Flue Gas Analyzer Research Articles

Fabrication of Catalytic Converter with Different Materials and Comparison with Existing Materials in Addition to Analysis of Turbine Installed at the Exhaust of 4 Stroke SI Engine

Harmful pollutants (CO, NO, and unburnt hydrocarbons) coming out from the exhaust manifold of an engine must be converted into harmless gases by using catalytic converter. This field has seen vast research for increasing the conversion efficiency of pollutants by using different cheap metals. Nowadays, catalysts used in catalytic converter are noble metals, and they are also critical in the sense that they are not abundant on Earth. Platinum, palladium and rhodium are very expensive; hence, low-cost cars are not installed with catalytic converter, especially in third world countries. This research has been carried out to assess the catalytic activity of catalysts made from the salt/metal precursors, cerium sulphate tetra hydrate, manganese sulphate mono hydrate and copper sulphate penta hydrate that are not expensive and also less affected by the poison. Test sample catalysts were prepared through a coprecipitation method having different molar concentrations, and then tested for the conversion efficiency by applying the catalysts on ceramic plates by using flue gas analyzer. On the basis of the results, final catalysts were prepared and applied on a monolithic ceramic plate and then tested with regard to the resulting conversion rate of pollutants as compared to already installed catalytic converter. Moreover, turbine was installed in the exhaust passage to generate the power that would be utilized to run the electrical accessories of the engine. SOLIDWORKS were used for 3D CAD modeling and the flow analysis of turbine with radial inlet-axial outlet. In addition, ANSYS was used for stress-strain analysis.

Experimental investigation of removal of flue gas emissions exhaust from municipal solid waste incinerator using photovoltaic-based electrostatic precipitator.

For the past decades, the flue gas emitted from municipal solid waste incinerator, power plant, and various industries is a permanent problem for the environment and has been affecting human life. Many flue gas filtration devices have been emerging out over the years. Although the electrostatic precipitator was an appropriate device due to high filtration efficiency and little pressure drop and energy efficiency, the cost and design of the electrostatic precipitator is a major restriction for manufacturers and end-users. With recent advances in technology, designing a cost-effective and less complex electrostatic precipitator has become mandatory. This article aims to design and develop a solar-powered cost-effective needle-plate type electrostatic precipitator which includes a static power converters and high-voltage transformer-rectifier (T-R) set with an input voltage as 230V AC, output voltage as 80-kV direct current (DC), and output current of 40mA for mitigation of flue gas emissions exhaust from municipal solid waste incinerator. The analysis of flue gas at ESP inlet and outlet has been performed using Ecotech stack sampler and flue gas analyzer. The obtained experimental results are validated with emission standards provided in the Solid Waste Management rules book, India, 2016.

Multifaceted analysis of products from the intermediate co-pyrolysis of biomass with Tetra Pak waste

This study investigates the co-pyrolysis of two types of biomass (pine bark and wheat straw) with Tetra Pak waste (TPW). The experiments were performed using a fixed-bed reactor equipped with an innovative system, where a sample was rapidly heated to 600 °C before being rapidly cooled. The multifaceted analysis included the determination of the i) physical and chemical properties of the feedstocks and chars, ii) aqueous phase, tars, and waxes, iii) char ignition and burnout temperature, iv) chemical composition of gas, and v) distribution of carbon and hydrogen in the obtained products. The results showed that the addition of TPW to the both types of biomass significantly reduced the char mass and aqueous phase, decreased the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents of the char, and increased the wax and tar yields retained in the water cooler. Different organic compounds such as alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and acids were found in tars and waxes. The chemical composition of the released gases was detected in situ (by a flue-gas analyser) and ex-situ (using gas chromatography). Changes in the concentrations of H2, CH4, CO, CO2, and C2–C4 were observed. The addition of Tetra Pak to the two types of biomass had an evident and positive effect on the hydrogen content of the pyrolysis gas.

Estimation of excess air coefficient on coal combustion processes via gauss model and artificial neural network

It is no doubt that the most important contributing cause of global efficiency of coal fired thermal systems is combustion efficiency. In this study, the relationship between the flame image obtained by a CCD camera and the excess air coefficient (λ) has been modelled. The model has been obtained with a three-stage approach: 1) Data collection and synchronization: Obtaining the flame images by means of a CCD camera mounted on a 10 cm diameter observation port, λ data has been coordinately measured and recorded by the flue gas analyzer. 2) Feature extraction: Gridding the flame image, it is divided into small pieces. The uniformity of each piece to the optimal flame image has been calculated by means of modelling with single and multivariable Gaussian, calculating of color probabilities and Gauss mixture approach. 3) Matching and testing: A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) has been used for the matching of feature−λ.

Influence of water/acid washing pretreatment of aquatic biomass on ash transformation and slagging behavior during co-firing with bituminous coal

In this study, bituminous coal and two aquatic biomasses, Ulva lactuca and Hydrilla verticillate, were selected as the raw materials for studying the ash slagging behavior. Furthermore, Ulva lactuca was pretreated by washing with water and acid; the influence of pretreatment on ash transformation was subsequently studied. Co-firing tests were performed in a drop tube furnace and the SO2 content in the flue gas was determined using a flue gas analyzer. The chemical compositions and mineral phase properties of the collected ash were studied using several analytical techniques, including ICP, XRF, SEM-EDS, and XRD, as well as thermochemical software Factsage 7.2. The results indicated that the most extreme agglomeration of coal co-fired with Ulva lactuca was due to the increased content of alkali metals, especially K. Pretreatment can effectively reduce the slagging trend of co-fired ash. Acid washing had a higher removal rate of S and alkali and alkaline earth metals but did not show a lower slagging tendency when co-firing with coal. The SO2 emissions during co-firing were less than the value calculated by linear interpolation but much higher than the SO2 emissions when coal was burned alone.

Combustion Characteristics of Mui and Taru Basin Coal in a Fluidized Bed Combustor

Coal reserves at Mui and Taru in Kitui and Kilifi counties in Kenya are estimated to provide over 400 million tons. Being new discoveries, their properties were investigated using the ASTM standards, while the combustion characteristics were studied in a fluidized bed combustor (FBC). Proximate analyses of the Mui1, Mui2, and Taru coal samples were as follows: moisture content 3.75, 5.48, and 3.53%; volatile matter 59.25, 58.05, and 55.10%; ash content 9.25, 11.48, and 24.63%; and fixed carbon 27.80, 25.00, and 16.75%, respectively. Ultimate analysis for Mui1, Mui2, and Taru coal samples is as follows: sulphur wt.% 1.94, 1.89, and 1.07; carbon 65.68, 60.98, and 51.10%; hydrogen 5.97, 5.70, and 5.09%; nitrogen 0.92, 0.94, and 1.00%; and oxygen 11.62, 12.33, and 11.13%, respectively. Temperature–weight loss analysis showed that for Mui and Taru basin coal, devolatilization starts at 200°C and 250°C, and combustion was complete at 750°C and 650°C, respectively. The maximum temperature obtained in FBC was 855°C at 700 mm height, just above the point of fuel feed, while the minimum was 440°C at height of 2230 mm. Maximum pressure drop was 1.02 mbars at 150 mm, while minimum was 0.67 mbars at 700 mm from the base. Gross calorific values were Mui1 coal, 27090 kJ/kg (grade A), Mui2 coal, 25196 kJ/kg (grade B), and the Taru coal, 21016 kJ/kg (grade C). Flue gas analysis for Taru and Mui coal gave hydrogen sulfide as 20 ppm and 6 ppm, maximum carbon monoxide of 2000 ppm at 600°C, and a decrease in oxygen as combustion progressed to a minimum of 15%, followed by an increase to 20.3%, suggesting depletion of coal. Based on the findings, the coal samples were suitable for commercial use.

Stability improvement of layered Au,Pt-YSZ mixed-potential gas sensing electrodes by cathodic polarization: Studies by steady state and dynamic electrochemical methods

Electrochemical characteristics of a layered Au,Pt-YSZ mixed-potential (APE) gas sensing electrode were studied by open circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS), especially in relation to effects of aging under ambient air conditions and cathodic polarization. Mixed-potential response of the APE to CO was found to be drastically reduced after 100 days of operation in ambient air, which is correlated with a clear change in the shape of the EIS characteristics and a considerably increased polarization resistance (Rp). By applying a cathodic polarization, the reduced sensitivity can be almost fully restored. Also the EIS characteristics tend to show a similar behavior as observed in the initial state. The influence of cathodic polarization treatment on the regeneration of the electrochemical (OCP and EIS) behaviors is found to be clearly enhanced at elevated temperatures (700 °C), while oxygen concentration seems to play no role on this regeneration effect. This polarization treatment will highly improve stability of the APE and is expected to enable applications like flue gas analysis.

Synergistic effect of strontium stannate and ammonium polyphosphate on flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant of flexible polyurethane foam

The flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has been modified with the flame-retardant system of strontium stannate (SrSnO3) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Synergistic effect of SrSnO3 and APP on flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant of the FPUF has been investigated by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter (CONE), scanning electron microscope (SEM), smoke density chamber and flue gas analyzer. It can be found that the LOI of the modified FPUF was increased, the horizontal combustion level was increased to FH-1. And the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were obviously reduced. Additionally, the addition of synergistic flame retardants effectively suppressed the generation of a large amount of smoke after the addition of APP. The current results indicated that the synergistic effect of SrSnO3 and APP can efficiently improve the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant of FPUFs and the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant effect were the best when SrSnO3 was 5 wt% and APP was added 20 wt%, respectively.

Fabrication and characterization of flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant of flexible polyurethane foam with modified hydrotalcite

AbstractThe hydrotalcite has been chemically modified by using the ion exchange method to insert dihydrogen phosphate between the carbonate‐type magnesium–aluminum hydrotalcite layers. And then, the effect of modified hydrotalcite on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has been investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI) method, cone calorimeter test (CONE), smoke density chamber, flue gas analyzer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The current indicated that the LOI of flame‐retardant modified FPUF was increased to 25.4%. And the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the samples were decreased by 74.9 kW/m2 and by 9.7 MJ/m2, respectively. Additionally, the total amount of flue gas produced by combustion was reduced by 157.7 m2/m2, and the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) gas decreased from 51.3 to 23.8 mg/m3. Based on these data, it can be found that the hydrotalcite modified by dihydrogen phosphate intercalation had an excellent flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant effect, and 15% of modified hydrotalcite was the most appropriate amount during the combustion process of the modified FPUFs.

Performance and Emission Measurement of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel Fuel Blends

A high concentration of palm oil biodiesel fuel blend is a strong candidate to substitute conventional diesel fuel (B10) due to its prospect to release fewer emissions. This paper shall present findings when testing palm oil biodiesel fuel blends (B10, B20, and B30) at medium speed (2500 rpm) in a single-cylinder Yanmar L70N diesel engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. In this study, a timed burette and an airbox determined the engine’s fuel and air consumption, respectively. In contrast, a flue gas analyzer measured the emission released by the fuel blend. The result indicates that as the concentration of palm oil biodiesel increases in the blends (from B10 to B30), there is no significant difference (average less than 5%) between the fuel blends in terms of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and air-fuel ratio. On the other hand, the emission results showed a reduction in CO, CO2, and NOx when the concentration of palm oil biodiesel increases in the blends. Considering the fuel blend would have no significant difference in the engine performance and its ability to reduce most emission, it is safe to conclude that B30 would be a good alternative for current diesel fuel (B10).

Study of pyrite transformation during coal samples heated in CO2 atmosphere

Pyrite transformation in two coals heated in CO2 was investigated. It was found that the pyrite experienced two visibility DTG peaks at temperature above 840 °C in CO2. It may be due to the pyrite decomposed products further reacting with CO2 to form iron oxides, sulfur oxide and CO as temperature increased. There are two main parts during the coal-pyrite blends heated to 1300 °C in CO2, which are the main pyrolysis part and the main gasification part, respectively. It shown that the coal decomposition processes did influence the pyrite transformation behaviors. During the main pyrolysis part, two DTG peaks were significantly observed related to the devolatilization of acid-washed coal and the pyrite pyrolysis desulfurization, respectively. The pyrite in coal-pyrite blends decomposed at lower temperature than the pure pyrite. The decomposition temperature of pyrite in coal-pyrite blends are decreased as the pyrite content in blends decreased in the main pyrolysis part. The flue gas analysis shows that, H2S is the main sulfur-containing gaseous product in the main pyrolysis part, SO2 and CO are the major gas products in the main gasification part of the coal-pyrite blends. During the main gasification process, the SO2 and CO release peaks move to high temperature zone as the pyrite content decreased. The ashes from the fix-bed reactor were also analyzed. It was shown that the iron oxide (magnetite) may be formed at temperature as low as 600 °C in the coal-pyrite blends. At higher temperature (main gasification part), it suggested the pyrite in coal-pyrite blends may be transformed together with char gasification and the co-transformation temperature is different with the coal type.

Effect of catalyst on tail gas during reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite carbon-containing pellet

Catalyst can enhance the reduction effect and promote the reduction of vanadium titanomagnetite. In this paper, the carbon-containing pellets of vanadium titanomagnetite were prepared by using highly volatile coal as the reducing agent under the background of a novel process of pre-reduction in the rotary kiln. The effects of CaO, CaCO3, B2O3 and borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O) on the tail gas characteristics of carbon-containing pellets in the prereduction process were studied by using a simulated rotary kiln and flue gas analyzer. The results showed that the enhanced reduction effect of boron catalysts was slightly stronger than that of calcium catalysts, among which CaO catalyzed the least and borax the best. With the increase of metallization rate, the CO utilization in the tail gas is generally reduced, while when using CaCO3 as the catalyst, the CO utilization is significantly increased. Due to different reduction mechanism, the boron catalysts have little effect on the tail gas, and the calcium catalysts have a great effect on the tail gas. Based on the experimental results and the characteristics of the tail gas from the reduction process, we put forward the idea of using CaCO3 as the best catalyst and using CaO to absorb CO2 in the tail gas to form CaCO3.

Kinetics and thermodynamics of SO2 adsorption on metal-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Abstract To investigate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic adsorption mechanism and laws of dry flue gas desulfurization, we prepared a new adsorbent by loading Cr, Cu, and Zn on TiO2-loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Desulfurization experiments were also carried out. In this study, three kinds of samples were used for simulation and diffusion processes in the dynamic adsorption of different SO2 volume fractions in flue gas and thermodynamic model analysis of different temperatures in flue gas. Results show that the diffusion coefficient of SO2 in three kinds of samples ranges from 10−16 to 10−14 m2 s−1, and the diffusion may be dominated by configuration diffusion. The intraparticle diffusion model predicts that the performance improves with an increase in the SO2 volume fraction and a shift of adsorption time. This finding indicates that an increase in SO2 volume fraction and a change in adsorption time increase the Kundsen diffusion specific gravity and decrease the configuration diffusion specific gravity, thereby increasing the SO2 diffusion resistance, which becomes faster than the activation energy barrier resistance in the catalytic oxidation reaction. Thus, the diffusion resistance specific gravity increases in the total resistance of the diffusion reaction. One possible mechanism of the adsorption process is the transition to surface reaction control at the early stage of adsorption to joint control of late diffusion and surface reactions. Adsorption thermodynamics studies show that SO2 adsorption by three adsorbents is a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropic reduction process, and the increase in temperature is inconducive for SO2 adsorption in three samples.

Educational software “Virtual laboratory works on the course of “Heat supply of forest enterprises”

One of the key factors in providing a crisis-resistant form of performing laboratory classes in universities in distance mode is educational computer programs in the form of virtual laboratory works. Such software provides students to get proper practical experience working with technological equipment in absence of direct contact with the teacher and real laboratory units. They are also an alternative to real physical laboratory units and can be used by students in event of physical wear and tear of laboratory equipment or its complete absence. The article presents an educational computer program designed for laboratory works on five virtual laboratory units to the discipline “Heat supply of forest enterprises” for students to master materials on the following topics: “Determination of fuel humidity”; “Determination of the yield of volatile substances and coke”; “Determination of fuel ash content”; “Determination of the heat of combustion of solid fuel”; “Analysis of flue gases”. The authors showed the principle of performing all virtual laboratory works on the example of one laboratory work, identified the advantages of presented computer program and indicated high significance and efficiency of its use. The developed program is successfully used by students of Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, allows you to hold laboratory works in distance mode and reduce the time for their implementation by accelerating the simulated processes.

Mechanistic Study on the Removal of NO2 from Flue Gas Using Novel Ethylene Glycol-tetrabutylammonium Bromide Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The removal of NOx (approximately 90% of which is NO) from flue gas is a crucial process for clean power generation from coal combustion. Oxidation of NO to NO2 followed by NO2 absorption using sorbents is considered to be a promising technology alternative to selective catalytic reduction (SCR). This study investigated the absorption of NO2 in flue gas by ethylene glycol (EG)-tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) deep eutectic solvents (DESs) under a range of experimental conditions. The effects of experimental conditions including molar ratio of EG to TBAB, operating temperature, residence time, and the O2 and steam partial pressure in the flue gas on the denitrification performance of EG-TBAB DESs were systematically analyzed. The concentrations of NO2 in the inlet and outlet were evaluated using a flue gas analyzer. The chemical structure changes of DESs after denitrification were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The obtained analysis signified that maximum denitrification efficiency and capacity were achieved at a EG/TBAB molar ratio of 5:1, 50 °C, and 6 s residence time. EG-TBAB DESs were able to maintain a stable denitrification performance after five absorption–desorption cycles. The results of quantum chemical calculation and 1H NMR spectra of EG-TBAB DES show that bromide anions in the EG-TBAB DES maintained strong interactions with NO2 via hydrogen bonding, leading to increased NO2 adsorption. The presence of O2 and steam in the flue gas improved the absorption of NO2 in EG-TBAB DESs due to chemical reactions and formation of nitrate.

Development of a novel thermoacoustic flue-gas analyzer

Flue gas analyzers, such as those based on electrochemical cells and infrared sensors, are commonly used to determine the molar concentrations of the different species of flue-gas mixtures and provide information about the associated air-fuel ratio and the resulting combustion efficiency. Here, a new methodology for quaternary-gas analysis that relies on thermoacoustic technology is described for the determination of the composition of typical mixtures of flue gases [A. I. Abd El-Rahman et al., “Thermoacoustic flue-gas analyzer,” EG Patent: International Application No. PCT/EG2020/0000029 (September 23, 2020)]. The hot flue-gas mixtures resulting from the combustion of high-carbon bituminous coal and low-carbon natural gas are allowed to fill in the resonator of an optimized half-wavelength thermoacoustic engine at TH = 900 °C. Under controlled cooling, spontaneous gas–particle oscillations appear at distinct values of resonance frequencies and onset temperature gradients that particularly depend on the molar concentrations of the quaternary-gas components (CO2, CO, O2, and N2) of the introduced samples. Operational ternary diagrams along with respective sensitivity profiles are discussed in detail.

Production of pyrolysis oil from used tyres and the effects of pyrolysis oil-gasoline blends on the performance of a gasoline-powered electric generator

This study produces liquid fuel from waste automobile tyres via thermal pyrolysis purposely to investigate the feasibility of replacing conventional fuel with pyrolysis oil in internal combustion engines. Shredded automobile tyres were pyrolysed in an electric-powered pyrolysis reactor and the oil obtained was treated with H2SO4 to remove sludge and to reduce its odour. The treated oil was distilled, and the products obtained have properties similar to gasoline and diesel fuels. The light tyre pyrolysis oil (LTPO) was blended with regular gasoline and the various blends obtained were used in powering an electric generator, and the fuel consumption rate in the generator was observed to reduce with an increase in pyrolysis oil content. Analysis of the exhaust flue gases showed that gasoline-LTPO blends gave a significant reduction in the CO levels. However, the unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) content of the exhaust stream increased with the LTPO content, with the blends containing 60% LTPO having the highest HC level. The conclusion from the study revealed that the tyre pyrolysis oil could possibly replace conventional fuels in internal combustion engines, and the application of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) approach could resolve the issues of high HC contents in the exhaust stream.

Comparative assessment of air pollutant emissions from brick manufacturing

In this paper, a comparison is made of the level of air pollution between two brick production lines that apply different technologies, one old and one new, and more efficient. The main pollutants emitted in the air from the baking kilns are CO, SO2, NO2, HCl, HF, and dust. The monitoring of emissions was performed with a Testo 350 flue gas analyzer – the automatic method. A Paul Gothe isokinetic sampler was used to take dust, HCl, and HF sampling, and the analysis was performed in the laboratory using gravimetric and spectrophotometric analytical methods. The results of the tests performed showed a reduction in the level of pollution by applying the new and BAT technologies by up to 90% for all monitored pollutants, compared to the pollution produced by old and non-re-technologized line. At the same time, energy consumption is lower per unit of product, which results in a significant decrease in production costs.

Влияние состава природного газа на тепловой коэффициент полезного действия отражательной печи для никелевых сплавов

The purpose of the article is to develop and substantiate the principles of an energy model of an industrial reverberatory furnace taking into account chemical composition and properties of natural gas as well as to calculate the furnace thermal efficiency in order to estimate its industrial performance. To conduct the research mathematical calculations are performed based on the data of chemical and physical analysis of flue gases and chimney temperature using standard graphs of excess air and enthalpy values of flue gas components. The measurement of the amount of waste pollutants is carried out using MRU Delta 65-3 gas analyzers, which identify the total amount of gases (O2, CO, NO, H2S) They determine the temperature, pressure (vacuum), calculate the content of CO2 and installation efficiency as well. Aspen Hysys program is used to verify the mathematical model. The data on the properties of natural gas are obtained including the data on chemical composition, molecular weight, calorific value, excess air during combustion. The data on flue gases are also obtained, which include the data on the burnt gas components, molecular weights, enthalpy, calorific value, flue gases ratio at the temperatures from 94°C to 316°C. The chemical reactions of combustion given with the number of moles required and formed for each reaction are used to calculate the thermal efficiency of a reverberatory furnace for nickel alloys. The calculated data are confirmed by Aspen Hysys software. Based on the studies conducted, it is found that the variable having the greatest influence on the thermal efficiency is the low calorific value, since it depends on the composition of the natural gas. The proposed methods for calculating the thermal efficiency using a computer program are effective if an operator wants to evaluate the furnace operation efficiency on site.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Superheated Steam and Flue Gas as Drying Agents for Biomass Dryers

Bagasse is a sugarcane byproduct of high moisture content that usually requires drying before its use in the production of heat, power, fuels, and chemicals. This work explores the possibility of replacing flue gas, a hazardous heat source, with steam in bagasse rotary dryers using Aspen Plus v8.6 as a simulation tool. In the simulation, a bagasse-fed combined heat and power (CHP) plant generated superheated steam at 2 bar and flue gas, and both acted as drying agents in zero-dimensional biomass dryers that reduced bagasse moisture from 50 to 10 wt.%.The biomass final moisture content is inversely proportional to the drying agent temperature and flow rate. Steam dryers required a steam-to-wet-biomass ratio (S/WetBiom) of 4.0 with 2-bar steam at 260 °C to achieve a steam-to-evaporated-moisture (S/EvapMoist) ratio of 9.0, which is suggested for steam as a drying agent. For flue gas dryers, the equivalence ratio (ER) played an essential role: higher ERs increased the O2 content in flue gas, reducing the gas higher heating value (HHV), and increasing the amount of flue gas required per unit of evaporated moisture (FG/EvapMoist). Thus, ER values of 1.1 were advised to counterbal-ance the effects of ER and still provide enough excess air to allow complete fuel combustion in the CHP furnace. As the flue gas exiting the furnace presented extremely high temperatures (~1550 °C), this stream was cooled down to the superheated steam temperature (260 °C), and drying performances were compared. Although flue gas had an HHV lower than the steam latent heat, it presented higher production yields, resulting in lower bagasse combustion requirements in the CHP to provide enough drying agent per kg of dried biomass in flue gas dryers. Nevertheless, if the CHP system adopts steam split ratios in the range of 0–0.2 and alternative steam sources are available in the biorefinery, steam can be an attractive drying medium for biomass dryers.