Flower Spikes Research Articles

Methods for genetic transformation in Dendrobium.

The genetic transformation of Dendrobium orchids will allow for the introduction of novel colours, altered architecture and valuable traits such as abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The orchid genus Dendrobium contains species that have both ornamental value and medicinal importance. There is thus interest in producing cultivars that have increased resistance to pests, novel horticultural characteristics such as novel flower colours, improved productivity, longer flower spikes, or longer post-harvest shelf-life. Tissue culture is used to establish clonal plants while in vitro flowering allows for the production of flowers or floral parts within a sterile environment, expanding the selection of explants that can be used for tissue culture or genetic transformation. The latter is potentially the most effective, rapid and practical way to introduce new agronomic traits into Dendrobium. Most (69.4 %) Dendrobium genetic transformation studies have used particle bombardment (biolistics) while 64 % have employed some form of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A singe study has explored ovary injection, but no studies exist on floral dip transformation. While most of these studies have involved the use of selector or reporter genes, there are now a handful of studies that have introduced genes for horticulturally important traits.

<i>Hosta yingeri</i> S.B.Jones における発芽に及ぼす温度の影響と生育に及ぼす日長の影響

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of different temperatures on seed germination and initial long-day (LD) or short-day (SD) duration on growth, floral initiation, and development of Hosta yingeri S.B.Jones. The germination percentage of H. yingeri seeds was > 90% at 5°C and between 15°C–30°C. The lowest time to the first germination (TFG) and the mean germination time (MGT) were observed at around 30°C. The optimum temperature for germination can be around 30°C considering the final germination percentage, TFG, and MGT together. Plant height, number of leaves, and leaf length increased as the initial SD duration decreased. The percentages of plant bearing buds were 50%, 50%, 20%, 10%, and 0% when the initial SD treatments were 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks with 29, 26, 23, 20, and 17 weeks of LDs, respectively. No plants flowered when they were exposed to the initial LD conditions. Flower spike length, number of visible buds, and number of open flowers increased as the duration of the initial SD decreased. Four-week-old H. yingeri required ≥ 26 weeks of LD duration to achieve > 50% flowering.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Corm Production and Vase Life in Gladiolus

Influence of plant growth regulator sprays on corm production and post-harvest life of two gladiolus cultivars, Darshan and Dhiraj, was investigated for two consecutive years, 2008-09 and 2009-10. Growth regulators, viz., gibberellic acid (100 and 150ppm), tri-iodo benzoic acid (TIBA) (50 and 100ppm), 2-chloro, 4-pyridyl phenyl urea (CPPU) (2.5 and 5ppm) and brassinosteroid (BR) (5 and 10ppm) were sprayed at the 3rd and 6thleaf stage. Cv. Darshan recorded maximum number of large cormels per plant and cormel weight, while, cv. Dhiraj recorded maximum number of small cormels per plant in treatments of pre-harvest foliar sprays with plant growth regulators. Foliar sprays of BR (10ppm) and GA3 (150ppm) significantly increased number of corms produced per plant, corm size, corm weight, and propagation coefficient. Number of large cormels and total number of cormels per plant were significantly higher in BR (10ppm), followed by TIBA (100ppm). BR (10ppm) and TIBA (100ppm) produced maximum number of small cormels per plant. Weight of cormels per plant was maximum in BR (10ppm) and GA3 (150ppm). Post-harvest studies revealed that cv. Darshan recorded maximum diameter of second fully-opened floret and higher vase-life than cv. Dhiraj with pre-harvest foliar spray of plant growth regulators. Pre-harvest foliar spray of GA3 (150ppm), BR (10ppm) and CPPU (5ppm) induced earliest first-floret opening and recorded maximum value for number-of-floretsopen- at-a-time per spike, diameter of second fully-opened floret, and vase-life. Foliar spray of BR (10ppm) and GA3 (150ppm) at 3rd and 6th leaf stage can be recommended for large-scale multiplication of quality planting material and longer vase-life of flower spikes, respectively, in gladiolus.

Effect of plant bioregulators on the vase life of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) cut flowers

The present study on effect of plant bioregulators on the vase life of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L) cut flowers was conducted at Directorate of Floricultural Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi during 2013-14 to evaluate snapdragon flower spikes as cut flower based on vase life and the effect of plant bioregulators on the vase life of snapdragon flower. Plant bioregulators namely aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) 0.5mM, salicylic acid (SA) 1mM and benzyl adenine (BA) 0.2mM along with 2% sucrose was evaluated. Vase life of snapdragon flower spikes were significantly increased in treatments with plant bio regulators BA+ sucrose, SA + sucrose and AOA + sucrose (9.3, 9 and 8.3 days) in comparison with control (5.6 days) and sucrose (2%) alone (7.3days). Treatments with plant bioregulators delayed the flower opening and flower senescence. Change in fresh weight was less in treatments with plant bioregulators and vase solution uptake rate was also more in the same treatments when compared to Control. Membrane stability index of spikes treated with BA + sucrose was better (64.99%) after 9 days of experiment. Bract chlorophyll content and petal carotenoid content after 9 days of vase life were found better in BA+ sucrose treatment (3.2 mg/g and 0.896 mg/ g/respectively). BA performed better than other bio regulators in terms of vase life, colour retention and membrane stability. Sucrose (2%) alone improved the vase life but not significant when compared with solutions containing plant growth regulators along with it.

Effects of salicylic acid applied pre- or post-transport on post-harvest characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of gladiolus cut flower spikes

Early senescence is the main limiting factor during the marketing of cut flowers. The current experiments were aimed at understanding the effects of pre- or post-transport application of salicylic acid (SA) on physicochemical characteristics affecting vase life of cut flower spikes of gladiolus cv. Amsterdam. SA was foliar sprayed at 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mM concentrations on harvested flowers before or after simulated transport to local market, in order to evaluate its effect on post-harvest qualities and physiochemical parameters. The results showed that 0.5 mM SA significantly increased flower vase life, as well as membrane stability, anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations, and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in the flower petals. The relative fresh weight was not significantly affected by SA foliar treatment applied pre- or post-transport. Significant reduction was observed in lipid peroxidation of the SA-treated flowers, compared with the control group. The results suggest that foliar application of SA, especially at low concentration (0.5 mM), improves gladiolus vase life through modulating its antioxidative system and reducing lipid peroxidation. This treatment can be easily applied for commercial use.

Effect of Beating Process to Soda Anthraquinone Pulp of Oil Palm Male Flower Spikes Fibre

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of beating process to the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). OPMFS pulp was prepared according to chemical Soda-AQ pulping process. 60 gsm handsheet of oil palm male flower spikes paper were prepared from OPMFS pulp with four different beating times which are 0 revolution, 1000 revolutions, 2000 revolutions and 3000 revolutions. All physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. The results show that overall physical and mechanical characteristics of POMFS paper were influenced and enhanced by beating process between 0 until 3000 revolutions. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking raw material for papermaking.

EFFECTS OF ETHANOL AND 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON THE VASE LIFE OF CUT NARCISSUS TAZETTA VAR. CHINENSIS ROEM.

In this study, effects of ethanol and1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were investigated on the senescence of cut Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. toprolongthe vase life safely and cost-effectively. Ethylene treatment at 500 I¼l L-1 for 24 h significantly shortened the vase life of both florets and spikes, showing that it is ethylene sensitive. Gaseous 1-MCP treatment at 1 I¼l L-1 was effective in extending the vase life of florets but not the spikes. Ethanol treatment with 0.1% holding solution was significantly effective in delaying the senescence of the florets and extend the vase life of both the florets and spikes of the cut flowers.

Stimulation of Lateral Branching of Red Firespike Using Dikegulac Sodium, Benzyladenine, and Pinching

Red firespike (Odontonema strictum) is an ornamental shrub with potential for use as a flowering potted plant due to its dark green foliage and attractive red flower spikes. To stimulate branching and improve quality of red firespike, foliar spray applications of dikegulac sodium (DS) and benzyladenine (BA) and hand pinching were evaluated across two seasons (Spring and Summer 2014). There were three pinching treatments: one, two, or three pinches. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied at 400, 800, 1600, or 2400 ppm DS or 600, 1000, 1250, or 1750 ppm BA. Both studies included an untreated control. Red firespike treated with all concentrations of BA and 1600 and 2400 ppm DS had increased branching compared with the control, except 1000 ppm BA in Expt. 1. Pinching did not affect the number of branches. Dikegulac sodium at 1600 and 2400 ppm and all concentrations of BA resulted in shorter plants than the control. Phytotoxicity was observed in plants treated with 1600 or 2400 ppm DS. In both experiments, DS at 1600 and 2400 ppm had the least plant dry weight compared with the control. Treatment with BA at 1750 ppm resulted in greatest leaf area compared with control. Dikegulac sodium at 800 ppm increased the number of flowers compared with control. Pinching and BA did not affect number of inflorescences. All concentrations of BA and DS delayed flowering, except 1000 ppm BA. Plants treated with 800, 1600, and 2400 ppm DS had shorter inflorescences compared with control plants. Benzyladenine decreased the length of the inflorescence at high concentrations, 1250 and 1750 ppm. Pinching treatments did not affect inflorescence length.

Night Interruption Promotes Flowering and Improves Flower Quality in Doritaenopsis Orchid

Flowering responses under night interruption (NI) condition were determined in Doritaenopsis ‘Fuller’s Sunset ’, ‘Green Beer’, ‘Little Gem Stripes’, and ‘Queen Beer’ during their reproductive stages. Plants were grown under 10/14 h ambient light/dark (control), 10 h ambient light with night interruption (22 : 00-02 : 00 HR) at low light intensity of 3-7 μmol • m−2 • s−1 (LNI) and 10 h ambient light with NI at high light intensity of 120 μmol • m−2 • s−1 (HNI) conditions after flower spike emergence. Time to visible bud and flowering decreased more in the plants grown under HNI than those grown under LNI or control conditions. The number of buds or flowers increased in the plants grown under both LNI and HNI conditions compared to those grown under control condition for all cultivars. The tallest plants at flowering were in the HNI group in ‘Queen Beer’, ‘Green Beer’, and ‘Fuller’s Sunset’, however, the plant height was not significantly different among the treatments in ‘Little Gem Stripes’. NI with low light intensity or high light intensity can be used effectively to promote flower opening, but not with low light intensity at flower development stage. To obtain early flowering with high quality plants using NI treatment during their reproductive stage, high light intensity strategies could be suggested in Doritaenopsis cultivation.

The reproductive biology of the introduced root holoparasite Orobanche ramosa subsp. mutelii (Orobanchaceae) in South Australia

An understanding of the timing and constraints on seed production is necessary for the successful control of many invasive plant species. In the present study, we investigated the reproductive traits of the annual root holoparasite, Orobanche ramosa L. subsp. mutelii (F.W.Shultz) Cout. (branched broomrape), which occurs in the western Murray mallee area of South Australia. Flowering stems emerge above the ground from early September. Each flower spike has from 2 to 24 flowers and the first flower opens on the base 8 days after emergence and senesces 6 days later. An additional flower opens acropetally every 1–2 days. The species is autogamous and self-pollination can occur before anthesis. Mature seeds were observed from 9–10 days after flower senescence and capsules dehisced 12 days later. Although each plant is in flower only for an average of 20 days, in large populations or multi-branched plants, the flowering period extends over several weeks, with a peak in mid-October. Seed production in sampled populations was highly variable, ranging from 1000 to over 200 000 per plant. Large plants with several branching stems produced the most seeds, although capsules produced per stem and seeds per capsule were also variable. There is a brief window of opportunity for control of O. ramosa subsp. mutelii after it emerges above the soil surface and before it sets seed. Weedy root parasites such as Orobanche ramosa can have devastating impacts on host crops, but are difficult to control because most growth occurs underground. We identified key characters that contribute to the success of this introduced plant, including self-pollination, rapid maturation of the reproductive stages and high seed output. Vigilance is required so that plants can be controlled before they set seed.

Varietal assessment and variability studies on gladiolus under south Gujarat conditions

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of 16 gladiolus (Gladiolus hortulanus) varieties under south Gujarat agro-climatic conditions. Significant differences were observed for all the growth, flowering and yield characters during experimentation. The three years pooled data revealed that maximum plant height (73.04 cm) was recorded in variety Her Majesty. Variety Sancerre recorded maximum leaf area (104.79 cm2) and was found superior with respect to qualitative parameters like floret size (10.47 cm), florets per spike (14.29), rachis length (43.78 cm), spike length (76.86 cm), duration of spike (17.80 days), vase-life (10.31 days) and weight of corms (48.74 g). Early flower spike initiation (52.82 days) and first floret opening (65.36 days) was noted in variety Green Star. Variety Psittacinus Hybrid recorded the maximum number of leaves (9.09) and spikes per plant (2.64). Corm size (7.56 cm) and corms per plant (2.53) was obtained maximum in variety Candyman and Priscilla, respectively. Whereas, maximum weight of cormels per plant (11.10 g) was noted in variety Gunjan. The molecular investigation through RAPD markers revealed the highest genetic similarity (0.824) between the accessions Punjab Dawn and Wine & Roses, whereas, the lowest genetic similarity (0.172) was registered between the accessions Eurovision and Her Majesty.

Variability studies in gladiolus

In the study of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in gladiolus, wide differences were found in mean performance of genotypes for almost all the characters. Variety Adagio possessed maximum plant height with highest number and width of leaves while Friendship White had the shortest height. Variety Jessica was the earliest in emergence of flower spike, showing colour of basal floret and opening of basal floret. Variety White Prosperity possessed maximum spike length, rachis length and number of florets with highest bloom life. Maximum range of variation was observed for length of spike whereas the minimum was recorded for spike diameter. Characters such as weight of corm exhibited maximum co-efficient of variation (GCV and PCV) coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean followed by number of florets per spike, diameter of corm, rachis length and difference between two florets which could be relied upon for effective selection and crop improvement in gladiolus.

Analysis of the volatile organic compounds from leaves, flower spikes, and nectar of Australian grown Agastache rugosa.

BackgroundThe foraging choices of honey bees are influenced by many factors, such as floral aroma. The composition of volatile compounds influences the bioactivity of the aromatic plants and honey produced from them. In this study, Agastache rugosa was evaluated as part of a project to select the most promising medicinal plant species for production of bioactive honey.MethodsHeadspace solid-phase microextraction HS-SPME /GC-MS was optimized to identify the volatile bioactive compounds in the leaves, flower spikes, and for the first time, the flower nectar of Australian grown A. rugosa.ResultsMethyl chavicol (= estragole) was the predominant headspace volatile compound in the flowers with nectar, flower spikes, and leaves, with a total of 97.16%, 96.74% and 94.35%, respectively. Current results indicate that HS–SPME/GC–MS could be a useful tool for screening estragole concentration in herbal products.ConclusionRecently, estragole was suspected to be carcinogenic and genotoxic, according to the European Union Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Further studies are needed on safe daily intake of Agastache as herbal tea or honey, as well as for topical uses.

Soda Anthraquinone Pulping of Oil Palm Male Flower Spikes

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of pulp and paper produced from oil palm oil male flower spikes (OPMFS). The evaluation of the pulping process was studied based on the chemical Soda Anthraquinone pulping process. 60 gsm papersheet of oil palm male flower spikes were prepared from unbeaten and unbleached OPMFS Soda-AQ pulp. All optical, physical and mechanical characteristics were investigated according to TAPPI and MS ISO standards. OPMFS pulp recorded value of 6.42 s, 353 ml, 76.5 %, 36.7 % and 9.35 for drainage time, freeness, moisture content, screened yield percentage and Kappa number respectively. OPMFS paper sheet recorded value of 56.99 g/m2, 131.11 µm and 0.43 g/m3 for grammage, bulking thickness and apparent bulk density respectively. Unbleached OPMFS paper also recorded 26.49 % and 43.50 % for brightness and opacity. For mechanical characteristics, OPMFS paper recorded 39.10 N.m/g, 8.32 mN.m2/g, 3.15 kPa.m2/g and 38.50 for tensile index, tear index, burst index and folding endurance (no.) respectively. This research demonstrate some potential characteristics of oil palm male flower spikes (OPMFS) paper to be investigated as a newly explored non-wood based raw material for papermaking.

Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Eurasiatic orchid genus Himantoglossum s.l. (Orchidaceae).

Lizard orchids of the genus Himantoglossum include many of Eurasia's most spectacular orchids, producing substantial spikes of showy flowers. However, until recently the genus had received only limited, and entirely traditional, systematic study. The aim of the current work was to provide a more robust molecular phylogeny in order to better understand the evolutionary relationships among species of particular conservation concern. All putative species of Himantoglossum s.l. were sampled across its geographical range. A large subsample of the 153 populations studied contributed to an initial survey of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) ribotypes. Smaller subsets were then sequenced for four plastid regions and the first intron of the low-copy-number nuclear gene LEAFY. Rooted using Steveniella as outgroup, phylogenetic trees were generated using parsimony and Bayesian methods from each of the three datasets, supplemented with a ribotype network. The resulting trees collectively determined the order of branching of the early divergent taxa as Himantoglossum comperianum > H. robertianum group > H. formosum, events that also involved significant morphological divergence. Relaxed molecular clock dating suggested that these divergences preceded the Pleistocene glaciations (the origin of the H. robertianum group may have coincided with the Messinian salinity crisis) and occurred in Asia Minor and/or the Caucasus. Among more controversial taxa of the H. hircinum-jankae clade, which are only subtly morphologically divergent, topological resolution was poorer and topological incongruence between datasets was consequently greater. Plastid sequence divergence is broadly consistent with prior, morphologically circumscribed taxa and indicates a division between H. hircinum-adriaticum to the west of the Carpathians and H. jankae-caprinum (plus local endemics) to the east, a distinction also suggested by nrITS ribotypes. LEAFY phylogenies are less congruent with prior taxonomic arrangements and include one likely example of paralogy. Himantoglossum metlesicsianum fully merits its IUCN Endangered status. Potentially significant genetic variation was detected within Steveniella satyrioides, H. robertianum and H. hircinum. However, confident circumscription of the more derived species of Himantoglossum s.s., including local endemics of hybrid origin, must await future morphometric and population-genetic analyses.

Characterization of the Chemical Composition of the Halophyte Salicornia bigelovii under Cultivation

Straw of the halophyte Salicornia bigelovii was chemically analyzed for lignocellulosic components, extractives, and ash in relation to varying cultivation conditions (namely, irrigating water salinity and fertilizer grade). Irrigation water contained 10–50 ppt salt, and fertilizer application varied between 1 and 2 gN/m2. Composition of the biomass was comparable to traditional lignocellulosic biomasses, containing glucan (up to 27 g/100 g total solids (TS)), xylan (up to 23 g/100 g TS), and lignin (24 g/100 g TS), but also high amounts of ash (up to 53 g/100 g TS) and water–ethanol soluble extractives (up to 25 g/100 g TS). As most of the ash is extractable (up to 90%), a simple water wash is sufficient to bring the ash content down to a typical value found in the lignocellulosic materials. It was found that increasing water salinity used for the plant irrigation decreases lignocellulosic components content, increases ash content, and does not affect extractives content. The fertilizer application rate was not found to influence any of the responses, except for ash composition (lowering mineral content) and its amount in the flowering spike fraction. Stem and spike fractions were found to be significantly different in composition, with stems being closer to a typical lignocellulosic material.

Production potential, nitrogen use efficiency and economics of clarysage (Salvia sclarea L.) varieties as influenced by nitrogen levels under different locations

Clarysage (Salvia sclarea L.) is known for its high value essential oil, widely used in perfumery as a source of fragrance with refreshing and long lasting note. Ten treatment combinations consisting of two clarysage varieties (Local and CIM-Chandni) and five nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160kgNha−1) were evaluated in factorial randomized block design with three replications at three locations; Lucknow (Sub-tropical plain), Pantnagar (foot hills of Himalayas) and Purara (western Himalayas). Crop matured 9 and 27 days earlier at Lucknow as compared to Pantnagar and Purara, respectively. Flower spike and oil yields were highest at Pantnagar as compared to other locations. In spite of lowest yields at Purara plant synthesized significantly more oil due to lower temperature, longer life span and higher spikes:leaf+stem ratio. Linalyl acetate content in oil was highest at Lucknow followed by Pantnagar and Purara. Variety CIM-Chandni had significantly higher flower spikes, spikes:leaf+stem ratio, oil content and produced higher oil of better quality. Optimum doses of nitrogen were worked out to be 107.6 and 116.5kgha−1 at Lucknow, 117.2 and 105.2kgha−1 at Pantnagar, 159.8 and 132.6kgha−1 for local and CIM-Chandni, respectively.

Effects of Boron Applications on Flower Spike Dieback of Statice (Limonium spp.)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of boron treatments on flower spike dieback of Statice (Limonium spp.) grown in soilless hydroponic and soil cultures under rain shelter system. The growth of Statice was gradually improved with increasing boron applications in the hydroponics, but not in soil culture with boron treatment as foliar spray or soil application. The degree of flower spike dieback in 6 levels (0, no dieback incidence to 5, very severe dieback incidence) ranged between 0.5 with boron application and 4.4 with no boron treatment. The content of boron in Statice flower spike increased with increasing rates of boron applications in the hydroponics, but the contents of P, Mg, and N were not affected by the boron application. However, K content was highest with no boron treatment. In soil culture, incidence of flower spike dieback decreased with foliar spray or soil application of boron. Therefore, boron application was effective in reducing flower spike dieback and improving cut-flower productivity and its quality, and the recommended rates of boron application were <TEX>$50{\sim}80{\mu}gL^{-1}$</TEX> for hydroponics culture whereas 0.2% borex or <TEX>${\geq}0.4kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX> boric acid by foliar spray application for soil culture.

Seasonal Incidence of Mite and Infuence of Pesticidal Application on Orchid Flower Production

Abstract Investigations were carried out in 2010 to determine the influence of abiotic factors on the incidence of the two spotted spider mite; Tetranychus urticae Koch and to determine the influence of pesticides on orchid flower production. Initially, in January, the mite population was very low (1.0 mite/10 cm2 leaf area). The population gradually increased and peaked to 22.98 mites/10 cm2 leaf area in the first fortnight of May along with the rise in temperature and sunshine. Then, the population declined to a low level of 3.43 mites/10 cm2 leaf area in the first fortnight of December. Maximum and minimum temperatures had a significant positive correlation and sunshine had a non-significant positive correlation, whereas relative humidity and rainfall had a non-significant negative correlation with the mite population. Infestation of the two spotted spider mite was more severe in untreated conditions in comparison to the treated ones. The difference was due to various abiotic factors and natural pest infestation occurrence which drastically affected the flower quality and yield. In unprotected conditions, the number of flower spikes/plant (1.90±0.44 spikes), number of flowers/spike (7.35±1.04 flowers), spike length (42.59±5.69 cm), flower spike diameter (5.26±0.66 mm), and flower size (6.27±0.86 cm) was very low. In protected conditions, flower quality and yield were superior than in unprotected conditions i.e. number of flower spike/plant (2.92±0.57 spikes), number of flowers/spike (11.78±1.16 flowers), spike length (57.59±7.35 cm), diameter of flower spikes (9.09±1.01 mm), and flower size (6.73±1.16 cm).

Acomparative study in stem anatomy and morphology of Zannichellia palustris L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. that growing in Tigris River within Mosul City, Iraq.

The current study examined two groups of submerged aquatic plants growing in Tigris River within Mosul city; monocots which represented by Zannichellia palustris and dicots that represented by Myriophyllum spicatum. The results showed variation in some morphological and anatomical characteristic between species, in M. spicatum two types of leaves observed, submersed were solid and strong and divided into more than 14 leaflet pairs, but the emergent leaves (bracts) were inconspicuous and smooth edged, located on the flower spike. While the blade in Z. palustris described as a simple type and linear that thread-like shaped. The results also showed anatomical variation in the internal structure of the stems particular in the area of the cortex. In M. spicatum three layers of parenchyma cells observed after the epidermis, while the epidermis was surrounding the earenchyma directly in Z. palustris. however, the size of earenchyma lacunae were much greater than lacunae of Z. palustris, which also characterize by central cylinder with a central channel surrounded by small parenchyma cells and reduce in xylem tissue, in M. spicatum the central canal was absent but the xylem was presence as solitary vesseles surrounded by parenchymas cells.