Nu in the fixed Ra, and this ratio depends on the type of fluid. In the presence of sinusoidal oscillations of the hot wall and transverse mechanical vibrations of the cylinder, it increases the heat transfer by about 96 % and 75 %, respectively, compared to the state without vibration. The increase in the frequency and amplitude of oscillations in the case where the hot wall oscillates sinusoidally is negligible on the Nusselt number. Increasing the frequency and amplitude of oscillations of transverse vibrations of the chamber has a significant efficacy on Nu, and the amplitude of oscillations has a greater efficacy than the frequency of oscillations on heat transfer. Based on the available data and using artificial intelligence, GMDH, Nu has been estimated. The results indicate that this modeling has been able to estimate the Nusselt number with good accuracy with R2=0.948.

Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Evaluation of the Effect of a Sulfate Surfactant on the Shale’s Methane Sorption

Shale gas has shown a great potential for exploration and development via advanced horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing. Slickwater is a major type of fracking fluid, containing various chemical additives, water, and sand. In this matter, surfactant additives play a significant role in regulating the optimal performance of slickwater. The implication of the change in gas adsorption/desorption behavior of shale rocks and their individual minerals has rarely been experimentally investigated. In this study, the effect of a sulfate surfactant on methane adsorption capacity of a Marcellus shale was evaluated. Molecular dynamics simulation was also applied for gas adsorption assessment on major minerals in shales. Accordingly, the significant alteration of the adsorption energy of illite, quartz, and calcite minerals treated by a surfactant was investigated. Conclusively, the methane sorption capacity of the treated shale sample was reduced and correspondingly, the gas diffusion coefficient increased. Experimentally, the methane sorption analysis showed that the diffusion of the surfactant resulted in significant methane desorption. Besides, the major mineral constituents of shale behaved differently as unveiled by molecular simulation. The methane adsorption energy of calcite was reduced more significantly than quartz and illite when treated with surfactant. And, at the molecular level, the number of adsorbed methane molecules on illite reduced by half after a sulfate surfactant treatment.

Optimization of Thermal and Rheological Performance in Non-Polar Binary Fluids Using Hybrid CuO Nanoparticles

Abstract Nanofluid is a novel type of technological fluid with numerous applications. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were dispersed in the binary fluids (Cyclohexane + Diethyl amine (DEA) and (1-4 dioxane + DEA) to create a nonpolar hybrid CuO nanofluid. The thermal conductivity (K) and viscosity (ῃ) of a nonpolar hybrid CuO nanofluid were determined at low concentrations (0.01M to 0.06M) and temperatures ranging from 298K to 318K. The transient hotwire approach is utilized for K measurements, while the viscometer is employed for viscosity measurements. As concentration increases, K drops, yet there is an increase owing to uniform variance in temperatures (T).ῃ changes with concentration and temperature. The results show that the hybrid CuO nanofluid has a phenomenal heat transfer improvement compared to the binary mixtures. The non-polar hybrid CuO nanofluid’s thermal conductivity increases by 15% to 20%, while its viscosity increases by 18% to 25%.