Port Flow Research Articles

Exploring Port City Porosity and Flows within Port Regions: The Case Study of Port of Malaga and Port of Beirut

The term “porosity” refers to the idea of interconnectedness between the spaces and institutions of ports, cities, and their surrounding areas. While porosity refers to the overall interconnectedness between different entities, an interface specifically refers to the point of contact and interaction between the same two entities. This paper goes beyond the idea of an interface and emphasizes a continuous network of port-related spaces and practices that shape the port cityscape. It also provides a historical perspective on the evolution of port/city boundaries. Additionally, this paper explores maps and conceptualizes port city porosity on both sea and land sides, measures, and reconsiders porosity in these regions. The thematic issue opens questions for further research such as: Can the interconnectedness between port and city areas, along with maritime pockets in the city and surrounding territory, enhance the resilience of port city activities? Does the existence of porous borders between port and city allow for easier transitions? The idea of transitions is particularly relevant in the context of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of port and city activities. As economic, social, or environmental conditions shift, there may be a need for both the port and city to adapt and evolve. The degree of porosity between them can play a role in facilitating or hindering these transitions.

Experimental and numerical simulation research on the transport process of bubble clusters in aeration system

Improving gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency in aeration systems contributes to energy savings, cost reduction, and enhanced efficiency in wastewater treatment. However, due to the complex nonlinear interactions among bubbles in turbulence, understanding the transport mechanisms of non-uniform bubble clusters in turbulence remains unclear. This study employs a combined approach of experimental research and numerical simulations to investigate the shape, diameter distribution, trajectory, and velocity of bubbles under different aeration port sizes and flow rates. The diameter distribution of bubble clusters exhibits a bimodal distribution. Bubble trajectories during ascent mainly exhibit two types of motion patterns: “Z” shaped and linear. Increasing aeration port size and flow rate both lead to an increase in the maximum bubble diameter. Higher initial flow rates and smaller port sizes induce greater lateral velocity fluctuations in bubbles. The proposed numerical simulation method serves as a reference for simulating the transport of non-uniform bubble clusters.

Influence of Inlet and Outlet Area Ratio on Intake Port Flow Capacity

The flow capacity of the intake port has a great influence on the charging efficiency of the internal combustion engine, affecting the engine’s performance, so it is critical to improve the intake port flow capacity. In this paper, the intake port numerical model was established, and the influence of the inlet and outlet area ratio on intake port flow capacity was studied. The results show that, under the same condition of relative pressure difference, the intake port discharge coefficient increases sharply and then slowly with an increase in area ratio. Under the same condition of area ratio, the discharge coefficient is only determined by relative pressure difference and decreases with an increase of relative pressure difference when the inlet and outlet area ratio>1. The optimal area ratio decreases and then converges with an increase in relative pressure difference. When the intake port is designed, the optimal area ratio under the working condition of a smaller relative pressure difference should be applied in order to ensure the discharge coefficient is optimal under all working conditions.

Network Traffic Monitoring and Real-time Risk Warning based on Static Baseline Algorithm

With the rapid growth of network traffic, in order to monitor network traffic, the author proposes a baseline based traffic inspection method. The main objective is to develop a global system for identifying malicious traffic, rather than a precise method for detecting the types of worms produced by malicious traffic. Although traffic is caused by the causes, network administrators can use this international search technique to detect malicious traffic data. The system based approach mainly includes designing time based on the traditional traffic model, detecting various equipments and network traffic process, and configuring the traffic flow according to each time frame. This method uses Cisco's NetFlow Collector, a NetFlow Collector (NFC), to collect raw NetFlow data transmitted by the device through UDP every 5 minutes. the Then, three-dimensional data such as communication port, communication time, and traffic flow (bytes or packets) is used to filter, remove the different values, calculate the base values, and compare the real-time results with the base values to check the traffic defects in the current network. If there are differences between the monitoring data and the system configuration at the same time, the system will issue an abnormal warning, and as time accumulates, the alarm level will gradually escalate.

Internal-locking relativistic magnetron in transversely opposed driven scheme

A cascaded relativistic magnetron array with symmetric feeder structure was first proposed as a multi-port phase-coherent high-power microwave source, which is intrinsically equipped with high structural symmetry. Two symmetrically positioned slow-wave structures surround the feeder structure, which reduces axial electron drifting in each resonant system and ensures the phase-locking process. In this paper, a theory of structure-provided coupling coefficient and oscillator-required coupling coefficient is proposed as the phase-locking prerequisites. The method is evaluated by adopting two A6-type resonant systems. The symmetrically driven cascaded relativistic magnetron array employs a typical π-mode with an anode voltage of 450 kV and an axial magnetic field of 0.47 T. The phase-locked state was achieved in 17 ns with a jitter less than 5 deg. The total output power exceeds 2.3 GW at a frequency of 2.15 GHz, and the power flow in each output port exceeds 350 MW. The transversely opposed driven scheme can be combined with other phase-locking patterns for additional uses, and further optimization of resonant system could be applied for enhancing device performance. The theory of coupling prerequisites is also sufficient for analyzing other cascaded relativistic magnetrons.

Structure‐preserving methods for a coupled port‐Hamiltonian system of compressible non‐isothermal fluid flow

AbstractThe port‐Hamiltonian (pH) formulation of partial‐differential equations and their numerical treatment have been elaborately studied lately. One advantage of pH‐systems is that fundamental physical properties, like energy dissipation and mass conservation, are encoded in the system structure. Therefore, structure‐preservation is most important during all stages of approximation and system coupling. In this context we consider the non‐isothermal flow of a compressible fluid through a network of pipes. Based on a pH‐formulation of Euler‐type equations on one pipe, we introduce coupling conditions, through which we can realize energy, mass and entropy conservation at the coupling nodes and thus, preserve the pH‐structure. We implement them through an input‐output‐coupling using the flow and effort variables of the boundary port. Thus, we can make use of the structure‐preserving model and complexity reduction techniques for the single pipe. This procedure becomes even more important for network simulations, as here, we deal with high dimensional and highly non‐linear dynamical systems. We explain the extension from a single pipe to a network and numerical examples are shown to support our findings.

The Effect of Curve Cylinder Liner on in-Cylinder Tumble Flow Motion Characteristic using CFD Port Flow Simulation

One crucial task in determining maximum engine output performance is evaluating its respiration capacity. While the steady state flow bench is a commonly used tool in the automotive industry, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a more detailed and comprehensive analysis of flow characteristics within the cylinder compared to experiments. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of curve cylinder liners on flow motion characteristics. Using both experimental and CFD methods, this study examines the effect of curve liners on tumble flow motion at different valve lifts and pressure differences. Scalar maps were analysed to understand the behaviour of flow, and the findings indicate that the air velocity measured at the intake port was consistent between both methods, permitting further CFD analysis. Results show that air velocity measured at the intake port was consistent between both methods, allowing for further CFD analysis. Differences in average velocities between liners were insignificant at lower valve lifts, but noticeable at higher valve lifts, with up to a 15.67% difference recorded when the curve wall assisted air flow, resulting in an increase in air rotational strength. In addition, curve liners produced 11.44% and 10.09% more turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) than straight liners for 150mmH2O and 600mmH2O, respectively, with Plane 2 exhibiting the most significant difference in average TKE. Finally, the tumble ratio produced within the curve cylinder was significantly higher than the slider cylinder liner, with differences of up to 17.03% and 11.04% found at higher valve lift (5.4mm) for 150mmH2O and 600mmH2O, respectively.

Traffic Microsimulation of the Main Junction Connecting the Urban Road Network with the Sea-Port Container Terminal

Efficient transportation connectivity between ports and the hinterland is essential for the functioning of the port, especially for container terminals that predominantly rely on road transport. The integration of port and urban traffic flows, particularly in terminals located near cities, has a double impact on the level of service of urban traffic and the efficiency of the port. This paper examines the effects of a newly built container terminal, with a capacity of less than 1 million TEU per year, on urban traffic in Rijeka, Croatia. A microscopic-level simulation method is used together with traffic network modeling design. The research identifies potential bottlenecks or critical elements in the network with lower performance for the current traffic demand and the future growth scenarios of the container traffic. The study’s findings contribute to understanding the dynamic characteristics of port and urban traffic flow correlation, crucial for efficient transportation management and sustainable urban development in port cities.

Multipath Routing Implementation in SD-IoT Network Using OpenFlow-based Routing Metrics

The implementation growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) may increase the complexity of the data transmission process between smart devices. The route generation process between available nodes on the network will burden the intermediary node. One of the possible solutions for resolving the problem is the integration of Software Defined Networks and IoT (SD-IoT) to provide network automation and management. The separation of networking control and data forwarding functions may provide a multipath delivery path between each node in the IoT environment. In addition, the controller can directly extract the resource usage of the intermediary devices, which can be utilized as the routing metric variable in order to maintain the resource utilization on the intermediary devices. Instead of using traditional routing, this paper aims to develop multipath routing based on Deep First Search (DFS) and Dijkstra algorithms for acquiring an efficient path using OpenFlow-based routing metrics. The traffic monitoring module delivered the metrics extraction process, which obtained the variables using Port and Aggregate Flow Statistic features. The metrics calculation aimed to provide the multipath, which was constructed based on switches resource usage. Each selected path was chosen based on the smallest cost and probability provided by the group table feature in OpenFlow. The results showed that the Dijkstra algorithm could create the multipath more swiftly than DFS with a time difference of 0.6 s. The Quality of Service (QoS) results also indicated that the proposed routing metric variables could maintain the transmission process efficiently.

Numerical analysis of intake port modification onto fluid flow pattern and flame propagation in particular combustion chamber

It is known for a long time that inlet port geometry has a great influence onto fluid flow pattern and flame propagation in spark ignition IC engines. In this paper only the initial results of the very complex study on the effects that proposed inlet port modification has onto the in-cylinder flow processes including the combustion stage, in particular. The study mentioned below incorporates state of the art multidimensional numerical modelling of reactive flow in the inlet port and combustion chamber geometry layout with moving boundaries of spark ignition IC engine with two valves. The main objective of this study is to investigate the possibilities for improvement the IC engine output characteristics through the inlet port modifications. Bearing in mind that flame propagation through unburnt mixture of spark ignition IC engine is primarily controlled by dint of turbulence diffusion, it is of prime importance for engine optimization to correctly identify the influence of certain types of organized flows onto the fluid flow pattern and flame propagation. The efforts for improvement have to be aimed on the type of organized flow or eventually their combination that is of prime importance for further development of the in-cylinder processes and combustion stage.

Ventilation through a single port

This is a fundamental study of the periodic in & out flow through a single orifice into an enclosure. The purpose of the ‘breathing’ flow is to refresh the enclosure air. The injected air differs from the original enclosure air with respect to concentration of undesirable components or temperature. Two scenarios are considered. (i) Single puff of fresh air injected during an interval t1, followed by a pause t0, and extraction of mixed enclosure air during a second time interval t1. It is shown that the time-averaged rate of enclosure air replacement is maximum when the rhythm is such that t0 ~ t1. (ii) Fresh air injected as a turbulent jet of duration t1, and withdrawal of mixed air during another interval, t2. It is found that the spent power averaged during the cycle is minimum when t1/t2 ~ 1. The concentration of fresh air in the enclosure increases in S-curve fashion, slow-fast-slow. The time scale of the fast (viral) portion of the S curve increases with the length scale of the enclosure and decreases with the Reynolds number based on port diameter and flow velocity. Numerical simulations of the flow confirm several features of the regimes documented theoretically.

Comparison of Finite-Volume and Methods for Large-Eddy Simulation of Combustor Port Flow

High-order accurate methods provide significant accuracy/cost benefits for well-resolved and geometrically simple scale-resolving turbulent flow simulations. However, the benefit on under-resolved unstructured grids for complex industrial geometries is unclear. The purpose of this work is to contribute to understanding of the benefit of high-order schemes for large-eddy simulations (LES) in practical applications. A crucial requirement is a high-order solver that supports hybrid unstructured grids. In this context, accuracy and cost of a high-order spectral/ Nektar++ solver and a standard second-order finite-volume OpenFoam solver are systematically compared for performing LES (with subgrid scale treatments) on two configurations. The first configuration is Taylor–Green vortex, which shows that the accuracy benefit of fifth-order LES depends upon the mesh type and the level of under-resolution. The second configuration is geometrically more complex and represents the dilution port flows of gas turbine combustors. Specifically, the flow consists of crossflow radial jets impinging onto each other, providing a rich variety of features and thus making the case challenging. It is found that, for a given cost, fifth-order LES reproduces the unsteady flow features significantly better and offers moderate improvements in the mean quantities. Moreover, results from a finer more costly OpenFoam simulation suggest that, for a similar accuracy, fifth-order LES could be cheaper.

CFD Topology and Shape Optimization of Twin Ports in Integrated Exhaust Manifolds

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The optimization of the exhaust port shape for best mass flow is an excellent opportunity to improve fuel economy, emissions, and knock sensitivity of internal combustion engines (ICE). This is valid for many different types of combustion systems including gasoline, alcohols, alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas (CNG) or hydrogen, and e-fuels. Nowadays, so-called cylinder-head integrated exhaust manifolds (IEM) guide the exhaust gas from the combustion chamber to the turbocharger. This specific design requires lots of strong bends and turnings of the exhaust ports in very narrow space, since they need to be guided through a labyrinth of bolts, water cores, and oil passages. In fact, this challenges the avoidance of increased pressure drops, reduced mass flow rates, and deterioration of port flow efficiencies. The optimization of the individual port by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a proper means to minimize or even eliminate these drawbacks. Meanwhile, there are several powerful optimization methods for three-dimensional flows on the market. In this paper, a combined strategy of CFD topology and shape optimization is presented. This method has been applied to several Ford four-valve engine designs with either twin (Siamese) exhaust ports as well as single ports within two separate IEMs. CFD optimizations have been done for various valve lifts resulting in improved mass flow rates by up to 14 % and an improved mass flow balance between the twin exhaust ports. New flow cross-sections such as L-, F-, and T-shapes have been identified. At the end, an initial design of flow-optimized ports has been generated including body-fitted water jacket surfaces. This allows the designer to already start with an optimized exhaust port design. The new workflow is highly efficient, reduces development time, improves result quality, and may reduce the number of expensive prototypes as well as time-consuming test-rig measurements.</div></div>

Single-Phase Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water in an Industrial Plate and Shell Heat Exchanger under High-Temperature Conditions

This study investigates the single-phase heat transfer, pressure drop, and temperature distribution of water in an industrial plate and shell heat exchanger (PSHE) under high-temperature conditions. In this experiment, the hot fluid flows downward on the plate side, while the cold fluid flows upward on the shell side. In the single-phase heat transfer experiment on water, the Nu is in the range of 7.85–15.2 with a Re from 1200 to 3200, which is substantially lower than that on the plate heat exchanger (PHE) studied previously. The decrease in the Nu is attributed to the reduced cross-sectional heat transfer area from the flow imbalance in the PSHE. As the Re increases, the pressure drop on the plate side increases more rapidly than that on the shell side because of the difference in the port pressure drop, flow direction, and flow position on the plate. When the Re is 2620, the pressure drops on the plate and shell sides are 52.5 kPa and 25.5 kPa, respectively, a difference of 51.4%. The temperature deviation on the circular plate increases as the Re decreases, especially between the edge and bottom of the plate because of uneven flow distribution on the plate.

The Role of Emerging ICT in the Ports: Increasing Utilities According to Shared Decisions

Geographical location, infrastructures, and services are the main consolidated pillars of a port in terms of its capacity to compete and cooperate with other ports. In the last years, a new pillar was identified: emerging technologies. Ports’ issues were initially solved with individual ICT solutions adopted by each decision-maker, which generated efficiencies in the three main port flows: cargo, information, and financial. However, new benefits and challenges are connected with the introduction of shared emerging ICT among decision-makers inside ports. The crucial issue concerns the fact that several decision-makers could share a decision about a single-port operation. Therefore, the effectiveness and efficiency of ports depend on how the interactions between the decision-makers are solved. Port operations are associated with movements (cargo) and transactions (information and financial) in a synchronic graph, which allows highlighting the role of emerging technologies in the modification of port operation generalized cost, considering the different decision-makers. The focal point concerns the building of a theoretical model using the formal equations of Transport System Models (TSMs) for the estimation of the cost for a Unit of Load (UL), e.g., a container traveling along a path, composed of a sequence of port operations, inside a port with and without emerging technologies. The proposed theoretical model provides the possibility of estimatingex antethe reduction of cost (port time of UL) given by introducing new technologies and a Port Community System (PCS). Different scenarios, considering some cases, ranging from the absence of ICT to the presence of a PCS, are compared, considering the different situations from a non-congested port to a congested one. The main results of the study and its novelty concern, on the one hand, the extension of TSMs to port systems, highlighting the problem of a non-single decision-maker (two or more) in some port operations and, on the other hand, the possibility of reducing the generalized cost (e.g., time) in the same operations in which there are concurrent decision-makers, through the use of an advanced PCS. The reported numerical example confirms the theoretical results. The work can be useful for researchers for port planners (e.g., port authorities) because it permits evaluating the utility for introducing shared emerging technologies using advanced PCS in a unified view.

PIV measurements of entrainment process of directly injected media in internal combustion engines

PIV measurements have been successfully applied to various flow fields relating internal combustion engines such as in-cylinder air motion, air flow in an intake port, and even a discharging passage of an ignition plug. Measurements of induced air motion around diesel sprays can be said to be a significant example of the PIV applications because the air motion is reflected in an unsteady complicated flow structure. Instead of the apparent entrainment exaggerated by spray droplet dispersing, substantial air entrainment through momentum exchange between liquid and gas was finally obtained by combining PIV and spray profile observation.
 PIV measurements of this kind were extensionally applied to other direct fluid injection by the authors. The second object was a high-pressure gas jet directly injected under gas pressure as high as 30 MPa. It was found the gas jet has strong air entrainment through momentum exchange in a single gaseous phase between fuel gas and ambient air. The third directly injected medium in internal combustion engines should be torch flame ejected from nozzle holes of a pre-combustion chamber (PCC) to a main combustion chamber (MCC) of a so-called DF (dual-fuel) engine.
 In this study, mixture entrainment process of torch flames is discussed on the PIV results for the first time. However, chamber configurations of a real DF engine are hard to simulate since itrequires several auxiliary PCC devices such as an ignition plug, a sub gas injector, and so on. All of them should be actuated synchronously with an engine crank angle. In the case of a constant volume vessel (CVV), the synchronization is not necessary, but the mixture control in the PCC becomes problematic because of the lack of compression and expansion strokes that assures PCCgas exchange. For overcoming the situation, rupture of a membrane was introduced in this study. The membrane turns the upper part of the PCC into an air pressure reservoir and low-pressure air jets eject from the nozzle holes after a solenoid-driven needle pierces the membrane for rupturing. The differential pressure between the upper chamber and the lower one was chosen as a main parameter of the experiment.
 Since the measurements and analysis of the entrainment of the low-pressure air jets are yet to finalize, the outlook of the CVV, the PIV specifications, and prime results of the air entrainment are attached herewith. After all, the PIV measurements revealed essential difference among air entrainment processes of the above three directly injected media in internal combustion engines.

Investigation on the Characteristics of a Combination Microflow Control Valve

Flow control valves have broad application prospects in aviation hydraulic systems. This paper proposes a combination microflow control valve (CMCV) instead of the traditional valve to optimize the performance. Influences of structural parameters of CMCV on its characteristics are numerically investigated to determine the static and dynamic characteristics of CMCV. The calculation results indicate that there is a negative feedback control between stages of the flow regulator, the orifice pressure drop is compensated, and the flow regulation deviation is reduced. The orifice area and the flow regulator valve port area have significant effects on flow characteristics. The diameter of orifice, the spring stiffness, the number of throttle holes, and the ultimate displacement of sleeve are positively correlated with the flow rate stability value of the valve. The valve port flow area gradient and initial overlap of the flow regulator affect the flow rate fluctuation range and response time of CMCV.

Research on performance matching of intake and exhaust ports of marine medium speed dual fuel engine

The performance influence on the dual fuel engine by the intake/exhaust port flow coefficient and swirl are major factors to the dual fuel engine. Therefor the optimization of the intake and the exhaust ports was carried out to ensure the adaptability of the airway structure to the ACD320 dual fuel engine in this paper. According to the limitation conditions of the structural parameters, the multiple airways crossing the diameter of the intake/exhaust port were designed. The research on variation rules of flow and swirl characteristics in different intake/exhaust port circulation cross-sectional area by aerodynamics modeling and simulating approach to optimizing the matching degree between the cylinder and the intake/exhaust port of a marine dual fuel engine was presented. And the optimizing match results were verified and analyzed by the experimental results of the practical intake and exhaust port models. The influence on the performance by the intake/exhaust air flow area and the valve lift is analyzed comprehensively by the AVL test results of the intake and the exhaust ports. The suction and combustion processes at different size of intake and exhaust port are simulated by AVL Fire to validate the optimum matching. Results show that the intake flow coefficient tends to be stable when the diameter of the intake port greater than 83 mm, the swirl number tends to be stable when the diameter of the intake port greater than 88 mm and the exhaust flow coefficient tends to be stable when the diameter of the exhaust port greater than 80 mm. Analysis show that the mean flow coefficient present optimum consequence when the diameter of the intake port is 88.6 mm. By analyzing and comparing intake airflow, efficiency, emissions and indicate power, the fifth group (intake port 88.60 mm, exhaust port 80.00 mm) matching is the optimum matching for ACD320 type marine dual fuel engine. The results provide reference for the design and optimization of dual fuel engine.

Effect of the intake port flow direction on the stability and characteristics of the in-cylinder flow field of a small motorcycle engine

The in-cylinder flow is one of the important factors that affect the quality of the air–fuel mixture in the engine. One parameter that affects the in-cylinder flow is intake port design. In this study, the effect of intake port modification based on the flow direction was investigated to understand the flow characteristics of a small motorcycle engine. An experimental system with a steady flow bench for a variety of valve lifts at pressure drops of 300 mmH2O was installed and a simulation model based on the computational fluid dynamics method was setup. Looking at the results, the tangential port increases the flow coefficient fourfold compared to other models. All models show that the greater the valve lift, the greater the airflow velocity. However, the tangential port has almost double the flow velocity compared to the other models on the 6.46 mm valve lift at 35 m/s. The helical port with the same direction has double of first tumble peak compared to other models at a crank angle of 460°. However, this port decreased drastically by 60% at the second peak. Although the first tumble peak was only half of the helical port with the same direction, the tangential port decreased only 25% at the second peak. Moreover, the tangential port has the highest first and second peaks of the kinetic energy of 13.5 m2/s2 and 6 m2/s2 respectively. The cyclic scattering of kinetic energy occurs in all models, especially the tangential port where the first cycle is quite large and the second to tenth cycles are quite stable. This is a concern because the conversion of kinetic energy arises from various flow structures with different intensities, which can be a potential problem for flow stability. But in general, the tangential port is the most optimal port compared to other models where it has increased flow velocity and better vortices resulting in increased turbulence in the cylinder engine. The increased turbulence is expected to result in a more homogeneous air–fuel mixture in the cylinder engine.

Crank-Angle Resolved Flow Measurements in the Intake Duct of a Research Engine Using Novel and Fast Response Aerodynamic Probes

Despite the public debate nowadays on the future of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which is impeding their development, one limitation towards further optimization of ICE in terms of fuel consumption and emissions can be seen in the current approach and more specifically in the transient engine operation and its control. The main drawbacks in the current approach source from: 1) complex structure of mechanization including sensors and actuators, 2) low time resolution and accuracy of sensing (cost driven), 3) complex Electronic Control Unit (ECU)-software architecture associated with huge calibration effort and 4) recently, funded research due to unsecure business model of ICE is becoming less. To overcome these difficulties unexploited potential should be utilized. Some of this potential lies in cycle-by-cycle and cylinder-by-cylinder accurate fuel and air control, and in the development of physical based virtual sensors with high time resolution and accuracy. One of the main motivations for this study was to develop a measurement technique that enables crank-angle resolved air mass flow rate measurements during engine operation in a dynamometer test cell. The measurement principle is quite simple and is based on gauging the dynamic pressure in both the intake and exhaust duct at the closest possible positions to the valves. To fulfill these requirements aerodynamic probes have been developed and manufactured utilizing 3D printing. The probes have been integrated in special developed flanges, which correspond exactly to the shape of the air channels in the cylinder head of the engine. Hence, they can be mounted either in front of the valves at the intake or behind the valves at the exhaust duct. Results at different engine operating conditions have been obtained, analyzed and correlated to other sensors like air-flow meter. Those post-processed results can be further used to validate 1-D gas exchange models, or 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) port flow models. The ultimate scope of these measurements is to calibrate fast physical-based gas exchange models that can be directly used in the engine control framework on an embedded system.