Flow Simulation Model Research Articles

Application of 1D model for overland flow simulations on 2D complex domains

High computational demand limits the applications of two-dimensional (2D) shallow water equation models for high resolution overland flow simulations, while one-dimensional (1D) models can achieve higher computing efficiency. This study applied a 1D hydrodynamic model to surrogate 2D models for overland flow simulations on complex 2D domains. With one dimension reduced, the surrogate model simulation would have acceptable accuracy with much higher computing efficiency. The surrogating is fulfilled through mimicking 2D models in mesh generations, so that the 1D channel network is generated in such a way that it geometrically covers the whole domain without overlapping and intersection, and hydrologically follows the steepest slopes. Several benchmark cases on 2D domains in both laboratory and field scales with complex geometry, where no 1D models have been ever applied, are used to compare the 1D and 2D model simulations. The comparisons demonstrate that the 1D model does have potentials to efficiently simulate overland flow on 2D complex domains with accuracy comparable to 2D models.

Unified Dynamic Simulation System for Multi-Energy Flows of Electricity, Heat, and Gas in Integrated Energy Systems

Integrated energy systems (IES) coordinate heterogeneous energy flows of electricity, heat, and gas to meet diverse load demands and enhance energy efficiency, is a new generation of energy systems that promote sustainable energy development. Simulation systems are essential tools for the analysis, control, and optimization of IES. However, due to the strong coupling of heterogeneous energy flows in IES, existing simulation software often lacks integration, typically focusing on electricity or relying on separate simulations of different energy flows. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a unified simulation technology for electricity, heat, and gas. First, the thermodynamic dynamic simulation capabilities of MATLAB/Simulink are extended using the Thermolib toolbox to create a unified modeling and simulation environment for coupled multi-energy flows. On this foundation, the energy conversion relationships and operating mechanisms of key multi-energy coupling equipment are studied, and dynamic Simulink models of the critical energy devices within the system are developed. Finally, a comprehensive dynamic simulation model for the multi-energy flows of the IES is constructed by connecting energy device models through an energy flow bus. The simulation results demonstrate that this system can effectively simulate the characteristics of electricity, heat, and gas flows across multiple time scales and the complex operating conditions of various energy devices within the MATLAB environment. This approach simplifies the multi-energy flow simulation structure and improves data transmission efficiency for multi-energy flows.

Coupling of Eddy-Viscosity-Scale Reynolds-Stress Model with an Algebraic Transition Model

Attempts to extend a Reynolds-stress model (RSM) for transition flow simulations have begun to cause concern in recent years based on the fact that the RSM has more potential than an eddy viscosity model when applied to complex three-dimensional flowfields. In terms of the RSM, however, coupling more transport equations will further increase its complexity (may worsen robustness and convergence rate). In this paper, a γ-based algebraic transition model originating from the SA-BC model is coupled with an νt-scale RSM (EV-RSM) to form a new transition/turbulence model, called tEV-RSM. Some numerical tests are conducted with a fifth-order scheme, WCNS, including the well-known T3 flat plate series, a two-dimensional airfoil (S809), a two-dimensional three-element airfoil (30P-30N), a three-dimensional prolate-spheroid, and a three-dimensional circular cylinder. The proposed model is compared with the SA-BC and γ-Reθt SST models, which indicates that it can predict the flows primarily governed by Tollmien–Schlichting transition or bypass transition well and has an advantage in predicting the flows with detached separation. Meanwhile, the iteration convergence rate of the tEV-RSM is fast enough considering it as a seven-equation model.

Numerical study of the impact of stress concentration on shale gas production

Predicting the production amounts has great significance for exploitation of oil and gas resources. The flow–geomechanical coupling effect plays an important role in predicting production. Shale rocks and the stress-dependent permeability model are critical for representing this coupling effect. The pore network of shale rock is not abundant like that of coal rock, and the matrix blocks of shale rock are not completely separated by the pore network. There is stress concentration around the pores when shale rock is deformed. Based on previous studies, the stress-dependent permeability model considering the impact of stress concentration is used in this study to build a numerical simulation model for flow–geomechanical coupling in a shale gas reservoir and validation using field data. Sensitivity studies are conducted to discuss the difference in production prediction between the new and common models. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) The new model can fit both the field and experimental data well; the average error in daily production rate between the numerical solution and field data is 8%, which indicates that the new model can be used to predict shale gas production. 2) Under the geomechanical condition of a real reservoir, the difference in predicted production between models with and without stress concentration can be large and increase with the ratio of a to b. If this ratio is less than 50, the impact of stress concentration is not significant. Otherwise, the impact of stress concentration on production increases sharply and can exceed 20%. 3) The adsorption-induced strain enhances the impact of stress concentration on production. When the Langmuir pressure exceeds 1 MPa and Langmuir strain exceeds 0.01, the impact magnitude of stress concentration can exceed 10%.

An improved wall boiling model for numerical simulation of subcooled flow boiling on a new hybrid micro/nanostructured surface

Previous studies have demonstrated that micro/nanostructured surfaces have great potential for heat transfer enhancement. However, simulating subcooled flow boiling on such surfaces is difficult owing to the lack of proper bubble characteristic parameter models, because most models used in flow boiling simulations were developed based on smooth surface conditions, which may limit their applications in engineering design. In this study, we improved upon one validated bubble characteristic parameter model suitable for subcooled flow boiling on smooth surfaces to adapt to the new hybrid micro/nanostructured surfaces proposed by Huang et al. [“Experimental investigation of a new hybrid structured surface for subcooled flow boiling heat transfer enhancement,” Appl. Therm. Eng. 192, 116929 (2021)]. The new bubble characteristic parameter model incorporates both basic correction terms to account for boiling bubble behaviors and ad hoc parameters to account for other unknown effects. Through sensitivity analysis and detailed calibration, the model was simplified to a set of correlations and only one constant parameter. With this improved model, subcooled flow boiling heat transfer simulations were conducted for three target surface specifications under conditions of 4–10 MW/m2 incident heat flux and 1–5 m/s flow velocity and the related heat-transfer mechanisms were further compared and discussed. The maximum error between the simulation and experimental results remains less than 3.5%, indicating that the established model has considerable accuracy in predicting the heat transfer performance for this type of micro/nanostructured surface in high-heat-flux engineering design applications. The heat transfer enhancement for subcooled flow boiling on this type of hybrid micro/nanostructured surface is greatly beneficial owing to its proper organization of convection, evaporation, and quenching heat transfer.

Implementation of a PAFV turbulence model for airfoil flow simulation on OpenFOAM

To further develop a more effective turbulence model and to improve the calculation accuracy of the flow around airfoil, a new PAFV turbulence model has here been constructed by using a deformation rate tensor and the grouping of an average fluctuation velocity. To evaluate the applicability of the PAFV turbulence model, the numerical calculations of flow around the airfoil have here been implemented, which was based on the OpenFOAM calculation platform. On the basis of grid independence research, the model was used to calculate the low-speed flow-around problem for the plano-convex airfoil NACA4412 and the symmetric airfoil NACA0012. It was also compared with the S-A (Spalart-Allmaras) and SST (Shear Stress Transport) k-ω turbulence models. Firstly, the maximum lift angle-of-attack case of the NACA4412 airfoil was calculated. Thereafter, numerical calculations were performed for the flow around the airfoil in the multi-angle-of-attack case of the NACA0012 airfoil. The results showed that the NACA4412 airfoil had an obviously separated vortex at the trailing edge of the airfoil at the maximum lift angle of attack. Also, there was a certain velocity loss downstream of the trailing edge, which was calculated by all three models. However, the results of the PAFV turbulence model were found to be better than those of the S-A and SST turbulence models. The three turbulence models showed comparable accuracies for the calculations of the surface pressure coefficients of the NACA0012 airfoil. However, the S-A and SST k-ω turbulence models were slightly better for the calculations of the mean velocity profiles of the NACA0012 airfoil. Also, the PAFV turbulence model was more accurate for the calculations of the lift and drag coefficients. In conclusion, the PAFV model can make effective predictions of the airfoil low-speed flow around the problem at hand, which in turn preliminarily verifies the applicability of this turbulence model for the low-speed flow around the airfoil problems.

The individual tubular low-toxic combustion chamber

BACKGROUND: intensive works in improvement and development of microturbine power plants for energy and transport continues worldwide. These works are still relevant due to near-to-zero emissions of microturbines, as well as due to the fact that microturbines efficiency can be increased up to 50% and above, which opens the potential to compete with well-known power plants in the foreseeable future, including in terms of efficiency. Therefore, the work on the study of a low-toxic combustion chamber for a microturbine seems relevant as well. AIM: Сomputational and experimental study of an individual tubular low-toxic combustion chamber of a 50 kW microturbine with an increase in pressure at the inlet to the chamber. METHODS: The description of the experimental facility for combustion chamber testing and the results of its experimental study are given. A sufficient convergence of the experimentally obtained parameters of the combustion chamber with the parameters obtained from the simulation modeling of flow and combustion in the combustion chamber was obtained. RESULTS: In the course of the calculated and full-scale studies, hydraulic losses, nitrogen oxide emissions, and temperature unevenness at the outlet of the combustion chamber with increasing air pressure at its inlet were determined. CONCLUSIONS: The calculated study showed a significant effect of an increase in air pressure from 3 to 3.5 bar at the entrance to the combustion chamber on its main parameters. Thus, hydraulic losses have more than doubled and nitrogen oxide emissions have increased almost 1.3 times. The conducted experimental study of the combustion chamber generally confirmed the results of mathematical modeling and thereby tested the computational model used. Thus, the discrepancy in the experimentally and computationally obtained values of relative pressure losses in the combustion chamber does not exceed 15%, and in emissions of nitrogen oxides 7%.

Simulation Analysis of Metallic Particles Movement in Typical Structure of Oil-immersed Power Transformer

The insulation performance of oil-immersed power transformers is closely involved with the movement of metal particle impurities, and the movement characteristics of metal particles are not only influenced by the electric field, but also by the oil flow. In this paper, a solid-liquid two-phase flow simulation model was constructed, and the effect of electric field on the motion of metal particles was considered. Firstly, the validity of the simulation model was verified by using the experimentally observed motion of metal particles in the horizontal oil channel between parallel flat plate electrodes, based on which the motion of metal particles in the typical oil channels of a 500kV power transformer was studied. It was found that when the metal particles passed through the oil flow inlet, the number of metal particles settling increased with the increase of particle size. All the metal particles with 1mm particle size sank in the oil flow inlet during the oil migration process, it was almost impossible to enter the low, medium and high voltage winding parts. Through the middle or upper end of the high voltage winding, the smaller particles (50μm, 150μm) would easily migrate with the oil flow and move faster; the larger particles (500μm) would move slower or be more easily deposited. This research holds significant practical implications in the engineering study of metal particle motion distribution within transformers.

Evaluating Financial Risks of Carbon Capture in the Oil & Gas Industry Using Advanced Machine Learning Techniques

This paper thoroughly examines the financial risks and opportunities related to implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the oil and gas sector. We utilize sophisticated machine learning techniques to create a robust methodology for measuring CCS projects’ economic feasibility and risk level. Our approach encompasses various crucial factors, such as investment costs, operational expenditures, carbon pricing, and the oil and gas market dynamics. By utilizing discounted cash flow modeling, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation, we produce probabilistic financial results that offer valuable insights for decision-makers. The findings emphasize the crucial significance of policy backing, technological progress, and strategic portfolio management in influencing the financial outcomes of CCS investments. This study enhances the comprehension of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as an essential instrument for reducing carbon emissions in the oil and gas industry while effectively managing the intricate financial aspects of transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

An experimental study of pedestrian bidirectional flow through bottlenecks

Pedestrian flow passing through bottlenecks is complex, particularly for opposite movement in a room with a single doorway. These bidirectional flows would always cause congestion and further reduce traffic efficiency so the ‘Disembarking precedes embarking’ rule is widely used in the actual management of public spaces. However, the impact of the imbalance of the bidirectional movement of pedestrian numbers on the pedestrian capacity and throughput at the bottleneck still needs further exploration. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of the ratio r of pedestrians leaving the room to the total number of participants and the bottleneck widths (1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 m) on the movement behavior of pedestrians in bidirectional flow and the efficiency of passing through by conducting controlled experiments where pedestrian trajectories, speed, density, flow and time headway are analyzed. Results indicate that the bottleneck width and the pedestrian flow rate are linearly related, whereas the r and flow have a nonlinear relationship. Specifically, r = 10% is the optimal value for improving the pedestrian traffic efficiency at the bottleneck, which is even better than the unidirectional scenario. The most significant density in the measuring area is at r = 30%, corresponding to the greatest probability of clogging. The pedestrian density within the room influences the flow rate at the bottleneck, thereby indicating that wider doors are not always better from a design perspective. The findings presented in this paper can provide actual data to validate bidirectional pedestrian flow simulation models and theoretical support for pedestrian facility and crowd management optimization.

Enhanced cascaded lattice Boltzmann model for multiphase flow simulations at large density ratio

In recent years, the pseudopotential multiphase lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been widely applied in the numerical simulations of complex multiphase flow. However, numerical stability at high Weber (We) and Reynolds (Re) numbers seriously restricts its application. In the present work, the pseudopotential multiphase LBM is developed by introducing the entropic stabilizers to the cascaded collision operator, and thus, the numerical stability is effectively enhanced. The relaxation rates for different order moments are all determined by fluid viscosities and the maximum entropy condition instead of being user-defined. Furthermore, the surface tension and contact angle can be adjusted in a wide range, which extends the application of the pseudopotential multiphase model. The accuracy and capability of the present model to simulate the complex multiphase flow are validated by reproducing the droplet impact on the flat or textured superhydrophobic surfaces. In addition, a droplet impact on the superhydrophobic surface at We=1280 and Re=18000 is simulated, in which the Weber and Reynolds numbers have significantly increased. This strongly demonstrates that the present model can enhance the numerical stability in the simulation of large density ratio multiphase flows at simultaneously high Weber and Reynolds numbers, which means the present model can further extend the pseudopotential multiphase LBM to more realistic scientific and technical applications.

3D mechanical analysis of geothermal reservoir operations in faulted sedimentary aquifers using MACRIS

Accurate and efficient predictions of three-dimensional subsurface stress changes are required for the assessment of geothermal operations with respect to fault stability and the potential risk for induced seismicity. This work extends the model capabilities of Mechanical Analysis of Complex Reservoirs for Induced Seismicity (MACRIS) to account for high-resolution thermo-elastic stress evaluations in structurally complex (i.e. faulted) and matrix permeability dominated geothermal systems. By adopting a mesh-free approach suitable to industry standard flow simulation models, MACRIS is capable of preserving the complex 3D hydraulic development of the injected cold-water volume and the 3D geometrical complexities of the reservoir model. The workflow has been applied to three-dimensional models with clastic reservoir characteristics representative for low enthalpy geothermal exploitation in the Netherlands. The models are marked by a single fault, subject to no and normal offset. Comparison of simulated stress evolutions in MACRIS with alternative analytical solutions highlight the effects of stress arching involved in the poro- and thermo-elastic stress developments on complex faults intersected by or in direct contact with the cold-water volume. Results are in agreement with previous studies and show the effect of thermal stressing to be dominant, arching of stresses to occur at the rim of the cold-water volume, and in cooling reservoirs, the intersection area of the cold-water volume in direct contact with the fault plane to be the main driver for fault reactivation and subsequent seismic potential. Moreover, results show the effects of stress arching (i) to be enhanced in the case of reservoir throw and flow compartmentalization, and (ii) to be reduced by a relative increase in conductive heat transfer between the reservoir and surrounding formations.

Numerical investigation of the effects of intake pipe deflection angles on the in-cylinder flow and vortex structures of a cycloidal rotary engine

Intake pipe structure has a pivotal impact on the distribution of vortices within the combustion chamber in a cycloidal rotary engine (CRE). Therefore, studying the influence of the intake pipe deflection angle (IPDA) on the in-cylinder airflow motion has significant importance for enhancing CRE performance. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics and chemical reaction kinetics methods to establish a numerical simulation model for the in-cylinder flow and combustion in the CRE. Subsequently, the Omega vortex identification method was employed to investigate the influence of IPDA on the vortex structures within the cylinder and to explore the relationship between CRE performance and the vortices. The research findings indicate that although the IPDA did not significantly alter the fuel mass injected into the cylinder, it increased the airflow velocity by 14.6% during the main intake stage and increased the mass fraction of the burned fuel at the compression top dead center by 19.1%. Additionally, the increased airflow velocity within the cylinder led to improvements in both the mean tumble ratio by 186.5% and the turbulent kinetic energy by 25.5%. Furthermore, the IPDA significantly changed the distribution of vortices within the cylinder, which is a key factor contributing to the combustion variation of the CRE. The case of IPDA = 16° provided the largest volume of the strong vortices and the highest mean in-cylinder pressure. Compared to the original design, the volume of strong vortices was 1323.6% greater, and the mean in-cylinder pressure was higher by 5.3%.

Investigation of the emergency water supply schemes for youkou groundwater source field in Nanchang using a simulation–optimization model

To enhance the resilience of Nanchang’s water supply system and ensure a dependable emergency water supply. Taking youkou emergency groundwater source field as an example, a flow simulation model was developed through an analysis of the hydrogeological conditions in the study area. Additionally, an optimization model based on the genetic algorithm (GA) technique was constructed and integrated into the flow simulation model. Subsequently, various water supply schemes were simulated with the minimum cost of groundwater extraction as the objective function. The results show that the values of the objective function were reduced by 4.92%, 15.67%, and 42.35% for the three different optimization schemes, namely pumping rates, joint pumping rates and the number of wells, and joint pumping rates, number of wells and well location. Ultimately, the optimal emergency water supply scheme was determined by considering a comprehensive range of factors. These factors encompassed considerations such as the area of the water level depression funnel, the dewatering thickness of the aquifer and the recovery of the groundwater level. The practice shows that the simulation–optimization model could effectively simulate complex groundwater flow systems, meeting the objective function and constraints toachieve the optimal exploitation scheme.

Оценка длительности мертвого времени в рекуррентном обобщенном полусинхронном потоке событий с продлевающимся мертвым временем в особом случае

In this paper we investigate a generalized semi-synchronous flow of events with two states and which is related to the class of double stochastic flows. Its functioning takes place in conditions of prolonged dead time of fixed duration. We consider a special case of flow parameters. An algorithm for estimating dead time of fixed duration based on the method of moments is being developed. The results of statistical experiments set up on the flow simulation model and the analysis of the obtained estimation values are presented.

Electric charging stations for electric vehicles in a traffic flow simulation model

This article substantiates the need to use simulation modeling in planning the location of parking lots equipped with charging stations for electric cars. Moscow is actively developing infrastructure for the use of electric cars for personal use, but there is a limited number of charging stations in the city districts. This increases the load on the transportation framework of the capital. Creating a simulation model of the transport system allows us to identify its “bottlenecks” related to the effective organization of road traffic and the creation of a sustainable environment. The use of methods of structural analysis, synthesis, groupings, information and simulation modeling allowed to establish all key objects of the problem area, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics necessary to create a simulation model. The created simulation model is based on the developed formal models of changes in the states of each class of objects, corresponding to the behavior in the real urban environment. To demonstrate the obtained results, a three-dimensional model corresponding to the simulation model is developed.

Environmental aspect in traffic flow simulation modeling

The article deals with the problem of air pollution by automobile transportation. Such emissions are a problem in modern cities worldwide, and they harm numerous aspects of human life and the environment. Changing traffic flows and modernization of road infrastructure are ways to reduce the load on the ecological state of urban areas. Developing concepts and assessing their impact on the transportation system and the environment is possible through simulation models. The study establishes all the objects and their qualitative and quantitative characteristics necessary to create a digital twin of traffic flows. Using parametric modeling techniques allowed us to create a simulation model reflecting all aspects of the subject area. The developed model allows conducting experiments on changing the parameters of objects to predict changes in the system’s behavior in terms of its ecological state.

A Novel Projection-based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM) for Anisotropic Two-phase Flow Simulation Using Hybrid of Two-point Flux Approximation and Mimetic Finite Difference (TPFA-MFD) Methods

This paper presents a novel projection-based embedded discrete fracture model (pEDFM) applicable to general two-phase flow simulation in anisotropic reservoirs for the first time. The novel pEDFM is developed based on hybrid two-point flux approximation and mimetic finite difference (TPFA-MFD) methods, which retains the basic features of two-point flux approximation (TPFA) based generic pEDFM workflow and incorporates new features of mimetic finite difference (MFD) to handle full-tensor permeabilities. This is achieved by introducing the concept of effective connection, formulating additional pressure degrees of freedom for effective connections, assigning effective matrix-matrix (m-m) and matrix-fracture (m-f) connections to the corresponding sides of matrix-cell interfaces, presenting methods corresponding to different types of connections to handle low-conductivity fractures, and further deriving formulas of numerical fluxes for effective connections. The resulting global equation system is solved by a Newton-Raphson nonlinear solver with the temporary discretization of the implicit backward Euler scheme. The 2D and 2.5D numerical examples show the novel pEDFM could achieve the same level of computation accuracy and convergence as the reference discrete fracture model (DFM), while avoiding the gridding difficulty of complex fracture networks. It also significantly outperforms classical EDFM based on MFD and generic pEDFM workflow in the computational accuracy for cases with anisotropic full tensor permeabilities. The novel pEDFM, to our best knowledge, is for the first time proposed and developed for general anisotropic two-phase flow simulation and maybe the numerical simulation framework for multi-phase flow in fractured reservoirs with the best comprehensive performance so far.

Enhanced oil recovery through alternating gas Re-injection to reduce gas flaring in the Bakken

Environmental performance is a significant driver of energy production today, and providing attractive methods to reduce flaring remains a high priority for oil producers. The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), with support from the Bakken Production Optimization Program (BPOP), is investigating the reinjection of the associated gas into producing wells to reduce flaring.The project's main objectives are to evaluate technically and economically the feasibility of deploying alternating gas re-injection in the Bakken formation as a means to increase oil recovery, reduce flaring and maintain compliance. The approach addresses the compression capacity constraints, mineral ownership types, and gas availability. Gas reinjection has the added benefit of producing incremental oil that can offset installation and operational costs associated with gas compression and nonproducing time for a well during injection. A flow simulation model is created to investigate alternating gas injection of a four-well pad and to assess the possibility of incremental oil production. Extensive numerical simulation is conducted. Capital expenditure, operating costs and the revenue from oil recovery were considered. Results indicate that gas injection within rates of 100–200 Mcfd can produce incremental oil. The gas volume needed is greater than what is typically flared from a facility, however, less than the total produced gas volume, and, therefore, possible. Communication of gas is likely to occur between wells within 1500 feet and wells positioned heel to heel that are common to the well-pad facility. The most promising injection period appeared to be within a 2-week to 1-month cycle. Thus, the proposed approach can be employed as an efficient Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique, alternating gas injection of 3 MMcfd may potentially increase the produced oil rate by 70 %. The findings support continued work to further investigate well configurations that can best benefit from the technique and to mature economic case studies.

From global glacier modeling to catchment hydrology: bridging the gap with the WaSiM-OGGM coupling scheme

Coupled glacio-hydrological models have recently become a valuable method for predicting the hydrological response of catchments in mountainous regions under a changing climate. While hydrological models focus mostly on processes of the non-glacierized part of the catchment with a relatively simple glacier representation, the latest generation of standalone (global) glacier models tend to describe glacier processes more accurately by using new global datasets and explicitly modeling ice-flow dynamics. Yet, to the authors' knowledge, existing catchment-scale coupled glacio-hydrological models either do not include these most recent advances in glacier modeling or are simply not available to other users. By making use of the capabilities of the free, distributed, physically-based Water Flow and Balance Simulation Model (WaSiM) and the Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM), a coupling scheme is developed to bridge the gap between global glacier representation and local catchment hydrology. The WaSiM-OGGM coupling scheme is used to further assess the impacts under future climates on the glaciological and hydrological processes in the Gepatschalm catchment (Austria), by considering a combination of three climate projections under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. Additionally, the results are compared to the original WaSiM model with the integrated Volume-Area (VA) scaling approach for modeling glaciers. Although both models (WaSiM with VA scaling and WaSiM-OGGM coupling scheme) perform very similar during the historical simulations (1971–2010), large discrepancies arise when looking into the future (2011–2100). In terms of runoff, the VA scaling model suggests a reduction of the mean monthly peak between 10–19%, whereas a reduction of 26–41% is computed by the coupling scheme. Similarly, results suggest that glaciers will continuously retreat until 2100. By the end of the century, between 20–43% of the 2010 glacier area will remain according to the VA scaling model, but only 1–23% is expected to remain with the coupling scheme. The results from the WaSiM-OGGM coupling scheme raises awareness of including more sophisticated glacier evolution models when performing hydrological simulations at the catchment scale in the future. As the WaSiM-OGGM coupling scheme is released as open-source software, it is accessible to any interested modeler with limited or even no glacier knowledge.