Convective Heat Transfer Flow Research Articles

Characteristics of internal flow field and convection heat transfer in planetary gear reducer of shield machine

Based on RNG k-ε turbulence model and dynamic grid technology, the internal fluid dynamics model of splash lubrication three stage planetary gear reducer system is established. The distribution of lubricating oil and convective heat transfer characteristic in the system at different input rotational speeds are analyzed. The results show that at high speed condition, the oil gas mixing volume and the degree of atomization of lubricating oil are higher, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of tooth surface is larger, and it takes less time for the convective heat transfer coefficient to reach equilibrium. Meanwhile, the mean convective heat transfer coefficient on the tooth surface of sun gear, planetary gear and ring gear decreases successively.

Heat dissipation optimization of ventilated brake disc recirculation zone based on NSGA-II algorithm

The Brakes contact surface temperature rises sharply when vehicle braking by friction, so vehicles are generally equipped with ventilated brake discs for cooling. However, the recirculation zone in the ventilated brake disc passage severely blocks fluid flow. In order to improve the convective and heat dissipation performance of the ventilated brake disc, this paper aims to introduce an optimized slotted vane geometry to improve the heat dissipation performance of ventilated brake discs. Therefore, three structural parameters of slot width, slot inclination and number of vanes were selected as optimization variables, and the optimization objective was to maximize the mass flow rate and convection heat transfer coefficient. And then, combined with the RSM and NSGA-II for optimization. The results showed that the optimized slotted vanes effectively suppressed the recirculation zone in the flow passage and made the airflow distribution more uniform. The optimal characteristic parameters after optimization are N = 36,θ = 56.38°, H = 12.7 mm. The CFD calculation results are consistent with the experimental results, and the Nu error obtained is about 2.6%. Within the given speed range, compared with experimental data of the straight vane brake disc, the total heat dissipation rate of the optimized brake disc is increased by 9%, the heat dissipation rate in the channel was increased by 5.6%, and the pumping capacity is increased by 12%.

Combined effects of using multiple porous cylinders and inclined magnetic field on the performance of hybrid nanoliquid forced convection

Effects of combined utilization of inclined magnetic field and multiple porous cylinders on the forced convection in a vented cavity are numerically assessed by using finite element method. Effects of Reynolds number (Re: 200–1000), magnetic field strength (Ha: 0–75), inclination of magnetic field (γ: 0–90), permeability of the porous cylinders (Da: 10−4−10−1) and size of the cylinders (R: 0.04 H–0.15 H) on the fluid flow convective heat transfer performance are studied. The presence of the cylinder and their permeability can be used for controlling the heat transfer. When cylinders at the highest permeability is used, there is 77% additional contribution to the overall thermal performance when lowest and highest Re cases are compared. There is significant contribution of the magnetic field on the suppression of the vortices in the cavity for the case with lower permeability of the cylinders. The magnetic field strength is more effective on the flow field and heat transfer as compared to its inclination. Up to 123% increment in the heat transfer is obtained at the highest strength of magnetic field for the highest permeability of the cylinders while it is only 12% when cylinders with the lowest permeability are used. When variation in the magnetic field inclination is considered, average heat transfer variation up to 19.8% is obtained for the multiple cylinders with the highest permeability. The size of the porous cylinders generally contributes positively to the overall thermal performance. Heat transfer enhancements up to 88% can be obtained by using highest cylinder size as compared to lowest size when the permeability is lowest while it is only 15% for the highest permeability case. The optimum set of parameters at Re = 200 is found as Ha, γ, Da) = (74.4, 1.3, 10−5) and at Re = 1000, it is (Ha, γ, Da) = (75, 0.35, 10−5). Significant variations in the average heat transfer is obtained when optimum case is compared with the parametric study case.

Nonlinear approximation for buoyancy-driven mixed convection heat and mass transfer flow over an inclined porous plate with Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and thermophoresis effects

This study considered a classical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) mixed convection heat and mass transfer flow over an inclined porous plate with thermophoresis, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The impact of nonlinear density variation with temperature and concentration (NDTC) in the buoyancy term is also taken into consideration. The mathematical model is first transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by similarity variables. The reduced ODEs are solved through the classical Runge–Kutta algorithm after utilizing the shooting technique. Some major findings of the analysis include; the heat transfer rate increases with the fluid injection but it decreases the rate of particle deposition and skin friction. Regarding the fluid suction, the heat transfer rate is observed to decrease as the fluid suction intensifies whereas increases the particle deposition and shear stress at the plate surface. As (a classical horizontal flat plate), the rate of heat transfer enhances but decreases the particle deposition rate and plate shear stress. With blowing/suction and in the presence of the magnetic parameter, the plate shear stress and heat transfer increase with nonlinear thermal radiation propagation whereas decreases the particle deposition. The species concentration near the porous plate, velocity, and temperature curves is enhanced by escalating the dissipation parameter. The radiative heat flux boosts the fluid temperature that consequently enhanced the velocity and the species concentration near the porous plate. The fluid velocity past the porous plate is higher in the case of a vertical plate () compared to the classical flow over a horizontal porous plate ().

Transient natural convective heat transfer and fluid flow in an undulated cavity: Effects of localized heat sources

AbstractThe purpose of this research work is to investigate two‐dimensional transient natural convective heat transfer and fluid flows in an undulated cavity by placing solid objects with isolated heated surfaces on the bottom wall. We discretize the coupled nonlinear transport equations using a higher‐order compact finite‐difference scheme. First, we test our scheme using existing experimental and numerical data. Then, we analyze the transient and steady‐state natural convective flow phenomena for distributed heat sources on corrugations on the lower wall for a range of the Rayleigh number and Prandtl number . These simulated outcomes are presented in the form of central‐line velocity , local and averaged Nusselt numbers, streamlines , dispersion of isotherms , and so forth. It is found that the transient fluid flow behavior is more magnificent than the steady‐state solutions and shows the dominant behavior of the prominent primary cells over secondary cells, where it influences the heat transfer rates inside the entire enclosure. In steady states, at high Rayleigh numbers; convection dominates, formation of thermal boundary layers, compression of isotherms, and stratification of isotherms are significantly observed. Our results show many interesting flow phenomena that have not been analyzed previously.

Heat transfer characteristics of near-pseudocritical nitrogen in vertical small tubes—a new empirical correlation

This experimental study aims to investigate the characteristics of supercritical nitrogen (N2) internal flow convective heat transfer. A series of heat transfer experiments were conducted with N2 flowing upwardly in a uniformly heated vertical circular bare stainless steel tube (4.57 mm ID) under pressures of 3.5 and 4 MPa that beyond its critical pressure (3.4 MPa), mass fluxes of 27.9, 38.1, 50.8 kg/m2-s, and heat fluxes of 8.1, 9.3, 11.2 kW/m2, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that supercritical N2 behaves similarly as other supercritical fluids such as water and CO2, both thermally and hydrodynamically, when transforming from subcritical to supercritical conditions in a heated vertical tube. In the vicinity of pseudo-critical point, the local convective heat transfer coefficient of N2 first elevated to a maximum peak value and then deteriorated as the fluid temperature becomes higher than pseudo-critical temperature. In general, the convective heat transfer coefficient increases with mass flux due to enhanced turbulence but decreased with pressure and heat flux, which can be attributed to the unique thermo-physical property variations of N2 near its pseudo-critical point. Furthermore, a new heat transfer correlation has been developed in this study exclusively for internal flow convective heat transfer of supercritical N2 flowing upwardly in a small circular bare tube based on the experimental results. It has been shown that the newly proposed heat transfer correlation can well predict, within ±15%, the corresponding heat transfer data of supercritical N2 while the heat transfer correlations in the literature constructed for other supercritical fluids (e.g. water and CO2) fail to do so. The new correlation inherits the basic form of Dittus-Boelter correlation, but takes extra considerations of fluid thermo-physical property differences between the heated tube wall and bulk fluid core and uses Eckert number to divide the whole heat transfer process into three regions around the pseudo-critical point. The results of this study also suggest that the research on internal flow convective heat transfer of supercritical N2 (e.g. continue to perfect the heat transfer correlation) should not stop and a more complete database covering a wider range of experimental conditions is needed to prepare the future blossom of supercritical N2 as one of the primary cryogenic heat transfer fluids.

Natural convection between hot and cold cylinders in enclosed space filled with copper-water nanofluid

The present contribution is a numerical investigation of the natural convection between two circular objects, where the first one is hot and the second is cold. Both cylinders are placed in an enclosed adiabatic cavity filled with copper-water nanofluid. The cylinders are arranged horizontally in the middle of cavity height. The main target of this paper it to examine the effects of geometrical configurations and the thermo-physical characteristics of nanofluid on the fluid motion and heat transfer rates. The study is conducted for various parameters: Rayleigh number (Ra = 103 to 105), nanoparticle volume fraction (φ = 0 to 10%), the diameter of cylinders (d/H = 0.2 to 0.4), and the gap spacing between cylinder (S/H = 0.25 to 0.7). Also, two cavity shapes are studied (square and circular). The average Nusselt number of the cylinders is computed and plotted as function of the studied parameters. It was concluded that the cavity shape and the particle volume fraction have a negligible effect on the heat transfer rate, whereas the distance between cylinders and the cylinder diameter have a remarkable effect on the flow patterns and convective heat transfer.

Hall Current and Soret Effects on Unsteady MHD Rotating Flow of Second-Grade Fluid through Porous Media under the Influences of Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reactions

The unsteady MHD free convection heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid passing through a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium in the presence of chemical reactions and thermal radiation is investigated. The effects of the Hall current, rotation and Soret are studied. Using the perturbation approach, one can obtain an accurate analytical solution to the governing equations for the fluid velocity, fluid temperature, and species concentration, provided that the initial and boundary conditions are acceptable. It is possible to obtain expressions for the shear stress, rate of heat transfer, and rate of mass transfer for both plates with the ramping temperature and isothermal conditions. On the one hand, the numerical values of the primary and secondary fluid velocities, fluid temperature, and species concentration are presented graphically. On the other hand, the numerical values of the shear stress and rate of mass transfer for the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of the relevant flow parameters. These values are given for a range of pertinent flow parameters. It was determined that an increase in the Hall and Soret parameters over the whole fluid area leads to a corresponding increase in the resulting velocity. The resultant velocity continually climbs to a high level due to the contributions of the thermal and solute buoyancy forces. Lowering the heat source parameter reduces the temperature distribution, resulting in a lower overall temperature. When there is a rise in the chemical reaction parameter over the whole fluid area, there is a corresponding decrease in the concentration. The concentration buoyancy force, Hall current, and Prandtl number reduce the skin friction. On the other hand, the permeability of the porous medium, rotation, chemical reaction, the Soret number, thermal buoyancy force, and mass diffusion all have the opposite effects on the skin friction.

Effect of the spacing on forced convection heat transfer for flow around a row of heated square cylinders

This work reports impact of spacing on forced convection heat transmission for flow around the row of heated square cylinders for s/d = 1.0 to 8.0 at Re = 80, Ri = 0, and Pr = 0.71. The thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) is used to perform numerical analysis. The focus is to explore heat transfer physics and to comprehend influence of spacing on transitions in heat transfer through signals of the Nusselt number. Synchronous, quasi-periodic, and chaotic heat transfer regimes have been documented here as a function of the spacing between cylinders. The contribution of modulation frequency to the cylinder Nusselt number signals and their power spectra are used to assess these heat transfer regimes. The distinguishing feature of a synchronous heat transfer regime (s/d = 6.0 to 8.0) is development of independent heat wakes behind cylinders with a single frequency in Nusselt number signal. In quasi-periodic heat transfer regimes, thermal blobs coalesce directly downstream of the cylinder at a short distance. In a chaotic heat transfer regime, due to small spacing between cylinders, thermal blobs merge immediately behind cylinders leading to chaotic heat transfer between the cylinders just like a jet. It is noticed that average cylinder Nusselt number recognized by all cylinders grows as spacing reduces. It is important to note that at 6.0 ≤ s/d ≤ 8.0 the transfer of heat is dominated by the presence of a single frequency in the Nusselt number signal while at 3.0 ≤ s/d ≤ 5.0 another frequency is called secondary frequency appears in the signal which dominates at low s/d = 1.0. The most important discovery from current numerical research is that heat transfer method is unsteady and periodic in nature. The unsteadiness in the heat transport process can be explained through transient variation of Nusselt number.

Numerical analysis of the longitudinal size of the partition on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow within a differentially heated porous enclosure

AbstractThe article deals with the effect of longitudinal size and shape partition embedded within a differentially heated porous enclosure. The objective is to curtail the heat transfer rate across such porous enclosures by means of partitions embedded within. The partition shapes under consideration are straight vertical left‐inclined, right‐inclined, L‐shaped, wavy, corrugated, and square‐wave. It is sought to find the most effective combination of partition length and shape that could serve the required objective. Also, many times, due to the constructional constraints of the porous enclosure or cavity, using full‐length partitions may not be feasible. In this regard, it is also sought to find the partition length that is to be maintained for achieving a significant reduction in heat transfer without much compromise. The results of the current study are useful for thermal design engineers particularly in the field of thermal insulation, solar heating application, and packed bed energy storage systems where the major challenge is to reduce the heat transfer across the system. The parameters under consideration are the longitudinal length L and Rayleigh number Ra. All the partitions under study are evaluated for bottom‐wall and top‐wall attached conditions. Some of the notable findings are that for smaller‐sized partitions (B < 0.5), L‐shaped partitions are most effective in controlling the convection heat transfer rate across the enclosure while for larger‐sized partitions (L > 0.5), square‐wave‐shaped partitions should be preferred for effective reduction in the rate of convection heat transfer.

MHD Free Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow from a Vertical Porous Surface with Variable Thermal Conductivity, Variable Mass Diffusivity and Thermal Diffusion Including Viscous Dissipation and Chemical Reaction

An analysis is carried out to study chemically reactive, viscous dissipative effects of an incompressible and electrically conducting fluid with MHD free convection adjacent to a vertical surface with variable thermal conductivity (VTD) and variable mass diffusivity (VMD). An approximate numerical solution for the steady laminar boundary layer flow over a wall of the surface in the presence of species concentration and thermal mass diffusion has been studied. Using numerical techniques the governing boundary layer equations are solved to get the exact solution. Numerical calculations are carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters. The results are exhibited through various graphs and it is observed from the analysis of the results that the velocity field is appreciably influenced by the magnetic effect, porous effect, chemical reaction and buoyancy ratio between the species and thermal diffusion at the wall of the surface.

Multi-objective optimization of 3D micro-fins using NSGA-II

Because of the great potential for optimization of micro-fin surfaces (< 0.5 mm tall) and the lack of any optimization work encompassing three-dimensional geometries on heat exchanger surfaces, this paper proposes a robust methodology to solve the multi-objective optimization problem with a numerical model and thereby determine the flow physics that characterize the optimal geometries. The micro-fin design variables are considered as micro-fin height, angle, thickness, pitch, length of discontinuity, and number of discontinuities per micro-fin pitch. To reduce computational time, a channel with two-sided periodic domains is presented. A parallelizable numerical model is developed based on Reynolds average Naiver-Stokes equations and a realistic k-ɛ model. The simulation procedure solves convective heat transfer and turbulent flow over micro-fins and solves heat transfer for solid conduction using a constant wall temperature condition to maintain robustness for geometries that do not yield unity fin efficiencies. This study provides a robust methodology to integrate the numerical model into a multi-objective optimization algorithm named non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II to generate the best trade-off solutions between enhancement of Nusselt number and Fanning friction factor of a micro-fin surface to a smooth surface at two Reynold numbers (Re) of 25,000 and 49,000. This study presents a unique intersection of the drag reduction approach and heat transfer enhancement by finding unique operating geometries. For example, a particular optimal design geometry at Re = 49,000 reduced drag by 8% but was also beneficial to heat transfer increasing by 21% compared to a smooth surface. The best micro-fin surface of this study at Re = 49,000 enhanced the efficiency index by 18% compared to the highest reported efficiency index for micro-fin tubes.

Numerical Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Past a Three Square Cylinders Controlled by a Partition in Channel

This document presents a research article on the control of fluid flow around three heated square cylinders placed side by side in a 2D horizontal channel using a flat plate. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of the position, length and height of a flat plate on fluid flow and heat transfer. For this purpose, numerical simulations are performed by using the Boltzmann double relaxation time multiple network method (DMRT-LBM). The MRT-D2Q9 and MRT-D2Q5 models are used to treat the flow and temperature fields respectively. In contrast to several existing investigations in the literature in this domain which study the passive control of the flow using a horizontal or vertical plate around a single cylinder, this work presents a numerical study on the effect of the position, length and height of a flat plate (horizontal and vertical) on three heated square cylinders on the flow and temperature fields. First, the effect of the position and length of the horizontal flat plate is examined. This study shows that the implementation of a flat plate of length Lp = 4D at a position g=3 behind the central cylinder reduces the amplitude of the Von Karman Street and allows large and regular heat exchange. Thus, in the second part, the effect of the position and height of the vertical flat plate is studied. The results obtained show that the implementation of a flat plate of height h=2D at a position g=3 behind the central cylinder improves the thermal exchange between the incoming fluid and the heated cylinders. This numerical work could lead to the prediction of the cooling of the electronic components: The cooling of the obstacles is all the better when the control plate is arranged at g = 3 and its height h = 2D in the case of the vertical plate or its length Lp equal to 4D in the case where the plate is implemented horizontally

Hall, Soret, and rotational effects on unsteady MHD rotating flow of a second-grade fluid through a porous medium in the presence of chemical reaction and aligned magnetic field

The effects of Hall current, rotation and Soret effects on an unsteady MHD free convection heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past an inclined plate embedded in a porous medium in the presence of chemical reaction and an aligned magnetic field are investigated. An exact analytical solution of the governing equations for fluid velocity, fluid temperature, and species concentration subject to appropriate initial and boundary conditions is obtained using the perturbation technique. Expressions for shear stress, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer at the plate are derived for both ramped temperature and isothermal plates. The numerical values of primary and secondary fluid velocities, fluid temperature and species concentration are displayed graphically, whereas those of shear stress and rate of mass transfer at the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of pertinent flow parameters. It is concluded that, the resultant velocity is increased with an increasing in Hall and Soret parameters throughout fluid region. The thermal and solutal buoyancy forces contribute to the resultant velocity ever-increasing to high. The temperature distribution is trim downs through an increasing in heat source parameter. The concentration is reduced with an increase in the chemical reaction parameter in the entire fluid region. Concentration buoyancy force, hall current, and Prandtl number have tendency to reduce in skin friction whereas permeability of the porous medium, Rotation, chemical reaction, Soret number, thermal buoyancy force and mass diffusion have reverse effect on it.

Numerical Study of the Flow and Thermomagnetic Convection Heat Transfer of a Power Law Non-Newtonian Ferrofluid within a Circular Cavity with a Permanent Magnet

The aim of this study is to analyze the thermo-magnetic-gravitational convection of a non-Newtonian power law ferrofluid within a circular cavity. The ferrofluid is exposed to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The finite element method is employed to solve the non-dimensional controlling equations. A grid sensitivity analysis and the validation of the used method are conducted. The effect of alterable parameters, including the power law index, 0.7 ≤ n ≤ 1.3, gravitational Rayleigh number, 104 ≤ RaT ≤ 106, magnetic Rayleigh number, 105 ≤ RaM ≤ 108, the location of the hot and cold surfaces, 0 ≤ λ ≤ π/2, and the length of the magnet normalized with respect to the diameter of the cavity, 0.1 ≤ L ≤ 0.65, on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are explored. The results show that the heat transfer rate increases at the end of both arcs compared to the central region because of buoyancy effects, and it is greater close to the hot arc. The location of the arcs does not affect the heat transfer rate considerably. An increase in the magnetic Rayleigh number contributes to stronger circulation of the flow inside and higher heat transfer. When the Kelvin force is the only one imposed on the flow, it enhances the heat transfer for magnets of length 0.2 ≤ L ≤ 0.3.

Heat transfer of power-law fluids with slip-dependent zeta potential

In this work, the influence of slip-dependent (S.D.) zeta potential on the heat transfer characteristics for power-law fluids is analyzed with consideration of overlapping electric double layer (EDL) and high zeta potential. Based on the non-linear electric potential distribution, the flow velocity, fluid temperature and convective heat transfer are discussed numerically. Results reveal that the shear-thinning fluids are more susceptible to the S.D. zeta potential as compared to Newtonian and shear-thickening fluids. The fluid temperature can be reduced obviously for shear-thinning fluids when the S.D. zeta potential is considered. However, the S.D. zeta potential has little impact on the temperature of shear-thickening fluids even for a large pressure gradient value. In addition, the convective thermal transfer is enhanced by the power-law behavior index and overlapping EDL. The present study aims to regulate the fluid temperature and enhance the convective thermal transfer by selecting appropriate salt concentration and power-law behavior index.

Casson nanofluid performance on MHD convective flow past a semi‐infinite inclined permeable moving plate in presence of heat and mass transfer

AbstractThis article investigates the radiation and chemical reaction effects on the free convection heat and mass transfer flow of Casson nanofluids (Cu and TiO2) over an inclined porous vertical plate embedded in a porous medium in the presence of radiation absorption and constant heat source under fluctuating boundary conditions. The plate is moved with a constant velocity of U0, and temperature and the concentration are assumed to be fluctuating with time harmonically from a constant mean at the plate. The perturbation technique is applied to solve the governing equations of the flow and pointed out the variations in velocity, temperature, and concentration with the use of graphical presentations. The impact of several parameters on local skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number is also noticed and discussed. It is concluded that the resultant velocity reduces with increasing Casson parameter and suction parameter, velocity, and temperature enhanced with increasing radiation absorption and diffusion thermo parameters. Also, it is noticed that the solutal boundary layer thickness decreases with an increase in chemical reaction parameters. It is because chemical molecular diffusivity reduces for higher values of Kr.

Investigations of nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a rotating microchannel using single- and two-phase approaches

The impacts of single- (SPM) and two-phase models (TPMs), including Euler-Lagrange (ELM) and Eulerian-Eulerian models (EEM), on a laminar forced convection heat transfer and fluid flow of the nanofluid are evaluated in a rotating U-shape microchannel with a square cross-section and constant wall temperature. The effects of Reynolds numbers, rotational speed, volume fraction, Brownian motion, and implementation of no-slip and slip conditions are investigated. The slip velocity and heat transfer increase by increasing the volume fraction and rotational speed. The EEM and ELM provide a higher total Nusselt number than the SPM. The maximum heat transfer augmentations of 53.3%, 45.7%, and 41% are achieved for the EEM, ELM, and SPM by increasing the rotational speed from zero to 600 at ϕ = 5%. The predictions of pressure drop by TPMs are essentially the same but considerably lower than SPM. Unlike the ELM, the nanoparticle concentrations of EEM and SPM are uniform.

Numerical predictions of laminar flow and free convection heat transfer from an isothermal vertical flat plate

Numerical predictions of laminar flow and free convection heat transfer from an isothermal vertical flat plate

MHD natural convection in a corrugated enclosure with discrete isothermal heating

AbstractIn this study, we numerically examine the unsteady two‐dimensional natural convective heat transfer flow problem in a corrugated enclosure containing an electrically conducting fluid whose top wall is nonuniformly heated. The vertical sidewalls of the corrugated enclosure are kept isothermally cold, while square‐shaped undulations at the bottom wall are discretely heated. Five different cases are considered depending upon the location of the heat sources. A higher‐order compact scheme is used to discretize the governing equations, and an advanced iterative solver, like the hybrid biconjugate gradient stabilized method, is used to solve the system of algebraic equations generated by the numerical discretization. We first validate our results with existing experimental and numerically computed results for the case of a square cavity with and without a heat source. Then, the computed results are analyzed over a range of key parameters, like Rayleigh number (), Hartmann number (), and Prandtl number (), to study the effect of these parameters on the characteristics of heat transfer and the flow field in the corrugated enclosure. Computed results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, local and averaged Nusselt number plots, and so forth. It is found that, with the increase in the heat sources, the convection rate becomes stronger in the core region of the corrugated enclosure at higher Rayleigh numbers. Variations in the Hartmann and Prandtl numbers also have significant effects on the temperature distribution and flow field. Our simulated results show various flow features that have not been studied before.