Fluctuations In Commodity Research Articles

Commodity Prices, Inflationary Pressures, and Monetary Policy: Evidence from BRICS Economies

We assess the transmission of monetary policy and the impact of fluctuations in commodity prices on the real economy for the five biggest and fastest growing emerging market economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Using modern econometric techniques, we show that a monetary policy contraction has a negative effect on output, suggesting that it can lean against unexpected macroeconomic shocks even when the financial markets are not well-developed in this group of countries. We also uncover the importance of commodity price shocks, which lead to a rise in inflation and demand an aggressive behaviour from central banks towards inflation stabilisation.

Almost periodic solutions for an impulsive delay model of price fluctuations in commodity markets

In the present paper, we shall consider the following impulsive delay system for modeling the price fluctuations in single-commodity markets: { p ̇ ( t ) = F ( p ( t ) , p ( t − h ) ) p ( t ) , t ≠ τ k , p ( t ) = φ 0 ( t ) , t ∈ [ t 0 − h , t 0 ] , Δ p ( t ) = I k ( p ( t ) ) , t = τ k , k ∈ Z . Sufficient conditions are established for the existence of almost periodic solutions for this system. Piecewise continuous functions of the Lyapunov type as well as the Razumikhin technique have been utilized to prove our main results.

When bears are blue and bulls are red

Analysts deal with real numerical data. Often the data is collected over time. Because numbers are abstract, analysts often use graphs to make numerical data more meaningful. Real data typically fluctuates in some random fashion. However, patterns often exist in the data. An example would be the seasonal fluctuations in commodities. Analysts use a variety of techniques to help them find patterns that have the potential to improve their skill in predicting future trends. This paper suggests some ways to make some of these patterns more obvious.We are here presenting techniques to enhance traditional methods of providing information in graphs. By taking advantage of current computer technology to provide graphic images and to draw graphs, new and exciting visual images are possible. In addition, animation strategies allow us to simulate the passage of time. Finally, we add a whimsical touch.By animating the graphs of mathematical functions we illuminate aspects of the graphing process which might otherwise go unnoticed. The focus of this paper is on curve fitting. APL and J provide the matrix divide function for finding the coefficients of the constant, linear, quadratic, cubic or nth degree polynomial which best fit a collection of data.Each of these polynomials also has a polynomial derivative. These derivatives are useful for three reasons. Select a point on the x-axis. The y-value of the polynomial is the height of the polynomial for that x-value. But the y-value of the derived polynomial for the chosen x-value provides information about the original polynomial in three ways. First the y-value for the chosen x-value is the slope of the original polynomial at that point. The second useful aspect of the derivative is that positive and negative values indicate when the original polynomial is increasing or decreasing. A derivative is one degree less than the original polynomial so for example, a cubic polynomial has a quadratic polynomial derivative.Applications will demonstrate how the slope of the tangent together with the use of images and color can enhance the reader's ability to assimilate data. These enhancements give additional meaning to graphs and add life to the data.

A study of land redistribution and the demise of Grenada's estate farming system 1940–1988

Throughout this century the demise of the West Indian estate agricultural system has been occurring unrelentlessly. At different times and to varying degrees, the reasons for this have included: local labour problems; absentee landownership; major fluctuations in commodity prices on the world market; and inadequate supportive government policies in many of the region's newly independent nations. The decline of this farming system is most evident in Grenada, where the political events of the past 20 years have hastened the process. Initially, it was the confiscation of some estates through a programme of ‘land for the landless’. Then, between 1979 and 1983 it was People's Revolutionary Government promoting state farms at the expense of individual estates. More recently, the government has been divesting parcels of acquired land to ‘potentially suitable’ small farmers, via a model farm scheme. This paper traces developments on 112 estates since 1940.

Consumer memory and price fluctuations in commodity markets: An integrodifferential model

A model for the dynamics of price adjustment in a single commodity market is developed. Nonlinearities in both supply and demand functions are considered explicitly, as are delays due to production lags and storage policies, to yield a nonlinear integrodifferential equation. Conditions for the local stability of the equilibrium price are derived in terms of the elasticities of supply and demand, the supply and demand relaxation times, and the equilibrium production-storage delay. The destabilizing effect of consumer memory on the equilibrium price is analyzed, and the ensuing Hopf bifurcations are described.

World Non-Oil Primary Commodity Markets: Comment on Chu and Morrison

A NTICIPATING FLUCTUATIONS in commodity prices must be of paramount concern when multilateral financial institutions such as the Fund establish programs and the conditions for them. Although some of these arrangements may provide short-term assistance to members experiencing temporary balance of payments difficulties, those nations whose primary exports are subject to a high degree of price variability require special consideration. To this end, many authors have attempted to explain the temporal behavior of commodity prices (Chu and Morrison (1986) and the references therein). Chu and Morrison have provided a structural model to identify what may be loosely termed the "microeconomic factors" behind fluctuations in commodity prices. In this note I illustrate that nonstationary commodity prices may be the result of an optimal monetary policy; in particular, that commodity prices will be stationary only if the nominal money stock exhibits similar behavior. This result may be of use in the empirical modeling of commodity prices, as well as in setting conditions for access to some forms of multilateral assistance.

Influence of feed ingredients upon the prediction of protein in animal feed‐mixes by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy

AbstractMixed feeds are composed of a wide variety of constituents incorporated to a basic grain formulation. The composition varies depending on daily price fluctuations in commodities. The components most frequently encountered in the feed industry include the cereals, wheat, barley, maize and oats. Protein concentrates include soya bean and rapeseed meals, meatmeal and fishmeal. Roughage is provided by dried grasses and other forage such as lucerne (alfalfa). Other additives are present in the form of vitamin and mineral supplements and antibiotics. Due to differences in mean particle size, particle size distribution and bulk density the slopes of instrument response to composition show significant differences between commodities. The influence of addition of various commodities to basic grain calibrations is illustrated for wheat, barley and maize calibrations. Successful application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology to the analysis of mixed feeds for protein has been achieved using a Neotec Model 41 GQA, by preparing separate calibrations for cattle feeds (with and without urea), pig and poultry feeds.

Fund Policies and Procedures in Relation to the Compensatory Financing of Commodity Fluctuations

Fund Policies and Procedures in Relation to the Compensatory Financing of Commodity Fluctuations