Flower Growers Research Articles

Growth and Quality of Four Zinnia Cultivars Grown in Eastern South Dakota

Over the past two decades, interest in local specialty cut flower production in eastern South Dakota has grown, with several new flower farms being established across the region. However, there is currently no local, research-based information available to support growers in this new wave of interest. The purpose of this study was to assess the production and quality of four zinnia cultivars grown in eastern South Dakota to support local specialty cut flower growers in their operations. A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate four zinnia cultivars (Zinderella Peach, Oklahoma Ivory, Queen Red Lime, and Benary’s Giant Purple) grown in 2022 and 2023. Zinnias were started by seed in the greenhouse and transplanted into the field in early summer each season. Harvest began each year when flowers reached maturity (July), with one harvest event taking place each week until the first frost. Harvested flowers were rated as marketable or nonmarketable based on categories of stem length (≥18-inch-long, 13- to 17.99-inch-long, 8- to 12.99-inch-long, and <8-inch-long stems), as well as nonmarketable due to defects (curved stems, insect damage, and other damage). ‘Benary’s Giant Purple’ produced high numbers of marketable long stems and had the largest bloom size, whereas ‘Queen Red Lime’ and ‘Oklahoma Ivory’ produced high numbers of marketable medium-length stems and had lower amounts of insect damage. ‘Zinderella Peach’ produced the shortest and most insect-damaged stems and also produced lower numbers of curved stems compared with the other three cultivars. All four cultivars produced high numbers of marketable flowers and would be suitable choices for specialty cut flower growers in eastern South Dakota.

Does credit constraint matter for technical efficiency, technological shifts, and profitability of flower growers? An empirical study

Does credit constraint matter for technical efficiency, technological shifts, and profitability of flower growers? An empirical study

The Ornamental Plant Sector and Ornamental Plant Producers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Cultural Responses to a Pandemic Situation in a Production Setting in East Central Europe)

AbstractOn March 24, 2020, the international flower trade association Union Fleurs issued a statement on the situation of the ornamental plants sector hit by the Covid-19 crisis. In a study published in April 2020, Copa-Cogeca (European Farmers and European Agri-Cooperatives) echoed the findings of the above-mentioned international flower trade association, stating that the flower and ornamental plants sector was the agricultural sector most impacted by the coronavirus in the EU, as in most Member States, including Hungary and Romania, there was a historical drop in demand and consumption of almost 80%, and unfortunately the virus hit at the worst possible time, as the spring season would have been the peak period for ornamental horticulturalists. In my case study, I examine the flower growers of Curteni, a settlement in the Mureș region of Transylvania (Romania). How has this global phenomenon caused by the coronavirus manifested itself locally in a settlement where nearly 60 families make their living from growing and selling ornamental plants? Has this community been able to maintain its territorial/regional competitiveness? Have the people of Curteni joined the group of producers known in economic anthropology as farmers who chose to halt and wait, or did they find a quick and resilient response to the obstacles they encountered? How did this crisis become an identity-shaping factor in their lives? The pandemic has also exacerbated the situation in Curteni, made it more difficult to act and make decisions, and has brought new perspectives and values into play. The example of the florist community of Curteni shows that a new situation, and indeed any crisis, can bring about positive changes in the lives of communities. In any crisis, emergency, or exigency, members of a community may almost instinctively, but mostly also consciously, seek innovative responses to their problems. One way is to discover and exploit the opportunities inherent in a crisis, communally re-assessing and utilizing the available values, opportunities, and resources, and finding truly resilient responses.

Constraints encountered by the flower growers in Krishnagiri district

Constraints encountered by the flower growers in Krishnagiri district

Determinants of Performance of Innovative Integration Summer Flower Value Chain among Medium and Small-Scale Farmers Kenya.

The floriculture industry has undergone significant changes due to evolving global consumption patterns. While previous studies have primarily focused on large-scale production, there is a growing need to understand the potential of small-scale flower production. This study aimed to address this gap by examining the drivers of summer flower production among small-scale flower producers. The research was guided by theories such as global value/supply chain theory, strategic management theory, institutional theory, and transaction cost theory. A mixed-method approach was employed to collect data from 217 medium and small-scale summer flower growers in Kenya. The study findings indicate that the agribusiness value chain has a positive impact on the performance of summer flower farmers. Additionally, partnerships play a crucial role in ensuring just-in-time delivery to direct market

Adopter Categorization and Level of Adoption among Protected Cut Flower Growers

In India, Tamil Nadu occupies the first position in terms of area under flower cultivation then followed by Karnataka and West Bengal. Out of the 33 districts in Tamil Nadu, Krishnagiri district ranks first in cut flower production due to its suitability to climatic conditions. The cut flowers are by and large cultivated under protected conditions (poly greenhouse structure) to meet the quality standards as expected in the global trade arena. The present study was conducted to identify the adopter categories and their level of adoption with respect to protected cut flower cultivation technologies. An ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The first two intensive blocks (Thally & Hosur) cultivating cut flowers under protected methods were purposefully selected for the present study. From both blocks, six villages were selected, and the data were collected from 120 respondents among these twelve selected villages using a well-structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, cumulative frequency, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of the adopter categorization showed that 40.83 percent of respondents belonged to the early majority and only 5.00 percent were innovators. The results regarding the overall adoption of protected cultivation by each adopter category reported that 54.17 percent of respondents had medium-level adoption, in that 44.61 percent and 30.77 percent were early majority and late majority, respectively. The majority of respondents have a medium-level adoption of protected cultivation, leaving potential for growth among early majority and late majority adopters. Targeted strategies and incentives should address their specific needs, and encouraging more innovators to adopt can drive widespread adoption.

Breeding bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower crops at the Subtropical Scientific Centre of RAS

Bulbous and bulbotuberiferous plants are the most popular flower crops among amateur flower growers, florists, landscape designers, introducers and breeders. These crops collected by the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences include both foreign and domestic cultivars. Breeding work within these collections has been carried out for more than 50 years, for many – for the first time in the country. The obtained cultivars are not inferior in decorative qualities to foreign ones, and they are superior in resistance. Currently, due to the limited import of foreign planting material, the demand for domestic products has significantly increased. This paper presents the results of research conducted over the last 15 years. During this period, researchers have created more than 90 cultivars of freesia, hippeastrum and tulip; an extensive hybrid fund has been collected; sources of economically valuable traits have been allocated. Currently, xiphium and crocus are included in the breeding process. In the course of the research, bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower crops collected by FRC SSC of RAS have been replenished with 26 domestic highly decorative cultivar samples, productive and resistant to abiotic and biotic factors, including 22 freesias, 2 hippeastrums and tulips. New cultivars are different in flowering terms: 7 of them have an early flowering term, 11 – with an average, 8 – with a late one. There are six groups according to the main colour of the perianth lobes: white – 4 cultivars, yellow – 5, red – 3, medium blue – 4, pink-purple – 8, black – 2.

Exploring genetic diversity of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Desf.) germplasm using multivariate statistics

Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) is a tuberous-rooted flower crop, exhibiting rich diversity in flower color and inflorescence form. The study was conducted to quantify diversity in 24 dahlia genotypes based on agronomic traits. The dahlia accessions were grouped based on their similarity for phenotypic resemblance following hierarchal clustering and principal component analysis (PCA). The hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the dahlia accessions into three distinct clusters viz., C1, C2 and C3 comprising 8, 3 and 13 genotypes, respectively. The 24 dahlia genotypes were found scattered across the whole variation observed by PC1 and PC2 (explaining nearly 55.2% of the cumulative total variation). The two-dimensional PCA analysis revealed that the most appropriate traits for grouping the dahlia accessions were plant height, flower weight, stalk length, vase life and number of flowers per plant. The study signifies the importance of germplasm collection, characterization and utilization of dahlia to popularize its commercial cultivation among the flower growers.

Association between Socio Personal, Psychological and Communicational Attributes of NHM Flower Grower Beneficiaries and their Adoption Behaviour

India has an ancient heritage of floriculture, still, 98.5% of flowers are grown under open cultivation and hardly 1.5% of flowers are grown in a greenhouse. Commercial floriculture is now recognized as an important sector with the potential for generating employment and earning valuable foreign exchange. There has been tremendous growth in the demand and consumption of floriculture products in the last two decades. The research study was conducted in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh in the year 2016-2017. Ujjain district is one of the important flower-growing districts and hence, it is considered under National Horticultural Mission (NHM) program by taking 120 flower growers. Out of the total of 25 villages, 4 villages were selected by random sampling method and data was collected by using an interview schedule. The adoption behavior of respondents, in the present study, refers to the extent of improved flower production technology and practices adopted by the respondents under the NHM program on their farm as per the recommendations. For measuring the level of adoption behaviour, an adoption index was developed which consisted of 14 practices. The Education level, annual income, source of irrigation, farm mechanization, marketing behavior, information-seeking behavior, mass media communication, risk-taking ability, and knowledge level of the flower growers were found to be positively and significantly associated with their adoption behavior of improved flower production technologies. Hence it is concluded that there is a need to promote flower cultivation for better livelihood of the flower growers.

Overwintering Improves Ranunculus Cut Flower Production in the US Intermountain West

Ranunculus (Ranunculus asiaticus L.) cut flower production in the US Intermountain West is limited by a narrow window of optimal temperature ranges in the spring. With the increasing number of Intermountain West cut flower growers, regional management recommendations are needed to improve ranunculus harvest timing and yield. The objectives of this research were to evaluate planting dates, winter insulation, tuberous root (TR) preparation, and cultivar selection for flower timing, yield, quality, and profitability in high tunnel and field production systems. Trials were conducted in a North Logan, UT (41.7665° N, −111.811° W, 1405 m elevation, USDA hardiness zone 5) high tunnel and field from fall 2019 to spring 2022. TRs were either pre-sprouted or directly planted into a high tunnel (left bare or covered with low tunnels) or field (left bare or covered with mulch, a low tunnel, or mulch and a low tunnel) from November to April. High tunnels advanced production by four weeks, nearly doubled total yield, and increased the proportion of quality (longer than 25 cm) stems by 50% compared to the field. Planting pre-sprouted TRs in the high tunnel in November delivered the earliest harvest (6 Apr.), highest marketable yield (286 stems per m2 ± 36 SE), and highest net returns ($54 per m2), with 39% greater marketable yield for ‘LaBelle’ than ‘Amandine.’ Insulation nearly doubled emergence and improved marketable yield by 49 stems per m2 ± 8 SE for November field plantings. Ranunculus production was optimized as a fall-planted high tunnel crop in the Intermountain West but may be fall-planted in the field with insulation, allowing growers to maximize production during more optimal, early-season temperatures.

Studies on Marketing of Flower Cultivation under Polyhouses in Chittor District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Flower industry is an emerging as a blooming business not only in India, but in other countries as well. Floriculture denotes cultivation of flowers, developing new varieties of commercial value, sale of flowers as raw commodities, processing, distribution, etc. for the local and international market. This paper attempted to to analyse the different marketing channels of flower cultivation under polyhouse in chittor district of Andhra Pradesh. This study was carried out based on primary data and interviewed with 30 flower growers and seller in chittor district. Three channels were identified namely channel I: Farmer -Wholesaler-Trader -Retailer -Consumer, Channel - II: Farmer -wholesaler -retailer-consumer and Channel-III: Farmer -wholesaler -consumer. With regard to marigold in channel – I, the net share of the producer in the consumer’s rupee was 40 per cent and price spread Rs.65 and marketing efficiency 0.66, whereas, in chrysanthemum, the net share of the producer in the consumer’s rupee is 48 per cent and marketing efficiency 0.90. With regard to marigold in channel – II, the net share of the producer in the consumer’s rupee was 45 per cent and price received by the farmer was Rs.43 per kg of the produce from the wholesaler and the wholesaler was selling at a price of Rs.64 per kg to the retailer. The final purchase price of the consumer was Rs.96 price spread Rs.43 and marketing efficiency 0.81. In case of chrysanthemum, the net share of the producer in the consumer’s rupee was 51 per cent and marketing efficiency 1.05. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee was 55 per cent for marigold in channel – III, price spread was Rs.35 and marketing efficiency was 1.22, while, in case of chrysanthemum, the net share of the producer in the consumer’s rupee was 64 per cent, marketing efficiency 1.76. . Channel - III was having the highest efficiency among all the channels but mostly used channel was channel – II.

Does COVID-19 affect the flower growers’ wellbeing, profitability, efficiency and technological shifts? An empirical study

This study investigates the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the satisfaction level of flower farmers, market prices, farm income, profitability, efficiency and technological shifts of flower farmers based on the data collected from 113 sample flower farmers in Bangladesh. Satisfaction level was analyzed using satisfaction index while Tobit regression model was used to identify factors that determine satisfaction level. The profitability of annual and perennial flowers was analyzed using net return and Benefit-Cost Ratio. Meta-frontier DEA approach was used to identify efficiency differences. Farmers are relatively dissatisfied with their monthly income, price of flowers, and availability of buyers. Farmers are relatively dissatisfied with their monthly income, flower prices and availability of buyers. Buyer availability, transportation, market information, and quantity of inputs purchased have a positive effect on farmer satisfaction, while product sales to market intermediaries have a negative effect on satisfaction level. Market prices for flowers have plummeted due to disruptions to the flower supply chain across the country due to nationwide lockdown and shipping disruptions. Profits of annual and perennial flowers have decreased due to lack of customers, falling market prices and disruption of export markets. Furthermore, the Meta technical efficiency was highest before COVID-19 and lowest during COVID-19 compared with the meta-frontier, caused by the rising input prices, decreasing input availability, and suboptimal input usage. The Technology Gap Ratio (TGR) shows how the technology gap widened during COVID-19, suggesting that farmers could produce more during COVID-19 using the same inputs and technologies. • Farmers are relatively dissatisfied with their monthly income, price of flowers, and availability of buyers. • Market prices for flowers have plummeted due to disruptions to the flower supply chain across the country. • Profits of annual and perennial flowers have decreased. • The Meta technical efficiency was lowest during COVID-19.. • The technology gap widened during COVID-19.

Floriculture Business Triumphs All Other Farm Businesses: A Case Study

Kashmir agro-climatic conditions are known to be the god’s choice for growing flowers. The conditions are so blended and suited to the crops especially bulbous geophytes that most of the farmers have recorded or obtained unprecedented quality and quantity. We documented one such study from flower grower (Mr. Arshid Ahmad Mir) residing in the remote village of Shar-Shalli, district Pulwama of Kashmir valley. This farmer was known to us as a keen, interesting, and hardworking. The important attributes associated with him is that he was always attending the training programmes from our university, state floriculture department etc. His curiosity for expanding the business with proper guidance, scientific approaches of farming and tackling the on and off farm challenges with the technical know-how from the concerned persons of farm university has beard him the fruits of success. He has successfully triumphed the all odds of lilium cultivation, thus has become the epitome of flower grower for other flower growers of valley. Keywords: Cut flower; bulb production; empowerment; livelihood;.

First Report of Berkeleyomyces basicola Causing Black Root Rot on Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) in China.

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.) is an important ornamental plant ranking in the top 10 cut flowers worldwide (Xiao et al., 2018). In 2020 and 2021, black root rot was found as a major disease limiting lisianthus production in Yunnan Province, China. Black root rot was first observed in early July 2020 on lisianthus grown in a commercial flower-production plantation, with nearly 60% plants infected. Symptoms appeared as coalescing necrotic lesions leading to black discoloration of the roots. Root damage induced by disease resulted in insufficient water and nutrient uptake by the plant, causing stunting and whole-plant wilting. The pathogen could not infect the intact endodermis, and vascular tissues below the discolored cortical tissue remained healthy. Symptomatic roots were surface sterilized using 1% NaClO for 1 min, rinsed three times in sterile water, placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C for 7 days in the dark. The morphological characteristics were basically consistent: the colonies were white to gray in color, and the conidiophores were colorless to brown, solitary or clustered. Conidia were single-celled, colorless, rod-shaped, and obtuse at both ends. Chlamydospores were dark brown, clustered or solitary. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were similar to those of Berkeleyomyces basicola (Berk. & Broome) W.J. Nel, Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. (Nakane et al. 2019). DNA was extracted from mycelia of representative isolate TB using the Plant Genomic DNA Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). The internal transcribed spacers (ITS), DNA replication licensing factor (MCM7), ribosomal large subunit (LSU), and 60S ribosomal protein RPL10 (60S) regions were amplified with primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (Groenewald et al. 2013), MCM7-for/MCM7-rev, LR0R/LR5, and 60S-506F/60S-908R, respectively (Nel et al. 2018). Phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes (Bakhshi et al. 2018) was conducted with the maximum likelihood method using MEGA7. The sequences of our isolate (TB) and three published sequences of B. basicola were clustered into one clade with a 100% bootstrapping value. The accession numbers of B. basicola reference sequences are MF952423 (ITS), MF967079 (MCM7), MF948658 (LSU), and MF967072 (60S) of isolate CMW6714; MF952428 (ITS), MF967088 (MCM7), MF948661 (LSU), and MF967073 (60S) of isolate CMW25440; MF952429 (ITS), MF967102 (MCM7), MF948659 (LSU), and MF967075 (60S) of isolate CMW49352. The sequences of TB have been deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MZ351733 for ITS, MZ695817 for MCM7, MZ695816 for LSU, and MZ695815 for the 60S region. To verify the pathogenicity of the fungus, inoculations were performed on ten 2-month-old potted lisianthus plants by dipping the roots into a conidial suspension (105 spores/ml) for 2 h. Ten plants were mock inoculated with distilled water as a control. Symptoms of black root rot were observed 30 days after inoculation, whereas the control roots remained healthy. The causal fungus has a host range of over 230 species and is a destructive pathogen of many crops and ornamental plants, including cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) (Shukla et al. 2021; Toksoz and Rothrock 2009). This is the first report worldwide of B. basicola infecting lisianthus. This discovery is of great importance for Chinese flower growers because this fungus is well established in the observed area, and effective measures are needed to manage this disease.

The Control of Pathogenic Fungi with Trichoderma in Banjar Pinge, Tabanan of Bali Province

Pinge is one of the traditional sub-village (banjar) in Baru Village, Marga Sub district, Tabanan Regency of Bali Province. There are 36% of villagers living below the poverty line where 85% of them are farmers who cultivate fruit and flowers. They have many problems with fruit and flower production as the yields is low due to natural disasters and poor agricultural practice and support. Some flower growers often complain of low flower production, especially Marigold flowers due to the attack of pathogenic fungi that cause flower blight. The solution to solve the problems faced by partners is: by providing Appropriate Technology in the processing of cow dung into compost fertilizer plus trichoderma sp antagonist microorganisms. External targets to be achieved are the use of appropriate technology in the processing technology of cow dung into compost plus Trichoderma sp. Based on the results of activities as much as 70% understand and are able to apply pest and disease control to flowers by utilizing biological agents. Trichoderma can reduce the intensity of disease above the ground by 50.00% and suppress the intensity in the soil by 34.48%. In addition, giving Trichoderma sp. can increase the fresh weight of the plant by up to 30.75%.

Floral Arrangement Collaboration Sharpens Consumer Connection to Locally Grown Flowers

Our statewide floral design training program aimed to raise consumer awareness and appreciation of locally grown fresh flowers and to promote extension floral programs through delivery of workshops and demonstrations. Initially, trainees used artificial rather than fresh flowers, necessitating development of a streamlined floral design project plan. Through collaboration with three flower farmers, we developed a floral design prototype. Our growers produced the flowers based on this model and extension provided registration support and media that facilitated locally grown flowers use in workshops. As a result, we connected 47 consumers directly to our producers. Flower growers felt the project was worthwhile and desire future extension partnerships.

Gerbera Genotypes as Performed Under Different Soil Amendments

Cultivation of gerbera is a promising practice among the flower growers. Proper soil preparation can substantially improve their productivity. Finding the appropriate gerbera genotype performing better in a suitable soil combination is a potential field of study. On this aspect, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and performance of Gerbera genotypes with soil amendments during the period from November 2014 to July 2015 at the field research site of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. There were five treatments viz. T0 (control), T1 (Cowdung), T2 (Mustard oil cake), T3 (Urea+ TSP+ MOP), T4 (Organic+ Inorganic) along with five genotypes (G1 = White double, G2 = Yellow double, G3 = Light orange single, G4 = Light pink spider G5= Deep red double). Significant variation among the genotypes and treatment were observed either in single or in combination. Genotype G3 produced the maximum leaf number, flower number (32.4), whereas genotype G5 had the maximum diameter of flower stalk and produced larger flower as well (9.2cm). However, genotype G1 showed the maximum vase life (9.47days). These all were happened when organic and inorganic fertilizers (T4) applied combined. Among all, G3 produced the maximum leaf and flowers numbers which was dwarf at the same time and in case of interaction effect, G3T4 was observed to produce maximum number of leaves and flowers.
 

Identification of Fusarium commune, the Causal Agent of Postharvest Zinnia Meltdown Disease in Tennessee

The cut flower growers of the eastern and southern United States are threatened with postharvest meltdown of zinnia (Zinnia elegans), which reduces yield and income as well as limiting opportunities for production expansion. Disease symptoms such as bending of the stem just below the flower were visually apparent on zinnia cut flowers. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent related to zinnia meltdown. A total of 20 symptomatic zinnia cut flower stems were collected from Tennessee. Several Fusarium-like colonies with micro and macroconidia were isolated from the base and bend area of stems on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Fusarium-selective media. Morphological characterization, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of three representative isolates, FBG2020_198, FBG2020_199, and FBG2020_201, were conducted to confirm pathogen identification. The sequence identity of the isolates was >99% identical to Fusarium commune, and a combined phylogenetic tree grouped the isolates with the clade of F. commune from different host and geographical locations. To accomplish Koch’s postulates, a pathogenicity test was performed on ‘Benary’s Giant Golden Yellow’, ‘Benary’s Giant Lime’, and ‘Benary’s Giant Pink’ zinnia plants at vegetative (2 weeks after transplantation) or flower bud stage (1 month after transplantation) by drench, stem injection, and foliar spray of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL). Similar symptoms of meltdown (floral axis bending just below the flower) were observed on inoculated zinnia cultivars 2 days after harvesting. Fusarium commune was re-isolated from the infected flower stems of all three cultivars but not from the noninoculated zinnia flower stems. Zinnia stem colonization by F. commune was statistically similar in all three tested cultivars regardless of plant growth stage and method of inoculation. This study confirms F. commune as being the causal agent of postharvest zinnia flower meltdown issue in Tennessee. In the future, possible sources of pathogen will be screened, and disease management recommendations will be developed.

Исследование почвопокровных растений в целях их использования на объектах ландшафтной архитектуры

This article presents the results of work on the selection of groundcover plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) that are promising and very promising for use on landscape architecture objects. The work was carried out during 2018 on the basis of the collection Fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical garden (MBG RAS), on two experimental sites located on the main territory of the MBG RAS, in the collection-exhibition «Shadow garden» and on the exhibition area «Decorative perennials». A total of 225 plants were selected during the study. During the growing season, field surveys of experimental samples were systematically performed and phenological observations were made. Field studies included biometric measurements of the height of the Bush and peduncle, the diameter of the Bush, the diameter/length of the flower/inflorescence, as well as refinement of the color of the flowers/inflorescences (using a special color scale of the English Royal society of flower growers (RHS color Chart)). The result of this work is a list that includes 40 names. These are very promising and promising species that we recommend for use in urban gardening.

Adoption pattern and marketing channels of rose cut flower growers

Adoption pattern and marketing channels of rose cut flower growers