Flora Of Turkey Research Articles

How to benefit from the food waste in the era of global warming

Global warming increases the food waste; in return, the food waste causes further increase in global warming. Finding a secondary use for the food waste in the kitchen or burning it for recovering energy are among the remedies recommended. Thermodynamic analyses showed that 1 t of fast food restaurant waste (FFRW), after pressing its water out and pre-drying, would be capable of producing approximately 3.5 GW electricity. Finding a way for the secondary use in the kitchen for the entire waste of 18 fruits or vegetables in Turkey may recover 7.2 GJ y-1 of energy. This would be equivalent to that of electric power production with the FFRW in Rankine with regeneration cycle in less than three seconds. Analyses indicated that electric power generation from the FFRW in a Rankine cycle would be feasible and reduce its global warming potential, but trying to find a secondary use for the kitchen waste is not.

Benthic Diatom Composition of Iztuzu Coastal Lake, Dalyan (Aegean Sea, Turkey)

<div><!--block-->Coastal lakes are shallow lakes that have variable characteristics through fluctuations and marine winds. In this study, benthic diatom composition in the coastal lake of Iztuzu, Dalyan of Muğla was investigated from the material collected in 2011 and 2015. Little research has been done on coastal lakes and lagoon diatom flora in Turkey; this study contributes a total of 49 taxa identified to species level and 9 of the taxa for the first time recorded for diatom flora of Turkey. The most abundant taxa were; Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg, Diploneis bombus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, Mastogloia sp. and Chamaepinnularia alexandrowiczii Witkowski, Lange-Bertalot and Metzeltin. The results reveal a habitat-specific flora for Iztuzu Lake and give an aspect of understanding the marine-brackish distribution of diatoms in coastal lakes and lagoons. The results extend the knowledge of marine and brackish diatoms in Turkey and could provide data for similar lagoon and lakes which are under protection.</div>

Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey IX

Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement flora of Turkey IX

New Floristic Records for C2 Square in the Flora of Turkey

Araştırma alanları Türkiye’nin güneybatısında Muğla ili sınırları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Bitki türleri Liquidambar orientalis ormanları, Bencik dağı ve Bozburun Yarımadası’ndan 2010-2015 yılları arasında toplanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye florasında C2 karesine ait 21 bitki takson yeni kayıt olarak verilmektedir. Belirlenen bitki taksonlarından, %38’i Akdeniz elementi, %9’u Avrupa-Sibirya elementi ve %10’u İran-Turan elementidir. Ayrıca, taksonların %43’inin ya geniş yayılışlı ya da fitocoğrafik bölgesi bilinmemektedir.

STUDY ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Centaurea karduchorum Boiss. SPECIES FROM ENDEMIC PLANTS OF EASTERN ANATOLIA/TURKEY

ABSTRACT: Centaurea karduchorum Boiss. belonged to the Asteraceae ( Compositae ) which is represented by 1100 genera and about 25000 species in the world. It has a total 1209 species in the flora of Turkey. In terms of the number of species, Asteracea family is the richest family in our country. The genetic origin of Centaurea genus is turkey which this genus is quite common. This plant used as digestion, diuretic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Centaurea karduchorum Boiss species spread naturally in the Van lake in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and is a perennial endemic species. The leaves are consumed as herbal tea by the local people for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, the nutritional values and mineral compositions of Centaurea karduchorum Boiss which grown as wild plants in the Van region of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey were examined. The chemical characters estimated included as N, Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co as well as total ash, crude protein, crude fiber and pH. A a result of the research, ash content, nitrogen content, crude protein content, pH and crude fiber were obtained as 5.93 %, 1.75 %, 10.93 %, 6.66 and 32.58 %, respectively. Also, the detected some chemical components values were as follows: Potassium content 5.57 g/ phosphorus 1.18 g/kg, magnesium 5.71 g/kg, sulphur 1.12 g/kg, manganese 79.56 mg/kg, zinc 15.18 mg/kg and iron 583.56 mg/kg.

Cardamine occulta Hornem. – a new alien small flowered bittercress (Cardamine L., Brassicaceae) of the Belarusian flora

Brief revision of small flowered bittercresses (Cardamine L., Brassicaceae) in Belarusian flora is carried out. Distribution maps of all species from this group in Belarus (Cardamine parviflora L., C. hirsuta L., C. flexuosa With., C. impatiens L.) based from the herbarium material are presented. Alien East Asian weedy species C. occulta Hornem. (Brassicaceae) is mentioned for the flora of Turkey (Side village) and Belarus for the first time. The species was collected in Belarus in 2010 in Minsk city and on the territory of the Berezinsky biosphere reserve. Previously, C. occulta was often wrongly identified as C. hirsuta. The main diagnostic features of C. occulta and its differences from morphologically similar species of small flowered bittercresses are noted. Further expansion of C. occulta and C. hirsuta as a weeds with the container ornamental plants is very likely in future all over the territory of Belarus.

New and remarkable bryophyte records from Turkey and South-West Asia

Blindiadelphus campylopodus, Sphagnum quinquefarium, Gymnomitrion obtusum and Anastrophyllum minutum are reported as new for Turkey and Southwest Asia, following a recent bryological excursion to the Sis Mountain of Turkey. Also, genera Blindiadelphus and Anastrophyllum are given as new record for bryophyte flora of Turkey. Brief descriptions, illustrations, geographic distribution, ecology and comparisons with morphologically similar species are presented.

Influence of seed pre-treatments on seed germination and early seedling developments of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

The Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is among one of the oldest cultivated and utilized species in the fruit domestication history of China (7000 years). The Chinese jujube is still an underutilized fruit grown in the natural flora of Turkey. Until recently, the Chinese jujube was propagated primarily by root suckers, but more farmers in China now are carrying out grafting or budding onto seedling rootstocks to maintain the benefits of elite cultivars. Even if jujube seeds are viable, they are not able to germinate readily due to its hard and thick woody endocarp seed coat and dormancy. Thus, best conditions for seed germination that will yield in viable and well-developed seedling should be determined. This study was conducted to do so. In this research, the effects of various pre-treatments on jujube seeds native to the Mediterranean region of Turkey were studied to find out the best treatment for seed germination and early seedling development by means of plant heights, numbers of developed leaves, stem diameter and chlorophyll index values. Seeds, prior to sowing, were treated as follows: 1) control (C); 2) water treatment for 24 h (W+24 h); 3) hot water at 45°C for 1/2 h (HW+1/2 h); 4) acid treatment (A) for 30 min (1/2 h) then in water for 24 h (H2SO4+24 h W) (A); 5) scarification (S); 6) dehulled seeds (D); 7) dehulled damage membrane (DD). Pre-treated seeds were seeded in 70% peat + 15% perlite + 15% vermiculite (v:v:v) media that were kept in an acclimatization room at 70-75% relative humidity and 25°C temperature. Results indicated that the highest germination rate was obtained by treatment D (dehulled seeds; 63.33%) and followed by treatment S (scarification; 50.00%). The lowest germination was obtained from C (control; 3.33%). The other measurements on plant heights, numbers of developed leaves, stem diameter and chlorophyll index values were also found to be correspondingly higher in treatments D and S.

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. (ASTERACEAE)

Cardopatium Juss. is a genus of the Asteraceae family and this genus include only one species called Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. There are no studies on the anatomical features of the Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. The purpose of this research was describe the anatomy and morphology of Cardopatium corymbosum. The plant materials used in the study were collected from the provinces of Alaşehir (Manisa), Nazilli (Aydın), Ilgın (Konya), Çeşme, Bergama, Güzelbahçe, Urla, Karaburun (İzmir) and Milas (Muğla) between 2016-2017. As a result of morphological research, it was determined that there are differences between Flora of Turkey and our study data. The best plant measurements were obtained from the locality of Alaşehir. Samples of root, stem and leaves of this species were collected, fixed and used appropriate dyeing methods. In addition, anatomical measurements of species were calculated. The anatomical investigations are similar to the members of Asteraceae family. This species is glabrous perennial herb. Florets are blue and hermaphrodite. Leaf of Cardopatium corymbosum is equifacial. Stomata are in abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Vascular bundles are collateral type.

Türkiye’nin Sarıkamış (Kars) Bölgesinde Doğal Olarak Yetişen Çobanüzümlerinin (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Bazı Meyve Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

This study was carried out to evaluate some physical and chemical properties of wild bilberry fruits collected from Sarıkamış forest of Kars province in Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. For this purpose, berry width, berry length, berry weight, pH, titratable acidity content (TAC), soluble solid content (SSC), taste, aroma, L*, a*, and b* color values were measured based on 4 replications of 20 fruit samples each from 20 plant genotypes. The results were interpreted on average values. Average values for width, length, weight, pH, TAC, SSC, taste, aroma and L*, a*, b* color values of berries were found as: 9.12 mm, 8.02 mm, 5.08 g, 2.22, 2.70%, 7.41%, 2.95, 3.00, 14.88, 1.72 and 0.06, respectively. Range values for the corresponding characteristics were determined as: 7.55 to 10.37 mm, 6.95 to 9.80 mm, 3.00 to 7.00 g, 2.04 to 2.60 %, 2.40 to 3.00 %, 6.00 to 8.50, 2.00 to 4.00, 13.24 to 16.30, 1.004 to 3.04 and -1.98 to 3.87, respectively (There is no aroma interval between these values). The current research is a preliminary evaluation for some physical and chemical characteristics of wild bilberries native to Sarıkamış district. Consequently, more detailed studies should be conducted on further physical and chemical characteristics of bilberries for breeding purposes and to gain baseline knowledge on the flora of Turkey.

GC-MS analysis of apolar extract of Astragalus sibthorpianus

Astragalus species are widely distributed in Turkey. There are 445 species in the Flora of Turkey. Plenty of species of Astragalus are used in traditional medicine in many countries such as European Countries, Turkey, China, India etc. They are used for treatment of diabetes, nephritis, leukaemia, and uterine cancer. In addition, they are used as an antiperspirant, diuretic, and tonic drug. Astragalus sibthorpianus is endemic to Uludag mountain in Turkey. In this study for the first time, the chemical composition of n-hexane extract of plant material was investigated using GC-MS. The whole plant material was dried and powdered and macerated with MeOH at room temperature. The concentrated MeOH layer was extracted with n-hexane for the apolar constituents. The crude n-hexane extract was derivatized and identification of each component was exhibited by Wiley library data search.

The genus Matricaria L. (Asteraceae) in Turkey

Abstract In this study, a report on the genus Matricaria in Turkey is provided based on floristic studies. Previously recorded taxa are compared with new ones from our collections. Four taxa of Matricaria in Turkish flora are recognized: M. aurea, M. chamomilla var. chamomilla, M. chamomilla var. recutita and M. matricarioides. On the other hand, M. chamomilla var. coronata is an erroneous record for the flora of Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characters together with data on phenology, habitat and distribution as well as dichotomous keys for Matricaria taxa are presented. Proportions of various phytogeographical elements of Matricaria taxa in Turkey are provided.

Properties of the soils of Bellevalia (Bellevalia spp.) species naturel grown in flora of Turkey

Bu çalışma Türkiye florasında bulunan kır sümbülü cinsine ait farklı türlerin yetiştiği toprakların bazı özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 2010-2014 yılları arasında 19 ayrı ilden 41 adet toprak örneği alınarak materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Alınan örneklerde bünye, pH, tuzluluk, kireç, organik madde, alınabilir fosfor, değişebilir potasyum, kalsiyum ve magnezyum, alınabilir demir, mangan, çinko ve bakır analizleri yapılarak sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; toprak örneklerinin tamamı tuzsuz ya da hafif tuzlu topraklardan oluşmuştur. Bünye açısından yapılan değerlendirmede bitkilerin tın bünyeli toprakları tercih ettiği görülmüştür. İncelenen alanlarda toprakların çoğunlukla hafif alkalin karakterde oldukları saptanmıştır. Toprak örneklerinde CaCO3 miktarı genelde orta ve düşük seviyelerde bulunmasına karşın kirecin çok yüksek olduğu topraklara da rastlanmıştır. Toprak örneklerinin büyük oranda yüksek ya da çok yüksek organik madde içeriğine sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Toprakların alınabilir fosfor içerikleri 1-82 mg kg-1 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Değişebilir potasyum, kalsiyum ve magnezyum içerikleri ortalama olarak sırasıyla 1.00, 38.65 ve 3.80 me 100 g-1 olarak bulunmuş olup tamamına yakını orta ya da yüksek düzeylerdedir. Mikro elementler açısından bakır ve manganın tüm topraklarda yeterli olduğu görülürken çinkonun %39, demirin ise %22 oranında eksikliği söz konusudur.

Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant activities of the fruit extracts of several Crataegus taxa

ABSTRACT This study was designed to comparatively evaluate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potentials of fruit extracts from five Crataegus taxa (C. monogyna, C. orientalis, C. pontica, C. rhipidophylla and C. turcicus) growing wild in the flora of Turkey. Antioxidant activities of the samples were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, CUPRAC and total antioxidant capacity tests. Total phenol, phenolic acid, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents were measured spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the presence of some phenolic compounds in the extracts was investigated by LC–MS/MS. Furthermore, the extracts used for the antioxidant activity studies were standardized for chlorogenic acid and hyperoside by HPTLC densitometry. Among the tested extracts, C. turcicus contained the highest phenolic (398.48 ± 0.98 GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid contents (23.87 ± 2.74 QE/g extract) content while C. monogyna contained by far the highest total proanthocyanidin (175.65 ± 10.59 EGCG-E/g extract), hyperoside (0.42%) and chlorogenic acid (0.90%) contents. Crataegus monogyna exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in FRAP, CUPRAC, and TOAC tests. Good correlation was found between the phenolic content and antioxidant parameters. This is the first report related with comparison of these five species in respect to phenolic profile and antioxidant activity.

Ergene Nehri (Trakya, Türkiye) Alglerinden Bacillariophyta Üyelerinin Sistematik Kompozisyonu

Türkiye çok sayıdaki akarsu ve gölleri, jeolojik ve topografik özellikleri ve farklı coğrafik bölgelerin kesişme noktasında olması nedeniyle bitki çeşitliliği yönünden dünyanın en zengin ülkeleri arasında yer almaktadır. Doğada besin zincirinin ilk halkasını oluşturan fitoplanktonik organizmaların ülkemiz iç sularında yayılış gösteren türlerinin belirlenmesi ve mevsimsel değişimlerinin incelenmesi yönünde yapılmış çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte iç suların büyük bir alana sahip olduğu Türkiye‘de, suların içme ve kullanımına yönelik önemli belirteçlerinden olan fitoplankton kompozisyonu belirlenmemiş, biyoçeşitliliği ortaya çıkartılıp kayıt altına alınmamış çok sayıda su kaynağı bulunmaktadır.&#x0D; &#x0D; Ergene Nehri tatlısu yönünden zengin havzalarımızdan biridir ve bu alanda alg kompozisyonu ile ilgili yapılmış kapsamlı bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu amaçla Ergene Nehri‘ni besleyen yan ve ana kollarda (çay, dere, ırmak, nehir) dağılım gösteren Bacillariophyta üyesi mikroalglerin, mevsimsel olarak toplanıp teşhisleri ve sistematik pozisyonları saptanmış ve fotoğraflamaları yapılmıştır.&#x0D; &#x0D; Çalışmanın sonucunda, Ergene Nehri ve nehri besleyen havzadaki akarsularda yayılış gösteren Bacillariophyta bölümüne ait Coscinodiscophyceae (4) ve Bacillariophyceae (110) olarak farklı sınıflara ait toplam 114 takson tespit edilmiştir.&#x0D; &#x0D; Tespit edilen taksonların, mevsimsel ve örnekleme noktaları yönüyle nasıl dağılım gösterdiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Türkiye tatlısu alg florası açısından tespit edilen taksonların tamamı bölge için, 22 tanesi Türkiye için yeni kayıt olma özelliği taşımaktadır.

Notes on the taxonomical, morphological and mucilage features of Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. and Capsella rubella Reuter taxa (Brassicaceae)

In this study, examinations on the taxonomical, morphological and mucilage characters of the Capsella bursa-pastoris and Capsella rubella taxa growing in Turkey were performed. The properties were acquired at the flowering and fruiting periods of inhabitants. The samplings were made of 13 locations. In morphological revisions, descriptions reported in Flora of Turkey of the studied taxa were reviewed in view of the comprehensive assessments over 200 samples. In addition, surfaces of the seeds were studied micromorphologically with scanning electron microscope. Also, seed mucilage structures were examined in detail. The mucilage in the studied taxa was in the pectin or cellulose structure. The columellae figures were prominent or flattened. Furthermore, soil adhesion capacities of the examined taxa varied between 248 mg and 344 mg. The occurrence of the mucilage in seeds may provide an important adaptive feature in dispersal and colonization of Capsella taxa.

Traditional Uses of Some Wild Plants in Kale and Acıpayam Provinces in Denizli

Aim of study: With this study, it was aimed to determine some wild plants in the traditional uses in daily lives by local people for healing, treatment, food, spices, equipment, etc. purposes.Area of study: The study area was Kale and Acıpayam provinces in Denizli between April and October 2016.Material and Methods: Plant materials were provided from villagers and county of Kale and Acıpayam districts. In the identification of plants, "Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands" and "List of Turkish Plants" were used. To determine this, totally 60 people were interviewed face to face. The Informants' Consensus Factor (FIC) and Use Value (UV) formulas were used to analyze the data.Main results: As a result of the surveys conducted with 60 people, 48 plant taxa belonging to 29 families have been identified. It has been determined that the plants with traditional use in the region are mostly used for the treatment of stomach disorders, respiratory diseases and pain relief. The most used parts of the plants have been leaves. The highest UV is Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris L. (0.65), and the lowest UV is Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.. (0.05). The highest FIC value (0.86) is cold and flu.Research highlights: Although Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman has been found to be used for different diseases in the literature, its use as a vasodilator drug was first determined by this study.

Bayburt Florasına Katkılar: Cichorieae (Asteraceae)

Cichorieae Lam. &amp; DC., Asteraceae familyasının oymaklarından biridir. Bu oymak tamamen dilsi çiçeklerden oluşan homogam başcık çiçekli ve lateksli üyeleriyle ile karakterize olur. Bu oymak ekonomik öneme sahip Lactuca L. (Marul), Scorzonera L. (Tekesakalı) ve Tragopogon L. (Yemlik) cinslerini içine alır. Bu oymağın üyeleri aynı zamanda halk ilacı olarak da kullanılır. Bayburt Soğanlı, Otlukbeli, Mescit ve Giresun Dağları arasında yer almaktadır. Fitocoğrafik olarak İran-Turan floristik bölgesinin ağaçsız step bölgesine dahildir ve Anadolu Çatalı‘nın kuzey ucunda yer almaktadır. Bu fitocoğrafik özelliklerinden dolayı Bayburt zengin bir bitki çeşitliliğine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bayburt‘un bitki çeşitliliğine katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler 2010-2017 dönemlerinde Cicerbita Wallr., Lactuca, Scorzonera, Tragopogon ve Prenanthes L. cinsleri üzerine olan farklı projeler kapsamında toplanmış ve Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (KTUB) ile Rize Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü Herbaryumu (RUB)‘nda muhafaza edilmektedir. QGIS paket programı kullanılarak toplanan bitki örneklerinin koordinatları Bayburt haritası üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands adlı eserde Bayburt için 4 Lactuca ve 7 Scorzonera, kaydı rapor edilmiştir fakat Tragopogon kaydı yer almamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada Bayburt ili için 24 (5 Lactuca, 14 Scorzonera ve 5 Tragopogon) takson rapor edilmiştir ve bunların 6‘sı Türkiye endemiğidir. Sonuç olarak 13 takson Bayburt için ilk kez bu çalışmada rapor edilmiştir.

Use Opportunities of Some Natural Herbaceous Plants of Cankiri Province in Landscape Applications

In landscape arrangements, selection of plant species which have high value as ecological, aesthetic, functional and economically is important. That is one of the main subjects that increase the quality of natural and cultural landscape. Preference of natural herbs which growth in local region and adapted to environmental conditions contributes both rural-urban connectivity and urban biodiversity. It also reduces the pressure of urban structures on natural habitats. According to Flora of Turkey, 358 taxa has been recorded in Cankiri province. The aim of this study is to determine the landscape characteristics and use opportunities of the herbaceous species in Cankiri flora, in addition to this, to protect sensitive species that are high ecological value in the region. Besides, it promotes the production of natural plants as ornamental. As a result, 22 natural herb have been considered suitable for landscape applications. Keywords : Cankiri, herbaceous plant, natural landscape, landscape usage DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/5-3-16

Endemism in Istanbul Plants

DOI : 10.26650/EuroJBiol.2018.397348 Objective : Istanbul has exceptional plant diversity with 2500 species, (many of) which are under threat due to rapid urbanization. The aim of this study is to update the endemic plants lists of Istanbul to show how many of these endemic plants are only found in Istanbul, which might be helpful in preparing development plans. Materials and Methods : A list of Istanbul’s endemic plants is created according to “Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands” and related articles, books, herbarium records. Results : Ten of the 60 endemic plant species of Turkey’s flora are endemic only to Istanbul. Half of the remaining species are endemic to Istanbul and its surrounding areas (neighboring cities) and the other half have other distribution areas throughout Anatolia. Conclusion : Not only the ten species endemic only to Istanbul, but also the other 50 species found in the area, should be conserved because of their high biological value stemming from their limited distributions.