Fluid Loss Research Articles

Polymer-laponite composites as filtrate reducer for high temperature and salt resistant drilling fluid: Characterization and performance evaluation

In deep and ultra-deep well drilling, ultra-high temperatures and high salt lead to poor drilling fluid performance. In this study, N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), 4-acryloylmorpholine (ACMO) and modified laponite (m-LAP) were polymerized into polymer nanocomposites PDADA-LAP by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. The structure of PDADA-LAP was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XPS. The microstructure of PDADA-LAP was characterized by TEM, SEM and EDS. The results showed that LAP improved the network structure of the polymer by hydrogen bonding and covalent bonding. The effect of temperature on the degradation of the polymer solution was investigated. The experiment showed that the degradation temperatures of the polymer was 220 °C. PDADA-LAP was used as a filtrate reducer in drilling fluids. The results showed that 3.0 wt% PDADA-LAP could improve the filtration performance of drilling fluids at high temperature of 220 °C and resist contamination with 20 wt% NaCl. The FLAPI and FLHTHP were 7.0 mL and 28.6 mL, respectively. PDADA-LAP is adsorbed on bentonite particles through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, which slows down the contamination of bentonite particles by NaCl and gives the drilling fluid a good effect to reduce fluid loss at high temperature and high salt.

Volumetric properties of three nonylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant mixtures with methanol: Experimental study and modeling with Tammann-Tait and PC-SAFT equation of state

Although physicochemical properties are essential for production and equipment design in oil and gas industries, there is still a lack of data for some systems because of hazardous temperature and pressure conditions. This work provides a volumetric behavior study of three different mixtures composed of nonylphenol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant (IGEPAL CO-520, CO-630, and CO-720) + methanol in the entire mole fraction composition range for temperatures from 313.15 K to 413.15 K and pressures up to 100.0 MPa. These systems behave as a regular liquid, with a volume contraction predominance. It was observed that for high methanol molar content, there is an increase in the cohesive forces because of the ethoxylated chain increases in oxyethylene units. Nevertheless, it was observed that the hydrogen bonds between ether oxygens and hydroxyl hydrogens decrease by increasing temperature, as given by internal pressure data and PC-SAFT modeling. Besides, a new set of parameters for the PC-SAFT equation of state is provided to calculate volumetric and second-order derivative properties.

Shipping live sea urchins: Effects of temperature and exposure time on survival

Sea urchin aquaculture could offset declines in wild fisheries. The economic feasibility of sea urchin aquaculture may depend on farmers receiving premium prices for product transported live internationally to markets or processing facilities. Research into cost-effective methods of transporting live sea urchins out of water is scarce. In this study, to get a baseline of the temperatures experienced by sea urchins transported by air in the Indo-Pacific region, temperature loggers recorded temperatures in ‘cooler boxes’ containing the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, packed and shipped in seawater or dry. We then examined the effect of time kept out of water (6, 12, 24, 48 h) and air temperature (chilled ∼4 °C, cooled ∼12 °C, or ambient ∼27 °C) on mortality, change in wet weight, and fitness (as measured using righting behaviour) of two sea urchins, T. gratilla and Heliocidaris erythrogramma. For both species mortality (15 days after the treatment) was low (0–20%) when held out of water for up to 24 h at 12 °C, but 100% died within 15 days when held out of water at 4 °C and 27 °C. Mortality increased (∼60%) for T. gratilla held out of water for 48 h at 12 °C, but remained at ∼20% for H. erythrogramma in the same treatment. Righting times were faster for urchins exposed to air at 12 °C than at 4 or 27 °C. The mass (fluid) lost by urchins was a key predictor of mortality with urchins losing a higher percentage of their mass during longer exposure periods at higher temperatures. T. gratilla frequently spawned after being out of water. To test packing strategies that could influence sea urchin health, T. gratilla were packed out of water at 28.6 °C for 12 h in sealed or open containers and in containers that drained off excreted fluid or retained fluid around the urchins. None of these treatments had an impact on mortality to 15 days, the amount of fluid lost, or righting activity. Our results indicate producers may be able to transport T. gratilla and H. erythrogramma dry for up to 24 h with little mortality as long as temperatures are maintained at ∼12 °C. Additional research into limiting the fluid loss of sea urchins while being shipped dry may improve survival during longer shipping periods.

Assessing the Utilization of Sawdust in Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Managing Fluid Loss and Enhancing Viscosity

The evaluation of the use of sawdust in drilling fluid formulation is covered in this study. The investigation focused on the physicochemical and rheological properties of water-based mud (WBM) drilling fluids that included four different dosages of sawdust. These properties included yield stress, plastic viscosity, rheological behavior, gel strength, filtration test (API filtrate; American Petroleum Institute), and pH. The sawdust was employed as a substitute for the polymers commonly used in water-based muds (WBMs) to serve either as a viscosifier or as a fluid loss controller. The current study set out to evaluate how sawdust (diameter ≤630 µm) affected the primary characteristics of the drilling muds. Sawdust was utilized in place of carboxymethyl cellulose polymer (CMC) as a viscosifier and polyanionic cellulose polymer (PAC) as a filtrate reducer at several dosages (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/L). It was found that the sawdust dosage and its role had a significant impact on the rheological characteristics of the drilling fluids. At amounts between 20 and 50 g/L, the sawdust was added as a viscosifier to the drilling fluids under study, resulting in a significant improvement in their physicochemical and rheological parameters (yield stress, plastic viscosity, and gel strength). However, the drilling fluids showed extremely high rheological properties and a viscosity that can slow down fluid circulation in the well when 100 g/L of sawdust were used, totally substituting for the polymers.

The Role of Fueling Nutrition in Athletic Performance

Abstract Physical activity, athletic performance and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. This paper couples a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based analysis of nutrition and performance-specific literature with current scientific data related to energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training and competition, the use of supplements , nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes and the roles and responsibilities of sports dietitians. Energy and macronutrients need especially carbohydrate and protein, must be met during times of high physical activity to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein to build and repair tissue. Fat intake should be sufficient to provide the essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contribute energy for weight maintenance. Adequate food and fluid should be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise, maximize exercise performance and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before exercise and drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Sports beverages containing carbohydrates and electrolytes may be consumed before, during, and after exercise to help maintain blood glucose concentration, provide fuel for muscles, and decrease the risk of dehydration and hyponatremia. Vitamin and mineral supplements are not needed if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density, may require supplements. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced, they should be used with caution, and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy, potency, and legality.

Volume contractible Antimony bromide electrode as negative electrode for long-lasting Li-ion batteries

Antimony is one of the promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to its high volumetric and gravimetric capacity (theoretical specific capacity 660 mAh g-1) and stable voltage window (0.87-0.91V vs Li/Li+). However, a high-volume expansion ( ∼130%) of Sb on lithiation degrades the electrochemical performance and restricts its application. In this work, a novel strategy is explored to use antimony halide (SbBr3) instead of Sb as the starting anode material. In the first step, Li will react with SbBr3 to form LiBr and pure Sb, leading to a 78% contraction in volume, and then this pure Sb further lithiates to form Li3Sb expanding the volume (of the lithiated Sb by 130%). LiBr, which is a byproduct of the first reaction, dissolves into the solvent, leaving a porous Sb. In a nutshell, the two-step lithiation process results in a net volume-contacted porous antimony, ideal as an electrode to counter volumetric stress in subsequent charge-discharge cycles. The electrochemical performance of this electrode is much superior when compared with the pure antimony electrode, taking advantage of initial volume reduction and porous scaffold. It achieves a high specific discharge capacity of 345 mAh g-1 at a rate of 100mAg-1 even after the end of the 100th cycle and losing only 20% of its capacity. This shows that this volume contractible technique can be successfully employed for metals and metallic alloys having drastically higher Li-storing capacities than graphite.

Impact of osteoporosis and Cement-Augmented fusion on adjacent spinal levels Post-Fusion Surgery: Patient-Specific finite element analysis

Cement-augmentation is a technique commonly used during posterior lumbar instrumented fusion (PLIF) to reinforce compromised osteoporotic vertebral bone, minimize the risk of loosening screws, enhance stability, and improve overall surgical outcomes. In this study, we introduce a novel segmented vertebral body regional modeling approach to investigate the effects of osteoporosis and cement-augmented lumbar fusion on disc biomechanics at spinal levels adjacent to the fused vertebrae. Using our previously validated personalized-poroelastic-osteoligamentous FE model of the spine, fusion was simulated at L4-L5, and the biomechanics of adjacent levels were studied for 30 patients (non-osteoporotic patients (N = 15), osteoporotic patients (N = 15)). PLIF models, with and without cement-augmentation, were developed and compared after an 8 h-rest period (200 N), following a 16 h-cyclic compressive loading of 500–1000 N (40 and 20 min, respectively). Movement in different directions (flexion/ extension/ lateral bending/ axial rotation) was simulated using 10Nm moment before and after cyclic loading. The material mapping algorithm was validated by comparing the results of voxel-based and parametric models. The FE cement-augmented models, subject to daily activity loading, demonstrated significant differences in disc height loss and fluid loss as compared to non-cemented models. The calculated axial stress and fiber strain values were also significantly higher for these models. This work demonstrates that although osteoporosis does not significantly alter the time-dependent characteristics of adjacent IVDs post-surgery, cement-augmentation increases the risk of adjacent segment disease (ASD) incidence. A holistic understanding of the trade-offs and long-term complex interplay between structural reinforcement modalities, including cement augmentation, and altered biomechanics warrants further investigation.

A comparative study of postoperative acidemia after intraoperative administration of balanced crystalloid (Plasma-lyte A@) versus 0.9% sodium chloride in gastrointestinal surgery

Background: The administration of intravenous fluids is one of the most common and universal interventions in medicine. Fluid therapy is the most challenging and debated aspect of perioperative care. Plasma-lyte A® Injection (multiple electrolytes injection, type 1, USP) is indicated as a source of water and electrolytes or as an alkalinizing agent. 0.9% sodium chloride is an isotonic crystalloid solution having a sodium concentration higher is useful in replacing fluid and electrolyte loss. Aims and Objectives: The study was designed to compare the effects of intraoperative administration of balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte A®) and 0.9% NaCl on acid-base balance in the post-operative period in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Materials and Methods: Eighty consenting patients of ASA-l and ASA-II who underwent Gastrointestinal surgery were at first randomly allocated to 2 groups. One group received Plasma-Lyte A® as the sole crystalloid and the other group received 0.9% sodium chloride. Results: Serum Na+ conc. of the groups were comparable and no difference was shown at the time of induction, but postoperatively at 12 h, there was a significant increase in group 2. There was no significant difference in serum K+ concentration in both the groups except at 6 h postoperatively when there was an increase in K+ concentration in group 1. Serum Cl− concentration was having no significant difference at the time of induction and 1 h intraoperative, but postoperatively at 1, 6, and 12 h the Cl− concentration significantly increased in group 2. HCO3− concentration of the two groups had no difference between them throughout the study period. The pH of patients in both the groups showed no statistically significant difference during the entire procedure (P>0.05). A significant decrease in pH observed in 0.9% sodium chloride group in comparison to Plasma-Lyte® group when the duration of surgery increased to more than 120 min. Conclusion: Both plasma-lyte A and 0.9% sodium chloride can be used safely as intravenous infusion fluid without altering pH status and blood electrolyte concentration in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.

Enzyme-Based Cleanup Fluid Effective for High-Temperature Filter-Cake Removal

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 214628, “Enzyme-Based Cleanup Fluid for High-Temperature Filter-Cake-Removal Applications,” by Ali A. Al-Taq, SPE, Hussain A. Al-Ibrahim, SPE, and Ali A. Alsalem, SPE, Saudi Aramco, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Enzyme-based cleanup fluids are preferred for filter-cake-removal applications, especially in horizontal wells, because of several advantages compared with conventional cleanup fluids, including low reactivity, less corrosivity, more-positive environmental impact, and, ultimately, homogeneous filter-cake-removal coverage. Most enzyme-based cleanup fluids are limited to low temperatures. In the complete paper, the authors describe extensive laboratory work conducted to evaluate an enzyme-based/in-situ generated organic acid cleanup fluid for a water-based mud at a temperature of 250°F. Experimental Work Before describing their experimental methods, the authors provide a literature review in the complete paper detailing cleanup or removal of filter-cake damage, natural cleanup, acids and oxidizers, enzymes, enzyme-breaker systems, and factors influencing performance of enzyme breakers. The drill-in fluids used to perform the high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) filter press tests were laboratory and field samples. The field samples were obtained from Well A. XC-polymer, starch, and PAC-L polymers were used in the drilling-fluid formulation to control fluid loss and to increase its viscosity. Potassium hydroxide was added to adjust the pH of the drilling fluid. Potassium chloride (KCl) was used to mitigate fines migration and clay swelling. Fine and medium calcium carbonate particles were used as weighting materials. Equipment used in the experiments included HP/HT filter-press cells, see-through cells, and a pendant-drop instrument. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique was used to measure the concentration of calcium in the spent acid samples. Filter-cake solids before and after the reaction took place were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The concentrations of spent acid samples were measured by acid/base titration using 0.5-M sodium hydroxide solution and phenolphthalein solution as an indicator. Iodine tests were conducted on the treated filter-cake solids to examine the presence of starch. The pH and density were measured for various solutions. Coreflood experiments were conducted on sandstone core plugs. The coreflood-test procedure is provided in the complete paper.

In vivo measurement of pediatric extracorporeal oxygenator insensible losses; a single center pilot study.

Fluid overload on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with worse outcomes. Previous in vitro studies have attempted to quantify oxygenator-related insensible losses, as failure to account for this fluid loss may lead to inaccurate fluid balance assessment and potentially harmful clinical management, such as unnecessary exposure to diuretics, slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF), or continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT). We performed a novel in vivo study to measure insensible fluid losses in pediatric ECMO patients. Pediatric ECMO patients were approached over eleven months in the pediatric and cardiac intensive care units. The water content of the oxygenator inflow sweep gas and exhaust gas were calculated by measuring the ambient temperature and relative humidity at frequent intervals and various sweep flow. Nine subjects were enrolled, generating 431 data points. The cohort had a median age of 11 years IQR [0.83, 13], weight of 23.2 kg IQR [6.48, 44.28], and body surface area of 0.815 m2 IQR [0.315, 1.3725]. Overall, the cohort had a median sweep of 2.5 L/min [0.9, 4], ECMO flow of 3.975 L/m2/min [0.75, 4.51], and a set ECMO temperature of 37 degrees Celsius [36.6, 37.2]. The calculated net water loss per L/min of sweep was 75.93 ml/day, regardless of oxygenator size or patient weight. There was a significant difference in median documented vs. calculated fluid balance incorporating the insensible fluid loss, irrespective of oxygenator size (pediatric oxygenator: 7.001 ml/kg/day [-12.37, 28.59] vs. -6.11 ml/kg/day [-17.44, 13.01], respectively, p = 0.005 and adult oxygenator: 14.36 ml/kg/day [1.54, 25.77] and 9.204 ml/kg/day [-1.28, 22.05], respectively, p = <0.001). We present this pilot study of measured oxygenator-associated insensible fluid losses on ECMO. Our results are consistent with prior in vitro methods and provide the basis for future studies evaluating the impact of incorporating these fluid losses into patients' daily fluid balance on patient management and outcomes.

The Role Anesthesiologist in Management of Obstetric Haemorrhage: A Literature Review

Hemorrhagic shock in obstetrics is still a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recognition of bleeding in obstetric patients is complicated by the normal physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy. Visual estimates of blood loss are often erroneous and underestimated because of contamination with amniotic fluid, or internal or hidden blood loss. Thus, careful clinical observation and a high index of suspicion are required for the early detection and management of obstetric hemorrhage. The usage of ultrasound (US) is considered as the first line method for detecting abnormal condition which might serve as a predictor for hemorrhagic shock. Despite of careful risk assessment given, obstetric-specific bleeding protocols, such as resuscitation and blood transfusion, are required to facilitate the integration and timely escalation interventions. The intervention of choice for hemorrhagic shock in obstetrics encompasses a wide variety of options, such as the usage of tranexamic acid, cell salvage, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA), anesthetic management, and surgical, as well as radiological provides multiple available approach, each with their own risk and advantages. The purpose of this review is to describe the management of obstetric hemorrhage from anesthetic point of view, encompassing the identification of patients at risk, resuscitative management, and perioperative management.

A Novel Prediction Model for Steam Temperature Field of Downhole Multi-Thermal Fluid Generator

Aiming at the low efficiency of heavy-oil thermal recovery, a downhole multi-thermal fluid generator (DMTFG) can improve the viscosity reduction effect by reducing the heat loss of multi-thermal fluid in the process of wellbore transportation. The steam generated by the MDTFG causes damage to the packer and casing, owing to the return upwards along the annular space passage of the oil casing. To mitigate this damage, a heat transfer model for multi-channel coiled tubing wells and a prediction model for the upward return of the steam temperature field in the annulus were established with the basic laws of thermodynamics. Models were further verified by ANSYS. The results indicate the following four conclusions. First of all, when the surface pressure is constant, the deeper the located DMTFG, the shorter the distance for the steam to return would be. It is easier to liquefy the steam. Second, the higher the temperature of the steam produced by the downhole polythermal fluid generator, the larger the upward distance of the steam would be. Third, the higher the steam pressure at the outlet of the downhole polythermal fluid generator, the smaller the distance of steam upward return would be. Finally, the larger the diameter of the multi-channel conversion piping, the greater the distance of the steam return would be. It is meaningful to provide valuable theoretical guidance for packer position designing in the field. Meanwhile, the study also provides a modeling basis for the subsequent study of artificial intelligence in the downhole temperature field.

Screening and Phasewise Management of Burn Injuries.

Thermal, electrical, chemical, or electromagnetic radiationcan cause painful wounds or burns. Spilling hot liquids onto the skin can also cause these kinds of injuries. The two biggest factors contributing to burn injuries in the elderly are smoking and exposure to open flames, while scalding is the primary cause of burn damage in children. Newborns and the elderly make up the majority of burn casualties. In India, there are estimated to be 6-7 million burn cases per year. The high incidence is attributed to the population's illiteracy, poverty, and lack of awareness of safety. The problem is made much worse by the fact that basic and secondary healthcare levels do not provide systematic burn care.Coagulation necrosis is caused by denaturing proteins due to heat from burns. Platelets clump together, arteries narrow, and partly perfused tissue (called the stasis zone) may spread out around the wound. In the stasis zone, tissue is hyperemic and inflammatory. When the skin's natural barrier is breached, microorganisms can enter the body and cause poor temperature regulation, fluid loss, and invasion. Intravascular volume loss is typically worsened by injured or edematous tissues. Significant heat loss may occur from the wounded dermis' lack of thermoregulation, particularly in exposed wounds. The severity determines the different treatments.Serious burns require considerable care, while lesser burns just require cleaning and painkillers. Just-partially thickened burns must be cleansed with soap and water before being clothed. For full-thickness burns, surgery, including skin grafting, is frequently required. Extensive intravenous fluid doses are often required to treat serious burns resulting from tissue edema and capillary fluid leakage.

Effects of pre-formulation and post-cooking method on the rheological and gelation properties of 3D printed chicken products

This study investigated the influence of oil type (olive, soybean, and peanut oil) and post-cooking methods (oven bake and microwave) on the quality of 3D printed chicken meat products. The Ostwald-de-Waele model was used to describe the flow behavior of chicken meat paste (R2 > 0.995). Oil-fortified groups present significantly lower consistency index (K) and flow behavior index (n), indicating better fluidity. A modified Cox-Merz rule was applied by multiplying angular frequency with shift factors (αSF). Surprisingly, the values of αSF are well-correlated with accuracy parameters of 3D printed cubes (|r| >0.8). For post-heating methods, baking results in higher fluid loss but contributes to a smoother surface. The microwaved gels showed better fluid retention ability and higher accuracy but lost the detail shape of the 3D printing model. Overall, the PO (peanut oil) meat emulsion group presented better textural properties and flat surfaces than other oil-added counterparts.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of home management of diarrhea among under-five children in East Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Diarrhea is particularly prevalent in low-income or marginalized populations because these groups have less access to clean water sources, hygienic conditions, and healthcare. Dehydration due to electrolyte and fluid loss is the main cause of deaths associated with diarrhea. An especially important factor in this death from dehydration is the caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and diarrhea management techniques. While a number of research have been done on managing diarrhea at home, the results tend not to be consistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled estimate of knowledge, attitude and practice of home-based management of diarrhea in East Africa. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was used to search articles from electronic databases (Cochrane library, Ovid platform (Medline, Embase, and Emcare), Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, and institutional repositories in East Africa countries. The last search date was on 01/06/ 2023 Gregorian Calendar. The authors extracted year of publication, country, study design, knowledge level, attitude level and practice level of home-based management of diarrhea. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of knowledge, attitude and practice of home-based management of diarrhea. Subgroup analysis was done by country, and sample size. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also done. A total of 19 articles with (n = 7470 participants) were included for the final analysis. From the random-effects model analysis, the pooled prevalence of good practice, good knowledge and favorable attitude towards home based management of diarrhea in East Africa was found to be 52.62% (95% CI: 45.32%, 59.92%) (95% CI: I2 = 78.3%; p < 0.001), 37.44% (95% CI: 26.99%, 47.89%) (95% CI: I2 = 89.2%; p < 0.001) and 63.05% (95% CI: 35.7%, 90.41%) (95% CI: I2 = 97.8%; p < 0.001) respectively. The level of good knowledge, attitude and practice of home based management of diarrhea in East Africa is found to be low. A collaborative effort from different stakeholders to enhance the knowledge, attitude and practice is needed to tackle the burden of diarrhea and its consequences.

Role of amorphous phase in II-I transition of iPB-1/iPP blends

Isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) possesses excellent physical and mechanical properties, but its applications are limited owing to the slow II-I transition after melt processing. The concerned II-I transition mechanism is a long-lasting hot topic. After an isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was melt-blended into iPB-1, a good model system for II-I transition study to discuss on roles of amorphous phase was consequently obtained with amorphous phase tuned but form II crystalline structures almost kept fixed according to the affected crystallization and melting behaviors of iPB-1 in iPB-1/iPP blends. Both DSC and FTIR results revealed the enhanced II-I transition behaviors of iPB-1 in the blends and FTIR results especially confirmed form I direct crystallization from amorphous phase of iPB-1/iPP blends prior to form II consumption due to II-I transition. The earlier the direct form I crystallization, the faster II-I transition of iPB-1 in the iPB-1/iPP blends. It was proposed that form I direct crystallization of the iPB-1 chain segments which have ability to crystallize but remained in the amorphous phase lowered the energy barrier of transition from adjacent form II crystals to packed-mesophases due to the local volume contract resulting in a stretch to iPB-1 chains with parts contained in the adjacent form II crystals. Consequently, the II-I transition of adjacent form II crystals were triggered to start and it generated a ripple effect on the entire II-I transition process. The results are of great significance on understanding of iPB-1 II-I transition process and also of importance for iPB-1 industrial applications.

Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemic Shock: How Does Lactic Acid Affect the Heart?

Hypovolemic shock is due to a critical loss in the effective circulating blood volume with systemic hypoperfusion. If left untreated, hypovolemic shock can lead to ischemic injury of vital organs, leading to multi-system organ failure and death. Hypovolemic shock is a potentially life-threatening condition (1,2). There are five causes of hypovolemic shock: hemorrhage, trauma, surgical intervention, burns, and fluid loss caused by vomiting or diarrhea. This woman was involved in a motor vehicle accident, which resulted in a traumatic crash (2,3). This was caused by blood loss to the abdomen, as the physical examination suggested (3). Early recognition and appropriate management are essential. Hypovolemic shock results from depletion of intravascular volume, whether by extracellular fluid loss or blood loss (1,2). The pre-shock stage is characterized by compensatory mechanisms with increased sympathetic tone resulting in increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractility, and peripheral vasoconstriction (2,3).

Effect of a 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid-Based Fluid Loss Additive on the Hydration of Oil Well Cement.

The fluid loss additive is to prevent the cement slurry from filtrating water to the formation under pressure. 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS)-based fluid loss additive mainly works by adsorbing on the surface of cement particles. The adsorption affects cement hydration. In this paper, the effect of one kind of AMPS-based fluid loss additive (A-FLA) on the hydration of oil well cement was studied. The water loss, setting time, thickening time, and compressive strength of cement slurry with various amounts of FLA were measured. In addition, the hydration heat of the cement slurry, FLA adsorption isotherm on cement particles, and hydration minerals were studied. The results showed that A-FLA had a good water loss control ability. The water loss of the cement slurry decreased slowly with the increase of A-FLA dosage when the adsorption capacity exceeded 4.47 mg/g. The low adsorption capacity of A-FLA (less than 4.47 mg/g) had a significant impact on the thickening time. With an adsorption capacity greater than 4.47 mg/g, the thickening time varied minimally. A-FLA mainly delayed the hydration of C3S at 1 day and reduced the production amorphous phase.

Effect of Olive Peat on the Density, Rheology, and Fluid Loss of Drilling Fluid

As it is known, the drilling mud which is the main part of all drilling operations in oil and gas wells should be optimum designed for achieving the target without obstacles. So, the good design of drilling fluid depends on the control of its physical properties such as the density which can be controlled by either adding a desirable solid such as barite or removing undesirable solids such as cuttings. Also, fluid loss can be controlled using lost circulation materials.In this study, experimental work has been conducted to study the effect of a new material called Olive Peat on the rheological properties of drilling fluid by conducting routine tests.The laboratory experiment is carried out firstly on row drilling mud without Olive Peat. Then, different percentages of Olive Peat have been added to the row mud and properties of these new mixtures were estimated.Results presented that the Olive peat has an Inverse relationship with the density of the drilling fluid because of the oil inside the new material which leads to creating an emulsion.Furthermore, results show that the new studied material can be used in the drilling circulation system as it reduces the volume of fluid loss in mud.

The Development of Anti-Salt Fluid Loss Additive for Cement-Metakaolin Slurry with Semi-Saturated/Saturated Saline Water: The Application of Maleic Anhydride

Conventional fluid loss additives have difficultly controlling the water loss of cement–metakaolin slurry with semi-saturated brine cement slurry and limiting it to less than 50 mL (30 min)−1. This paper describes the development of an anti-salt fluid loss additive for metakaolin–cement systems. This study adopted the aqueous solution polymerization method; selected four kinds of monomers, namely 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), acrylamide (AM), and methyl acrylate (MA); and performed a single-factor experiment on the proportion of monomer, reaction temperature, initiator dosage, and developed fluid loss additive, which has a high salt tolerance and temperature tolerance. This fluid loss additive can resist salt until saturation, and it can control fluid loss in 24 mL·(30 min)−1 when its dosage is 2%. The fluid loss additive can achieve the effect of fluid loss reduction by increasing the filtrate viscosity, forming a flexible elastic adsorption layer via adsorption, and blocking mud cake pores.