Flower-like Shape Research Articles

Controllable synthesis and antioxidant activity of gold nanoparticles using chlorogenic acid

In this work, we report a controllable green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using chlorogenic acid (CGA) as the only reducing and stabilizing agent. The well-dispersed AuNPs are obtained due to the protection of CGA against aggregation. The resulting AuNPs are controllable in size and shape mainly by changing the molar ratio of HAuCl4 to CGA in reductive process. With an increase in CGA concentration, the average size of AuNPs increased, which resulted in different morphologies from spherical to flower-like shapes. The dropping speed of gold precursor is also found to influence the size of AuNPs in different trends. Additionally, the advantages of CGA for synergistic biological activities are demonstrated through the enhanced antioxidant activity of AuNPs with CGA for scavenging of DPPH radicals. The controllable size and shape of nanoparticles are potentially important in nanomedical application.

Possible Involvement of YB-1 in Abnormal Nuclear Shape of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Cell

Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells contain extensive chromosomal abnormalities and some acute-type ATL patients show leukemic cells with highly lobulated nucleus, called “Flower cell”. Thus, abnormality of nuclear shape seems to be associated with leukemogenesis of ATL. A previous report suggested that activation of PI3K is associated with the formation of the lobulated nucleus of ATL cells, but precise molecular mechanism underlying the flower-like nuclear shape remains unknown. Y-box-binding protein-1 (YB-1) functions in multiple layer of cellular processes, such as DNA replication and transcription, mRNA splicing and translation. Expression level of YB-1 is up-regulated in various types of cancers and related with chromosomal abnormality of breast cancer. We therefore hypothesized that YB-1 would be involved in the formation of the flower-like nuclear shape.Methods: Expression of YB-1 was examined in HTLV-1 infected cell lines (ED, MT-1, and TBX-4B), non-infected cell lines (Jurkat and MOLT-4), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors, HTLV-1 carriers, chronic-, and smoldering-type ATL patients by quantitative RT-PCR. The level of the protein expression was also analyzed by Western blotting. The subcellular localization of phosphorylated YB-1 (P-YB-1) was assessed by immunofluorescence staining.Results: YB-1 was expressed abundantly in ED, MT-1 and Jurkat, in which lobulated nuclei were confirmed with Giemsa staining. The expression level of YB-1 in smoldering-type ATL tended to be higher than that in HTLV-1 carriers and healthy donors. YB-1 protein was detected in the all analyzed cell lines, but their expression level did not correlate with the quantitative RT-PCR results. Next, we analyzed the subcellular localization of YB-1 by immunofluorescence assay. We found that the phosphorylated YB-1 was accumulated in the lobulated nuclear region in an ATL cell line, ED cells. We also observed that Pericentrin, an integral component of the centrosome, was colocalized with the phosphorylated YB-1.Conclusion: These data indicated that overexpression and phosphorylation of YB-1 might induce dysregulation of cell mitosis and contribute to formation of flower-cell formation in ATL cells. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Meso-scale modeling of concrete cracking induced by 3D corrosion expansion of helical strands

A meso-scale numerical model is established to simulate concrete cracking induced by the three-dimensional (3D) corrosion expansion of helical strands in the present study. A 3D corrosion expansion model is proposed to consider the longitudinal helix shape and transverse flower-like shape of the strand. The concrete in the model is considered as a three-phase composite material consisting of a mortar matrix, aggregate, and interfacial transition zones (ITZ) between the mortar matrix and aggregate. The rationality of the proposed model is validated, and the effects of the space helix structure and the lay length of the strand on corrosion-induced cracking are discussed. The results indicate that considering the space helix structure of a strand can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of strand corrosion-induced concrete cracking. The change in strand lay length has little effect on the critical corrosion loss of the initial damage occurrence. The critical corrosion loss at cover cracking increases with increasing strand lay length, whereas the corrosion-induced crack width decreases with increasing strand lay length.

Novel, simple, and environmentally safe method for wastewater pollutant removal

In this work, a new methodology has been developed for the elimination of cobalt, nickel and a mixture of both metals from synthetic wastewater in a continuous way. This methodology consists of the electrochemical formation of ferrites of these metals through the oxidation of iron sheets and the reduction of water. Two critical process parameters, current densities and initial pollutant concentration, were analysed. An initial batch prototype resulted in efficiencies on the order of 98% under conditions of applied densities of 50 mA/cm2 and concentrations of both metals of until 100 ppm of the ions. The obtained particles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction to determine the formation of ferrites without the appearance of secondary phases. The formed particle sizes are approximately 30 nm, with hemispherical or flower-like shapes. A flow system prototype was designed for the recirculation of the solution with 100 ppm of both contaminating metals, obtaining approximately 90% recovery with an easy magnetic harvesting.

Flower-like Photonic Hydrogel with Superstructure Induced via Modulated Shear Field

Biological tissues usually have complex superstructures and elaborated functionalities. However, creating superstructures in soft and wet hydrogels is challenging because of the absence of effective approaches to control the molecular orientation. Here we introduce a method to create superstructures in photonic hydrogels comprising lamellar bilayers intercalated in the cross-linked polymer network. The orientation of lamellar bilayers in the photonic gel, which are sensitive to shear, is modulated by applying a gradient shear field on the precursor solution using a customized rheometer. The difference in orientation of lamellar bilayers leads to swelling mismatch in the radial direction, endowing the disk-shape hydrogel with a macroscopic flower-like shape with a central dome and an edge petal, along with a bright photonic color. By characterization of the swelling anisotropy of the radial profile, the shear rate required for the unidirectional orientation of lamellar bilayers was extracted. Moreover, a delayed polymerization experiment was designed to measure the lifetime of aligned lamellar bilayers, which reveals the domain size of lamellar bilayers in the precursor solution. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that the hydrogel flowers could fade and rebloom reversibly in response to external stimuli. This work presents a strategy to develop superstructures in hydrogels and sheds light on designing biomimetic materials with intricately architectural superstructure.

Crystallization of l-glutamic acid under microfluidic conditions and levitation

To gain control over polymorph selection is a pivotal issue in the pharmaceutical, food, and fine chemical industry. However, the mechanisms which affect polymorph selectivity are still not fully chartered. In the present study, we demonstrated the complex crystallization behavior of l-glutamic acid under microfluidic conditions. Amorphous intermediates occur in the early stages of the experiment, which undergo a series of aging steps – such as aggregation/coalescence, growth, or shrinking – before the stable β-polymorph forms. Experiments indicated that the attachment of amorphous particles partly feds crystal growth. This complex mechanism, which was observed under laminar flow conditions, might lead to the preferential formation of a flower-like shape of β-l-glutamic acid. We accompanied these experiments, which were characterized by laminar flow-conditions, with experiments under acoustic levitation in which crystal formation takes place under constant but gentle convection in an evaporating droplet. In these experiments, a similar phenomenon was also observed. However, when crystallization was conducted in a conventional stirred-tank, a mixture of α-form and β-form was formed, characterized by a prism, needle- and plate-like morphologies instead of the distinct flower-like in earlier experiments. This demonstrates that gentle flow conditions, such as a laminar flow in a microfluidic device, preferentially leads to a complex flower-like shape than conventional approaches in a stirred tank.

Integrated Temperature Controlling Platform to Synthesize ZnO Nanoparticles and its Deposition on Al-Foil for Biosensing

Nanoparticles are considered important in numerous applications, therefore it is very imperative to have an easy, effective, and efficient nanoparticle synthesis technique. This work is aimed at the design and development of a portable thermal management device with features such as low-cost, accurate, easy-to-use, and miniaturized for nanoparticle synthesis and application. The main function of the proposed device is to control, manipulate, and monitor the cartridge heater and sensor respectively. The device is incorporated with a NodeMCU integrated with a PID temperature controller with a precision of ±2°C. A customized cartridge heater was used for heating purpose and a resistive temperature sensor acts as a feedback loop. A small petri dish of 50 mm (D), as a reservoir for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, was kept at 70°C for 3 h. The obtained results were subjected to FESEM and XRF characterization techniques to analyze surface morphology of nanoparticle samples which were obtained as flower-like shape and nanobars structure of 830nm in width. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were verified for electrocatalytic sensing of Dopamine. As a proof-of-principle, to check the Chemical Vapor Deposition of the synthesized ZnO nanomaterial on the bare aluminum foil of 18μm at a small scale, without any complex measures or need of a controlled environment, is also provided. Further, this aluminum foil was used as a working electrode where cysteine was successfully sensed electrochemically. This portable thermal device can be used for carrying out several thermal-based reactions and analysis.

Nanostructured copper sulphide films deposited from a precursor bath prepared using RO water

Synthesis of functional nanostructured materials using solution-based low-cost deposition routes is an emerging research area. In this paper, we report deposition of one such material, Copper Sulphide nanostructures (CuS NS), using low-cost chemical bath deposition technique. The films have been deposited on bare glass substrate from a precursor (PS) bath prepared using reverse osmosis (RO) processed water (Drinking water). The deposition of the films has been carried out at three different temperatures, 60°, 65° and 70 °C. X-ray diffraction study confirmed the CuS NS film possess pure hexagonal covellite phase. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the films revealed the flower-like shape CuS NS are made up of hexagonal plates of side lengths ∼38 nm and thickness ∼4.76 nm. The average size of the agglomerated grains was calculated 65 nm to 665 nm (60 °C), 94 nm to 670 nm (65 °C) and 94 nm to 670 nm (70 °C) using ImageJ software. The optical study showed the films possess indirect and direct optical energy bandgap (Eg) in the range ∼1.3–1.6 eV and ∼2.4–2.7 eV, respectively.

The External Morphology of the Eggs of Culex (Culex) saltanensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Under Scanning Electron Microscopy.

The aim of the present study was to describe the morphology of the eggs of Culex (Culex) saltanensis Dyar that occurs in the Neotropical region. Eggs of the Cx. (Cux.) saltanensis were collected at the Mata Atlântica FIOCRUZ campus, fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, prepared for mounting on metal supports, observed under a scanning electron microscope, and described morphologically. The eggs had a coniform shape with a length of approximately 0.5 mm (505-510 µm) and a width in the median portion of 117 µm (113-123 µm). Upper portion is lined with tubers of irregular shape and varying sizes (0.64-1.31 µm), located on a cross-linked matrix forming bands observed under optical microscopy. The micropyle is encased in a necklace of approximately 6.6-µm plates arranged in a flower-like shape. Comparing Cx. (Cux.) saltanensis eggs with several species of different genera, important divergent characteristics can be observed. However, this study points to the need for new descriptions of eggs of species belonging to the same subgenus in order to analyze if there will be differences between them. Culex (Cux.) saltanensis eggs have particular characteristics not observed in eggs of other Culicidae genera.

Preparation of magnetic flower-like molybdenum disulfide hybrid materials for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from environmental water samples

In this study, the magnetic flower-like molybdenum disulfide hybrid materials (Fe3O4/MoS2) were successfully synthesized by in-situ fabrication method and utilized in the magnetic solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides. Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different loading amounts of MoS2 were evaluated and detail characterized. The results showed that MoS2 played a key role with rapid and high adsorption capacity towards organophosphorus pesticides. The higher extraction efficiency and good magnetic performance were obtained with loading amount of 200 mg MoS2. Fe3O4 was attached on the surface of MoS2 with flower-like shape (500 nm in diameter). The parameters (amounts of adsorbents, adsorption time, solution pH, elution solvents and sample volumes) affecting magnetic solid-phase extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analyzing organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples was established. All the analytes exhibited good recoveries spiked at three different concentration levels (10, 20, 50 ng/mL) in water samples. The relative standard deviations were between 1.4% and 6.8%. The developed method showed high sensitivity and good potential use of this convenient and high efficient method for determining organophosphorus pesticides. More importantly, this study can provide a new magnetic adsorbent with extremely fast mass transfer rate for other potential trace contaminants.

Tuning the photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite ZnO nanorods by shape-controlling the bimetallic AuAg nanoparticles

Decorating ZnO with noble metal nanoparticles is a promising strategy for overcoming the rapid recombination of pure ZnO. In this experiment, we evaluated the effects of AuAg nanoflowers (NFl) and AuAg mesopopcorns (MPOPs) on the photocatalytic properties of ZnO (NRs) in comparison with the conventional composite ZnO/Au NPs. ZnO NRs were grown on glass substrate via the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) and the hydrothermal methods while three types of noble metal particle shapes were synthesized via wet chemical method. The highest degradation percentages of methylene blue (MB) were achieved by the composites ZnO NRs/AuAg NFl, which reached 96% under UV light and 75% under visible light for 300 min. The AuAg NFl were grown in a flower-like shape with petals consisting of AuAg NPs with diameters of 10 nm covering almost the entire surface of ZnO. The photocatalytic performance improvement may be due to bimetallic AuAg in small nanoparticles play a more effective role in O2 adsorption and have the highest interfacial area, making it easier to transfer free electrons between ZnO and AuAg NFl as well as for O2 adsorption in the MB solution.

Carbon Quantum Dots Modified (002) Oriented Bi2O2CO3 Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Removal of Toluene in Air.

In work, (002) oriented flower-like Bi2O2CO3(BOC) composites are synthesized by a facile chemical route and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are modified on their surfaces through a hydrothermal method. The synthesized samples (CQD/BOC) are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Vis diffuser reflectances (DRS), BET and TEM/HRTEM. The morphologies of CQD/BOC composites are the flower-like shapes, the irregular flaky structures and the fine spherical particles of CQDs attached. Photocatalytic performances were investigated in terms of removing gaseous toluene at a concentration of 94.3ppm in air, with the assistance of CQD/BOC under artificial irradiation. Our results show that CQDs modified (002) oriented Bi2O2CO3 exhibits good photocatalytic activity for toluene decomposition, which can be attributed to the enhanced efficient charge separation. A certain ratio composite photocatalyst (BOC-CQD-15) shows a toluene removal rate of 96.62% in three hours, as well as great stability. CO2 was verified to be the primary product. The oriented flower-like Bi2O2CO3 with carbon quantum dots on the surface shows great potential in the field of solar driven air purification.

Green Synthesis of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoflower as Dual Agent for Photodegradation of an Organic Dye and Tyrosinase Inhibitor

In the study, metabolites of Euphorbia sanguinea were used as benign reducing and stabilizing agents to obtain zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). The nanoparticles were evaluated as dual agent for photodegradation of Malachite green dye and tyrosinase inhibitior of mushroom tyrosine enzyme. Surface plasmon bands and energy band gaps of the ZnO-NPs were within the range 356–378 nm and 2.72–4.37 eV respectively as obtained from the UV–Vis spectra. SEM/EDS elemental mapping of the nanoparticles gave flower-like shape and even distribution of zinc and oxygen. XRD result revealed crystallographic peaks assigned to hexagonal phase of zinc oxide. The metal oxide nanoparticles were used to achieve 53% percentage degradation of Malachite green dye solution in less than a minute of solar radiation, which increased to 92% in 60 min. A first order kinetics with correlation coefficient R2 of 0.937, rate constant of 0.0084 min−1 and half-life of 82.52 min was established for the photodegradation process. The ZnONPs exhibited good tyrosinase inhibition with IC50 of 49.016 µg/ml. The mode of enzymatic inhibition was competitive with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.525 mM using Lineweaver–Burk kinetic model.

Graded synthesis of highly ordered MCM-41 and carbon/zeolite composite from coal gasification fine residue for crystal violet removal

The utilization of coal gasification slag currently has become a central issue in both coal and environmental science. Coal gasification slag has been used as raw materials to synthesize the porous materials. However, for the synthesis of these materials, the high temperature was needed, and not all coal gasification slag could be converted to. This work developed a new strategy to graded synthesis of MCM-41 and carbon/zeolite composite from coal gasification fine residue (CGFR) under mild conditions. By this way, graded preparations of valuable porous materials from CGFR could realize the efficient conversion and utilization of CGFR. The synthesized MCM-41 exhibited highly ordering feature with hexagonal arrays and the straight 1D channels. The MCM-41 zeolite had large surface areas and narrow pore diameter distribution. The different synthesis conditions of MCM-41 from CGFR, such as acidification process, gel pH, crystallization temperature and crystallization time were discussed. As to the synthesized carbon/zeolite composite, it presented a P-type zeolite with the flower-like shape on the substrate of carbon with low degree graphitization. The carbon/zeolite composite had the total specific surface area of 189.27 m2 g−1 and exhibited thermal stability below 300 °C. Meanwhile, the synthesis of carbon/zeolite composite with different alkali dissolution time was also investigated. Besides, the adsorption experiments of toxic crystal violet in water indicated that these two porous materials had potential applications in adsorption and removal of harmful pollutants.

Flexible flower-like MOF of Cu2(trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid)2 as the electroactive matrix material for label-free and highly sensitive sensing of thrombin

A flexible metal-organic framework (MOF) of Cu2(trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid)2 (Cu2(CHDC)2) has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The physical characterization experiments show that the Cu2(CHDC)2 presents unique flower-like shape, large surface area and high electroactivity. Then gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/Cu2(CHDC)2 modified electrode was prepared and utilized as an electroactive matrix for thrombin aptamer immobilization. The electrochemical assay shows that the AuNPs can effectively enhance the electrochemical signal of the Cu2(CHDC)2. Upon the binding of the electrode-confined aptamer with the thrombin, the electrochemical signal of the Cu2(CHDC)2 decreases obviously due to the change of the microenvironment of the sensing interface. Thus a label-free electrochemical sensing strategy for thrombin was realized. The aptasensor displays excellent performance with wide linear range, ultralow detection limit of 0.01 fM (S/N = 3), and favorable specificity. Also, the aptasensor was applied for determination of thrombin in the human serum samples, and the satisfactory results are obtained. The results imply that the proposed sensor can be potentially used for the early diagnosis of disease and clinical monitoring.

A facile method for synthesizing NiS nanoflower grown on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) as positive electrodes for “supercapattery”

Transition metal sulfide is a good choice for supercapacitor anode materials. Herein, 3D NiS with flower-like shape was grown on MXene (Ti3C2TX) with one-step hydrothermal method. Connected nanoflakes in the composite formed a large void network structure, which favors the transfer of ions and charges. Compared with pure MXene, MXene/NiS composite exhibited higher specific capacity of 554.1 mAhg−1 (857.8 F g−1) at 1 A g−1 which is approximately 4 times greater than that MXene and superior cycle performance of 99.49% capacitance retained after 3000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The asymmetric supercapacitors were assemble in 2 M KOH alkaline solution with anode of MXene/NiS and cathode of G/AC (graphene/activated carbon). The ASCs device emerges a remarkable cycle performance of 97.7% after 3000 cycles and the energy density is up to 17.688 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 750 W kg−1. The small bulb (12 V, 2 W) can be lit for more than 100 s.

Synthesis of gold nanoflowers stabilized with amphiphilic daptomycin for enhanced photothermal antitumor and antibacterial effects.

The development of effective agents for cancer therapy and inhibition of bacterial infection has drawn a great deal of interest. Photothermal therapy has been widely used for the thermal ablation of tumor cells. In addition, antibiotics have the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Thus, the combination of photothermal therapy and antibiotics may be one of the methods to address the problem. Herein, it is the first time that daptomycin (Dap) micelles were used as the template and reducing agents to prepare stable daptomycin-gold nanoflowers (Dap-AunNFs) under mild conditions. The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) spectrum and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum indicated that Dap-AunNFs were successfully prepared. When the molar ratio of HAuCl4 to Dap was 6, the gold nanoparticles inside of Dap-AunNFs were about 80nm with flower-like shape. In addition, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Dap-Au6NFs was about 40%. More importantly, Dap-Au6NFs inhibited the growth of tumors and bacteria under the radiation of near-infrared light at 808nm. The prepared Dap-Au6NFs could be used as photothermal antitumor and antibacterial agents in the future.

Facile synthesis of Ag/La2O2CO3 hierarchical micro/nanostructures for antibacterial activity and phosphate removal

In this study, hierarchical Ag/La2O2CO3 micro/nanostructures (MNSs) were synthesized by in situ loading Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of the La2O2CO3 MNSs. The prepared La2O2CO3 MNSs present flower-like shape and can be tuned by the molar ratio of La (NO3)3 and CO(NH2)2. In the molar ratio of 1:2 to 1:55, the La2O2CO3 MNSs mainly consist of polyhedral rods, irregular rods and irregular spindles and their size is about 10, 8 and 7 μm, respectively. After loading Ag NPs, the spindle-like Ag/La2O2CO3 MNSs were used for phosphate removal and antibacterial activity. At the initial phosphate concentration of 20 mg/L, the removal rate is 59.6%. The Ag/La2O2CO3 MNSs have significant antibacterial activity and their MIC values for S. aureus and E. coli are 31.3 and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that Ag/La2O2CO3 MNSs may have good application prospects in open water to inhibit bacterial growth.

ZnO:Tb3+ hierarchical structures as carriers for drug delivery application

ZnO:Tb3+ hierarchical structures (HS) were synthesized via efficient and facile template-free wet chemistry methods - precipitation and solvothermal ones. Obtained Tb3+-doped HS were functionalized by organosilicon compounds (OSC) for use it as a drug carrier to loading of the doxorubicin (Dox). X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS), UV, photoluminescence (PL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET), and cytotoxicity tests were employed to characterize the obtained ZnO and ZnO:Tb3+ HS. Results showed that proposed approach allows to obtain highly crystalline microspheres composed of nanosheets. XRD analysis of the obtained samples showed presence of two-phased system: ZnO and Tb(OH)3. SEM results demonstrated that obtained ZnO:Tb3+ HS have flower-like spherical shape with mean size approximately 4 μm. The Tb3+-doping do not change the original morphology of ZnO HS. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements showed that unique morphology allowed to obtain surface area of ZnO/ZnO:Tb3+ HS in range of 5 ÷ 13 m2g-1. ZnO and ZnO:Tb3+ HS showed high drug loading and low cytotoxicity.

Fabrication of calcium phosphate composite polymer/SLS-stabilized emulsion-based bioactive gels and their application for dentine tubule occlusion

ObjectivesCalcium phosphate/SLS/P123 composite bioactive gels were prepared to achieve dentine tubule occlusion. MethodsGels containing calcium phosphate particles were prepared in a water-in-oil microemulsion system with a mixture of triblock copolymer pluronic (P123) as a co-surfactant and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant in cyclohexane. Subsequently, calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium hydrogen phosphate aqueous solutions were added in a water phase. Finally, slow evaporation of the oil phase at room temperature was performed to produce a hybrid gel. The obtained gels were investigated for their toxicity by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and applied on human dentine specimens to examine their ability to occlude dentine tubules. ResultsThe size and morphology of the calcium phosphate particles embedded in the gel depended on the concentration of P123 and SLS, which were used as a template for mineral precipitation. The prepared calcium phosphate particles (200–500 nm in diameter) with the maximum polymer and surfactant content exhibited spherical shapes. Further, on reducing their content twice and tenfold yields micro-particles with flower-like shapes. These bioactive gels were able to occlude into dentine tubules after 3 days of application with a plugging rate of 79.22% when using the smallest particles. In addition, calcium phosphate nanorods were transformed into dentine tubules with a maximum depth of 6 μm on increasing the amount of gel. ConclusionsThe bioactive gels were effectively used as bioactive fillers to occlude exposed human dentine tubules.