Solution Flow Rate Research Articles

Performance prediction of marine intercooled cycle gas turbine based on expanded similarity parameters

The performance of marine intercooled cycle gas turbines (ICGTs) is affected by atmospheric and sea conditions. Gas turbine operators have to rely on complicated and unfriendly simulation models to predict the performance of ICGTs under different ambient conditions. Aiming at this problem, this paper introduces a novelty fast prediction method based on similarity theory, which can help gas turbine operators realize performance parameters prediction of ICGTs on the spot. For this purpose, the similarity theory is firstly extended to ICGTs. The similarity parameters corresponding to seawater flow rate, glycol solution flow rate, and seawater temperature are derived using Buckingham's Pi Theorem. On this basis, the performance prediction formula of ICGTs is developed. The second-order and dissimilar effects of ICGTs are fully considered in this formula to improve the prediction accuracy. The values of the unknown coefficients in the formula can be obtained by fitting from a small amount of test data. Finally, the high-fidelity ICGT simulation model and the actual ambient conditions verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method has good practicability and accuracy, which provides a new approach to predicting marine ICGT performance.

Water Efficiency of Coriander under Flows of Application of Nutritive Solutions Prepared in Brackish Waters

The impact of the salinity of the nutrient solution on water efficiency can be changed by the application flow. The aim of this work was to analyze the water efficiency and production components of coriander plants, cultivar Verdão, exposed to nutrient solutions (1.7, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m−1) applied with different flow rates (1.0, 2.0, 3,0, and 4.0 L min−1) in an NFT hydroponic system. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse with two sources of salts to prepare the electrical conductivity. In the first experiment, NaCl was used, and CaCl2·2H2O was used in the second. Variables were analyzed related to the production components and the consumption of water use efficiency. It was found that the water efficiency and production components of coriander plants were more affected by increases in electrical conductivity in the nutrient solution. CaCl2·2H2O better promotes the lower production of dry mass, plant height, water consumption, and the instantaneous and intrinsic efficiency of water use than NaCl. The coriander’s water relations were inhibited by increases in the concentration of salts in nutrient solution, while increases in the flow rate of the nutrient solution negatively affected the productive parameters of the coriander plants.

Encapsulation of β-carotene into food-grade nanofibers via coaxial electrospinning of hydrocolloids: Enhancement of oxidative stability and photoprotection

Εncapsulation of β-carotene in two different food hydrocolloid matrices, pure pullulan (PUL) and its blend with whey protein isolate (WPI) at a weight ratio of WPI:PUL 30:70, via coaxial electrospinning, was investigated. Τhe encapsulation efficiency of β-carotene in the generated WPI:PUL (30:70 w/w) and PUL nanofibers has reached up to ∼90% and ∼95%, respectively. Among the various operating parameters examined, the factor which had the greatest impact on encapsulation efficiency was the oil-β-carotene solution (core material) flow rate. More uniform thread-like nanofibers were obtained using pure pullulan as wall material, while the WPI:PUL (30:70 w/w) blend resulted in formation of nanostructures with bead-shaped morphologies periodically along the fiber axis. The β-carotene degradation kinetics followed an apparent first-order reaction model, showing highest values of the rate constants at an intermediate water activity level (aw = 0.53) for all matrices and storage temperatures (25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C) examined. The degradation kinetics did not seem to be directly related with the molecular mobility of the fiber polymeric components (i.e., physical state of the amorphous wall material), as β-carotene losses were evident even at temperatures below their glass transition temperatures ( T g ). The electrospun WPI:PUL nanofibers were more suitable as carriers in delaying oxidation of β-carotene under different storage temperatures, a w levels and exposure to UV–Vis irradiation, compared to pure PUL. Overall, the coaxial electrospinning process using the mixture of WPI:PUL (30:70 w/w) as an encapsulation vehicle appears to be an effective technique to fabricate functional foods or dietary supplements enriched with β-carotene. • β-carotene was encapsulated through coaxial electrospinning for food applications. • β-carotene can be effectively encapsulated in WPI:PUL (30:70) and PUL nanofibers. • β-carotene solution flow rate had the greatest impact on encapsulation efficiency. • Both encapsulation structures showed improved stability at low humidity environments. • Electrospun WPI:PUL (30:70) nanofibers were more effective than PUL ones.

Additively manufactured photoreactor with immobilized thermoset acrylic-graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for water remediation: Response surface methods and adsorption modelling studies

In present work, graphitic carbon nitrite (g-CN) homojunction was synthesized and coated onto 3D-printed photoreactor for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. The photocatalysis and adsorption experiments were investigated for 6 h under visible light irradiation and in the dark, respectively. The experimental parameters were flow rate of dye solution (1.0 – 3.0 mL/min), initial dye concentration (5.0 – 15.0 ppm), and number of photoreactors (2 – 6). The adsorption mechanisms were subsequently evaluated using isotherm and kinetics modelling. Redlich-Peterson (R-P) model showed the best fitted result with a relatively high coefficient value (R2 = 0.9908) followed by Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9822). The separation factor (RL) has revealed that the adsorption process is favourable (RL = 0.05). Besides, the adsorption experimental result is approaching the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.9898). The dye removal under light irradiation were investigated using 15 sets of experiments designed by Box-Behnken design. A second order-regression equation was developed to assess the performance of dye degradation. The predicted response is in good agreement with the experimental response, with deviation less than 3.50 %. In this case, the regression analysis concluded that the significance of the single effect followed the order of: number of photoreactor (p = 0.000) > flow rate of dye solution (p = 0.051) > dye initial concentration (p = 0.649). Besides, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) study showed that the interactions between parameters were insignificant. In short, the development of g-CN homojunction photocatalyst has provided an innovative approach for environmental remediation, in particular wastewater management.

Synthesis of novel carbon-supported iron oxide sorbents for adsorption of dye from aqueous solutions: equilibrium and flow-through studies

Textile effluents contain dyes that negatively affect water bodies and inhibit photosynthesis by reducing sunlight penetration. This study investigated the adsorption capacity of an iron oxide sorbent immobilised on naturally derived carbon foam for the removal of organic methylene blue dye from water. In this study, the carbon precursor and iron oxide precursor were mixed and carbonised in a single vessel. Baking and carbonization of the natural grain combination produce a porous structure that can act as an effective support for the iron oxide particles. The carbon foam prepared had a self-assembled structure with flour as a basic element. Sorbents of 6 weight (wt)%, 15 wt% iron, and a 0 wt% iron control sample were prepared. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques were used to examine the synthesised carbon foam physical properties and surface morphology. The adsorption capabilities were investigated in batch tests by determining the effects of an increase in iron content, sorbent dosage, contact time, and dye concentration. Breakthrough curves were obtained by varying the height of the sorbent bed and varying the flowrate of the dye solution. A higher bed height corresponds to a greater amount of adsorbent. The breakthrough and equilibrium adsorption capacities were found to increase with increasing bed height. When the flow rate is high, the dye solution leaves the column before equilibrium, resulting in shorter breakthrough and saturation times. Higher bed heights and lower flow rates resulted in optimal dye removal in the flow through the system. Breakthrough time increases with increasing iron content. The 15 wt% iron sample displayed superior adsorption capabilities than the 6 wt% sample, while the 0 wt% iron control sample displayed minimal adsorptive capabilities. The pseudo-first order kinetic model was the best fit model for this study (R2 > 0.96), and the adsorption equilibrium is best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.99). The results showed that an iron oxide sorbent immobilised on carbon foam made from natural sources is a good adsorbent for removing methylene dye.

Complete parametric investigation of a forward osmosis process using sodium chloride draw solution

The design and operation of FO systems require accurate prediction of performance according to the operating parameters. Performance parameters such as water flux, reverse solute flux (RSF), specific reverse solute flux (SRSF), recovery and rejection are influenced by operating parameters including temperature, concentration difference (CD), and flow rates of feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS). Whereas previous studies analysed the effect of only one or two operating parameters on one or two output parameters, this study provides a complete investigation into the effects of all operating parameters on all output parameters important for performance. A bench-scale FO setup using an advanced FO membrane and NaCl draw solution has been studied and compared to a predictive model, giving agreement within 10 %. Water flux and RSF increased with temperature, CD and flow rate. SRSF decreased with temperature, increased with CD, and increased as flow rates of FS and DS increased. Increasing temperature or CD increased the recovery; whereas increasing the flow rate of FS or DS reduced the recovery. Rejection dropped at higher CD and flow rates. Hence, it is recommended to operate at lower CD and flow rates to achieve higher recovery and rejection.

Optimization of polylactic acid-based medical textiles via electrospinning for healthcare apparel and personal protective equipment

Development of sustainable and eco-friendly non-woven textiles is essential to produce environmentally benign personal protective equipment (PPE) for reduction of risk in transmission and infection of bacteria and virus. This study demonstrates about the fabrication of medical textile from polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer via electrospinning process. Solvent systems from single to binary in different ratios and the operational parameters of electrospinning, i.e. voltage, solution flow rate and distance to collector, were studied to investigate the influence on nanofiber morphology, diameter and electrospinnability. Effects of substrates and electrospinning techniques such as multi-spinneret and wire spinneret were further investigated for scale-up textile production. Thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Viscosity and conductivity of polymer solutions were measured. Nanofiber morphology and diameter were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that binary-solvents DMF/acetone (4:6 v/v) and DMAc/acetone (2:8 v/v) gave finest defect-free fibers and electrospinnability. Polymer concentration of 10–12.5% w/v resulted in defect-free nanofibers. Electrospinning parameters were optimum at a voltage of 25 KV, collector distance of 250 mm and flow rate of 1 mL/h. Optimization of solvents and electrospinning parameters improved mean fiber diameter from 929 ± 670 nm to 315 ± 246 nm. In summary, DMF/acetone solvent system was considered the optimized candidate for PLA electrospinning, effective on non-woven substrates and achieved high nanofiber textile productivity of 180 cm2/min with needleless wire spinneret system. The nanofiber textile has high sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency of 80% and 95% with single and dual layers respectively.

Electric Potential Profiles in a Model Single-Path Electrodialysis Unit.

Electrodialysis is an important electromembrane separation process anticipated to play a significant role in developing future technologies. It produces ion-depleted and ion-concentrated product streams, intrinsically suggesting the formation of spatial gradients of relevant quantities. These quantities affect local conditions in an electrodialysis unit. To investigate the spatial distribution of electric potentials, we constructed a model electrodialysis system with a single diluate channel that included ports for inserting reference electrodes measuring potential profiles. We validated our system and measurement methods in a series of control experiments under a solution flow rate of 250 µL/min and current densities between 10 and 52 A/m2. The collected data showed that the electric potential in the diluate channel did not change in the vertical direction (direction of gravity force), and only minimally varied in the diluate channel center in the flow direction. Although we could not reconstruct the potential profile within ion-depleted layers due to the resolution of the method, we found appreciable potential variation across the diluate channel. The most significant potential drops were localized on the membranes with the developed ion-depleted zones. Interestingly, these potential drops abruptly increased when we applied current loads, yielding almost complete desalination. The increase in the resistance accompanied by relatively large fluctuations in the measured potential indicated the system transition into limiting and overlimiting regions, and the onset of overlimiting convection.

Application of Pb-Fe spinel-activated carbon for phenol removal from aqueous solutions: fixed-bed adsorption studies.

Fixed-bed studies for phenol uptake from water were carried out using a novel Pb-Fe spinel-activated carbon adsorbent. A characterization phase including TGA, FTIR, SEM, and BET analyses was performed for the developed active carbon. In column studies, the influence of initial phenol concentration, column bed height, and the solution flow rate was investigated at natural pH. Adsorption of phenol onto Pb-Fe spinel-activated carbon composite and pristine activated carbon was analyzed in the form of breakthrough curves. Under optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities for the magnetic active carbon composite and pristine activated carbon were found to be 113.95 and 102.61mg/g, respectively. Results indicated that the adsorption capacity of adsorbent for all examined conditions was higher than that obtained for unmodified activated carbon because the composite contains additional metal hydroxides compared with the pristine activated carbon. The Yoon and Nelson, Thomas, and instantaneous local equilibrium (ILE) models were used to explain column data collected under different operating conditions. Finally, the results of the continuous adsorption process were explained successfully using the Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models. Thus, the phenol adsorption on Pb-Fe@MAC was a feasible operation to be performed in fixed-bed mode.

Application of artificial neural network for prediction of fluoride removal efficiency using neutralized activated red mud from aqueous medium in a continuous fixed bed column.

The present research work approaches the removal of fluoride from aqueous medium using neutralized activated red mud (NARM) in a continuous fixed bed column. Artificial neural network (ANN) technique was applied effectively for optimization of the model for the practicability of the removal process. The consequences of various experimental variables, like bed length, adsorbate concentration, experimental time, and adsorbate solution flow rate are studied to know the breakthrough point and saturation times. The highest removal potentiality of NARM was considered to be 3.815mgg-1 of F- in the bed height of 15cm, starting concentration 1ppm, susceptible time 120min, adsorbate solution flow rate 0.5mLmin-1, and constant room temperature, respectively. Bohart-Adams and Thomas models were considered to describe the fixed bed column effect to the bed height and adsorbate concentrations. The experimental data were applied to a back propagation (BP) learning algorithm programme with a four-seven-one architecture model. The artificial neural network model was considered to be functioning correctly as absolute relative percentage error throughout the learning period. Differentiation between the predicted outcomes from ANN model and actual results from experimental analysis affords a high degree of correlation (R2 = 0.998) stipulating that the model was able to predict the adsorption efficiency. Experimented adsorbent materials were characterized using different instrumental analysis that is scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

ZIF-67(Co)-Loaded Filter Paper for In Situ Catalytic Degradation of Bisphenol A in Water

Herein, we loaded cobalt-based zeolite imidazolate frameworks, ZIF-67 (Co), onto commercial filter paper to prepare catalytic filter paper (ZFP) for the in situ degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in water by activating peroxymonosulfate. The results showed that ZIF-67 (Co) was densely and uniformly distributed on the surface of the filter paper. The prepared ZFP could effectively degrade BPA in situ through a gravity-driven filtration process. Specifically, when the flow rate of the BPA solution passing through ZFP was lower than 10 mL/min, 0.02 mM of BPA could be completely degraded by ZFP. Furthermore, ZFP showed promising water matrix adaptability, which could provide promising BPA degradation efficiency in a wide pH range or in the existence of multiple anions. The scavenging tests demonstrated that both sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical were generated for BPA degradation, in which hydroxyl radical was the dominant active species. The ZFP also exhibited promising long-time use stability with a high mineralization rate. This study provides a novel method to prepare high-efficient catalyst paper for the in situ organic pollutant removal in water media via a prompt filtration process.

Experimental Studies of Efficient Wells Completion in Depleted Gas Condensate Fields by Using Foams

Abstract The reasons for decreasing the well operating parameters of depleted gas condensate fields have been analysed. A new approach has been proposed, which involves restoring the wells productivity by creating foam by means of a device developed for removing liquid from the well bottom. The expediency of using foam has been experimentally investigated for gas condensate wells to be completed and their productivity to be recovered. Techniques for removing liquid contaminants from wells have been developed, which involve injecting non-explosive gas mixtures and foams of various volumes into wells. Computational fluid dynamics modelling of the operation of the device for the wells completion with foam was carried out. The influence of the mass flow rate of an aqueous solution at the inlet to the device on the distribution of volume fraction of the gas and liquid phases, and the quality of the foam has been investigated. The understanding of the regularities of foam destruction processes by hydrocarbon condensate was obtained, and a device design was developed for the complete foam destruction.

Mechanisms of mercury ions separation by non-toxic organic liquid membrane via DFT, thermodynamics, kinetics and mass transfer model

This work focuses on the separation of mercury ions from synthetic produced wastewater via hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM). Standard sunflower oil is used as a non-toxic extractant and solvent for mercury ions separation from wastewater. Under optimal conditions: 20 ppm NaCl in wastewater, 0.1 M thiourea in 0.5 M HCl as stripping solution, flow rates of feed and stripping solutions of 100 mL/min, and temperature 323 K, percentages of extraction and stripping reach 98% and 81%, respectively. The mechanisms of extraction and stripping reactions were investigated via the density functional theory (DFT). For the extraction, a linoleic acid extracted HgCl2 and formed halogen bond. For the stripping, two protonated thiourea stripped HgCl2 and formed covalent and halogen bonds. According to the thermodynamics study, extraction reaction is found to be endothermic (ΔHEx0 = 1,001.00 J/mol), irreversible (ΔSEx0 = 3.45 J/mol K), and spontaneous, (ΔGEx@323K0 = −112.65 J/mol). Finally, the mathematical model including conservation, convection, diffusion, reaction, and accumulation was developed. The differences of mercury ions concentration in feed and stripping phases from the experiments and the predicted data from the mathematical model were 5% and 2%, respectively indicating that the model is acceptable.

Mathematical approach for improved performance of flat-sheet forward osmosis membrane

Forward osmosis is a promising membrane-based desalination technique that uses less energy compared to other technologies. Hybridization of forward osmosis in the company of different technologies makes it an attractive technology. However, the availability of commercial membranes, the cost of the membrane, low water flux, low retention of impurities, and availability of the draw solution are the major obstacle to the commercialization of forward osmosis technology. Application and mass transfer are the major covered area of forward osmosis technology. In this study, mathematical modeling and simulation are carried out for the flat sheet membrane/Plate and frame membrane, which comprise mass balance, permeate flux, and effect of concentration polarization. Membrane orientation, draw and feed solution flow rate, the concentration of draw solution and feed solution, and the flow arrangement of the solutions are variable inputs to the mathematical modeling. The result shows that higher dilution of the draw solution can be achieved using a lower draw solution flow rate and a higher feed solution flow rate. Also, the parallel flow and counter flow arrangement in forward osmosis is slightly influence the variation in the concentration difference for both streams. Wisely choosed operating conditions using mathematical modeling give better membrane performance.

Transport of montmorillonite colloid in unsaturated packed column: The combined effects of sand grain size, flow rate and colloid concentration

The transport of colloid in unsaturated porous media affects the migration of contaminants and thus is closely related to groundwater resources protection. To figure out the combined effects of grain size, colloid concentration and injection flow rate on montmorillonite colloid transport characteristics in unsaturated quartz sand, a total of 27 sets of column experiments were conducted with three kinds of quartz sand (20, 40, 60 mesh), three flow rates (1.98, 3.96, 5.94 cm3/min) and three colloid concentrations (300, 600, 900 mg/L), using three packed columns with the inner diameter of 11 cm and the height of 40 cm. The experimental results showed that the transport of Na-montmorillonite colloid particles in the unsaturated quartz sand columnoccurred with significant retention. In the 20 mesh quartz sand column, the average peak values of the penetration curves for low and high concentration colloidal solutions of 300 and 900 mg/L increased by 44% and 27%, respectively, as the flow rate increased from 1.98 to 5.94 cm3/min. The average peak value of the colloidal solution with concentration 300 mg/L increased 17% more than that of the colloidal solution with 900 mg/L for increasing flow rate. When the injection flow rate of the colloidal solution was increased from 1.98 to 5.94 cm3/min, the effect of flow rate on colloidal transport was the most obvious, followed by the effect of media particle size, while the effect of colloidal solution concentration was the least. The calculation based on the total potential energy of Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and collision efficiency further explained the retention of colloids in unsaturated porous media.

The specific biopanning of single-domain antibody against haptens based on a functionalized cryogel.

Phage display technology is commonly applied for high-throughput screening of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), and the problem of non-specific adsorption caused by carrier proteins seriously affects the biopanning of single-domain antibodies specific to haptens. In this paper, enrofloxacin (ENR)-functionalized cryogels were prepared by the ethylenediamine (EDA) and carbodiimide methods for application in the biopanning of ENR-specific phages. To improve the efficiency of biopanning, double blocking, a wash solution flow rate of 1 mL/min, and phage pre-incubation were applied to the biopanning process through single-factor experiments. Results of flat colony counting showed that the phage output of AG-ENR cryogels was 15 times higher than that of AG cryogels for the same input amount. And seven complete sequences of ENR-specific shark sdAbs were obtained by monoclonal phage ELISA and sequence alignment. All these results indicate that functionalized cryogels could be used as a novel and efficient method for phage biopanning for single-domain antibodies to haptens.

Influence of rotor structure and process parameters on polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers produced through centrifugal

The application of new tools and equipment in conventional spinning has increased with the advancements in operations, handling and optimal yarn production. For example, in the centrifugal electrospinning process (CESP), the rotor is assembled for its high-speed production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to introduce a new rotor design with a triangular groove structure and to investigate its influence on the fast industrial manufacturing of polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers. In addition, electric voltage (45 kV, 55 kV, 65 kV), concentrations of the spinning solution of PEO polymer (6 wt. %, 7 wt. % and 8 wt. %) and the flow rate of the spinning solution were analysed at different levels (45 ml/h, 55 ml/h, 65 ml/h). The subsequent PEO nanofibers were characterized through a scanning electron microscope (FESEM). It was observed that the diameter of PEO nanofibers changed with the variation in voltage, concentration and flow rate. The results revealed the best and uniform fibre diameter dimension at 65 kV, with an 8 wt.% solution concentration and flow rate of 55 ml/h. The outcomes also implied that the proposed triangular groove rotor was an efficient approach for the improvement in the nano fibres with its high uniformity as compared to the conventional structure (rectangular rotor structure).

Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from water by phosphogypsum modified biochar composite

Antibiotic pollution has become a global eco-environmental issue. To reduce sulfonamide antibiotics in water and improve resource utilization of solid wastes, phosphogypsum modified biochar composite (PMBC) was prepared via facile one-step from distillers grains, wood chips, and phosphogypsum. The physicochemical properties of PMBC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. The influencing factors, adsorption behaviors, and mechanisms of sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethazine (SMT) onto PMBC were studied by batch and fixed bed column adsorption experiments. The results showed that the removal rates of SD and SMT increased with the increase of phosphogypsum proportion, while decreased with the increase of solution pH. The maximum adsorption capacities of modified distillers grain and wood chips biochars for SD were 2.98 and 4.18 mg/g, and for SMT were 4.40 and 8.91 mg/g, respectively, which was 9.0–22.3 times that of pristine biochar. Fixed bed column results demonstrated that PMBC had good adsorption capacities for SD and SMT. When the solution flow rate was 2.0 mL/min and the dosage of PMBC was 5.0 g, the removal rates of SD and SMT by modified wood chips biochar were both higher than 50% in 4 hr. The main mechanisms of SD and SMT removal by PMBC are hydrogen bonding, π-π donor-acceptor, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction. This study provides an effective method for the removal of antibiotics in water and the resource utilization of phosphogypsum.

Reactive Transport Modeling during Uranium In Situ Leaching (ISL): The Effects of Ore Composition on Mining Recovery

Unconsolidated sandstone uranium deposits exploited by the in situ leaching (ISL) method, contain complex tetravalent and hexavalent uranium compounds, mostly as UO2 and UO3 oxides that have different dissolution rates in sulfuric acid solutions. This work investigates a reactive transport model that takes into account the dissolution of both UO2 and UO3 in sulfuric acid solution together with possible interactions with rock minerals during the ISL uranium extraction. Several empirical reaction rate constants were determined during lab experiments on uranium extraction assays, including dissolution rates of tetravalent and hexavalent uranium oxides, and the dissolution rate of rock components by sulfuric acid solution. Effects on the recovery of solution flow rates and ratios between tetravalent and hexavalent uranium compounds are also investigated. The experimental dissolution constants were then used in the proposed reactive transport model to be applied to a real case study in Kazakhstan for comparing the 16 months history matching of an exploitation block consisting of 18 well injectors and 4 producers. The obtained numerical results show good agreement with empirical data gathered during exploitation.

Theoretical model of absorption heat pump from ideal solution to real solution: Temperature lift factor model

Based on the internal actual physical processes, a new theoretical model for analysis of absorption heat pump (AHP), called temperature lift factor model is built in this paper, which is different from the commonly used equivalent theoretical model: a heat pump combined with a heat engine. The basic performance of heat transformation by AHP is studied by analysis of the novel theoretical model. A factor describing the temperature lift of heat, called temperature lift factor, is defined as the ratio of the temperature difference between the heat source and heat reservoir for the evaporation and absorption process and the temperature difference between the generation and condensing process. It is prompted that the basic performance of AHP could be characterized by the temperature lift factor and the COP. The temperature lift factor and the ideal COP respectively for single effect and single stage AHP, multi-effect AHP and multi-stage AHP are derived, from which we could see the temperature lift factor and COP are relatively independent. Then, for the actual process of AHP, two situations are discussed, first for using the actual solution with infinite solution flow rate, and second for using the actual solution with finite solution flow rate. For these two situations, the descriptions of temperature lift factor and COP are given and the variation laws of temperature lift factor and COP with concentration difference of solution are discussed. Finally, two cases about AHP and absorption heat exchanger (AHE) are given to show applications of the prompted theoretical model.