Flood Evacuation Research Articles

应急避洪研究综述

应急避洪研究综述

The study of the application of crystalline silicone solar cell type for a temporary flood camp

During flood period, most of temporary evacuation shelters in Jakarta are lack in electricity because the local electricity company turned the electricity off to avoid any electrical problem because of the high water level over the flooded area. Whereas, the local electricity or the grid is the main energy source for the lighting and water pump machine, therefore the energy source becomes a significant issue during this period. Currently, the local government has already provided diesel generators to substitute the local grid when it is off, however, the amount of the generators is still limited. This study, therefore, investigated an alternative energy for the electricity, particularly solar energy and this paper presents an analysis of the Jakarta duration of sunshine during rainy seasons in order to investigate which Crystalline Silicone solar cell type that can be implemented optimally for energy supply in the period of flood evacuation as well as for the shelter. A deep analysis on literature review was conducted on the three types of Crystalline Silicone solar cell, Jakarta local weather. Furthermore, the standard of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was also studied for the shelter design. The results of this study could be used as a reference for the local authority in providing the substitute energy supply in the temporary evacuation area during flood period in which the solar energy source could be also attached on the shelter.

Flood Disaster Water Supply: A Review of Issues and Challenges in Malaysia

Potable water is essential for the survival of flood victims in flood evacuation centers. This paper review water supply issues during flood events. Several water supply issues experienced by flood victims were identified such as contaminated water resource, scarcity of safe drinking water, flood-related disease outbreak and disruption of water treatment facilities. This paper also discusses on the challenges to overcome the water supply problems during flood such as lack of access to potable water, unable to treat water properly, accessibility of potable water, speedy restoration process of water supply and accessibility of health services. Hence, the management of water supply during the flood should be done efficiently and systematically to ensure sufficient and safe water supply for flood victims. In this effort, roles and cooperation’s of various agencies are very important in ensuring the affected flood victims obtain clean and continuous water supply despite flooding.

Exploring the Role of Social Media and Individual Behaviors in Flood Evacuation Processes: An Agent‐Based Modeling Approach

AbstractFlood warnings from various information sources are important for individuals to make evacuation decisions during a flood event. In this study, we develop a general opinion dynamics model to simulate how individuals update their flood hazard awareness when exposed to multiple information sources, including global broadcast, social media, and observations of neighbors' actions. The opinion dynamics model is coupled with a traffic model to simulate the evacuation processes of a residential community with a given transportation network. Through various scenarios, we investigate how social media affect the opinion dynamics and evacuation processes. We find that stronger social media can make evacuation processes more sensitive to the change of global broadcast and neighbor observations, and thus, impose larger uncertainty on evacuation rates (i.e., a large range of evacuation rates corresponding to sources of information). For instance, evacuation rates are lower when social media become more influential and individuals have less trust in global broadcast. Stubborn individuals can significantly affect the opinion dynamics and reduce evacuation rates. In addition, evacuation rates respond to the percentage of stubborn agents in a nonlinear manner, i.e., above a threshold, the impact of stubborn agents will be intensified by stronger social media. These results highlight the role of social media in flood evacuation processes and the need to monitor social media so that misinformation can be corrected in a timely manner. The joint impacts of social media, quality of flood warnings, and transportation capacity on evacuation rates are also discussed.

Utilising volunteered geographic information to assess resident's flood evacuation shelters. Case study: Jakarta

Research on disaster response frequently uses volunteered geographic information (VGI), due to its capability to provide near real-time information during and after a disaster. It is much less commonly used in spatial planning related to disaster management. However, VGI appears to have considerable potential for use in spatial planning and offers some advantages over traditional methods. For example, VGI can capture residents' preferences in a much faster, more timely, and more comprehensive fashion than is possible with, for example, questionnaires and surveys. This research investigates the usefulness of VGI for planning flood evacuation shelters. Using Jakarta, Indonesia, as a case study, we use VGI to capture the locations of flood evacuation shelters based on residents' preferences during flood periods in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 and compare these with the locations of official shelters. Floods frequently affect Jakarta and the city administration uses VGI in flood emergency responses. Moreover, Jakarta has been identified as having the largest number of active Twitter users among cities worldwide. Thus, Jakarta is an appropriate place to study the use of VGI for planning evacuation shelters. VGI generated by Twitter users was used to identify the shelter locations preferred by Jakarta residents, and more precisely the flood evacuees. Of 171,046 tweets using keywords relating to flood evacuation, the content of 306 tweets indicated that they had been sent from inside or near evacuation shelters. The spatial pattern showed that those tweets were sent from 215 locations, mostly located near flooded areas. The analysis further showed that 35.6% of these shelter locations preferred by residents intersected with the locations of official evacuation shelters. As a general conclusion, our study demonstrates the advantages of using VGI for spatial planning, which mainly relates to the ease of capturing community preferences over a large area.

Application of GIS and RS for Flood Evacuation Planning: Olpad Taluka (Surat) Case Study

Application of GIS and RS for Flood Evacuation Planning: Olpad Taluka (Surat) Case Study

3D Simulation for Flood Evacuation

3D Simulation for Flood Evacuation

Vehicle Routing for Flood Evacuation by Considering Different Types of Victims

Vehicle Routing for Flood Evacuation by Considering Different Types of Victims

A Chaotic Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm for Optimizing Emergency Flood Evacuation Routing

One of the key issues in any major flood disaster relates to the evacuation of victims. Given human lives is at stake, the evacuation process involving flood disaster needs to be undertaken in timely and efficient manner. An evacuation routing plan should be optimally constructed considering the current resources and constraints available at that particular moment. Addressing this issue, this paper proposes the adoption and enhancement of the meta-heuristic algorithm, called Teaching Learning based Optimization (TLBO), to optimize the flood evacuation routing. Unlike competing work, the proposed work dwells on TLBO as parameter free algorithm (i.e. free from tuning). In this manner, the results reflect the actual algorithm’s optimal performance without the necessity of painstakingly difficult tuning process that potentially leads to false optimum solution. The novelty of our work is the fact that we enhance TLBO with elitism and chaotic behavior ensuring its effectiveness for global exploration and local exploitation. Our benchmarks of our enhanced TLBO against original TLBO and Hill Climbing Algorithm for flood routing optimization have shown promising results.

A Study of Flood Evacuation Center Using GIS and Remote Sensing Technique

This research demonstrated the use of Remote Sensing technique and GIS to determine the suitability of an evacuation center. This study was conducted in Batu Pahat areas that always hit by a series of flood. The data of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was obtained by ASTER database that has been used to delineate extract contour line and elevation. Landsat 8 image was used for classification purposes such as land use map. Remote Sensing incorporate with GIS techniques was used to determined the suitability location of the evacuation center from contour map of flood affected areas in Batu Pahat. GIS will calculate the elevation of the area and information about the country of the area, the road access and percentage of the affected area. The flood affected area map may provide the suitability of the flood evacuation center during the several levels of flood. The suitability of evacuation centers can be determined based on several criteria and the existing data of the evacuation center will be analysed. From the analysis among 16 evacuation center listed, there are only 8 evacuation center suitable for the usage during emergency situation. The suitability analysis was based on the location and the road access of the evacuation center toward the flood affected area. There are 10 new locations with suitable criteria of evacuation center proposed on the study area to facilitate the process of rescue and evacuating flood victims to much safer and suitable locations. The results of this study will help in decision making processes and indirectly will help organization such as fire-fighter and the Department of Social Welfare in their work. Thus, this study can contribute more towards the society.

Determinants of household flood evacuation mode choice in a developing country

Increasing frequency and severity of hazards that lead to devastating disaster impacts demand building substantial response capability. Evacuation is seen as one of the effective measures to avert disaster impacts. Planning and modeling of effective evacuation incorporate evacuation travel behavior. This study seeks to identify and understand the effects of determinants on households’ mode choice behavior in a developing country. Discrete choice models were estimated and validated from original data collected in selected sub-districts in Quezon City, Philippines. Findings revealed important determinants that can help evacuation planners and managers develop strategies for future flood evacuation operations. Determinants to evacuees who traveled on-foot include departure timing, destination type, age, gender and educational attainment of the head of the household, presence of small children, presence of health problem, house ownership, number of years living in the residence, vehicle ownership, source of warning, distance traveled to safety and cost of evacuation. Results of this study provide insights that can be useful for the government to plan for future evacuations. For instance, the government can encourage the households with a personal vehicle to use them in future evacuations, while providing for those without a personal vehicle and needing to travel longer distances. The government can also encourage households living in high flood risk areas to prepare household evacuation plans.

Short-Notice Bus-Based Evacuation under Dynamic Demand Conditions

In the literature on bus-based evacuation planning for short-notice evacuations, researchers have assumed either a known fixed number of evacuees or a single bus trip to the shelter on specified evacuation routes, or both of these constraints. These constraints distance their models from real-world situations, where evacuees continuously arrive at pickup points and multiple bus trips are required for the economical use of a limited number of buses. In this study, a bus-based evacuation model has been proposed to evacuate a known number of total evacuees who arrive at pickup points continuously. Evacuees are placed in shelters using multiple trips of the available buses with flexible route options. Furthermore, using the model, efforts have been made to investigate the factors affecting bus-trip assignment through a case study of flood evacuation planning for Kawajima Town in Saitama Prefecture. Two cases with warning times of 90 min and 60 min are presented. The overall bus capacity for trips to the shelter was observed to be 90−96%, which indicated the model's efficient performance when modeling multiple trips.

Geographic Distribution of Disaster-Specific Emergency Department Use After Hurricane Sandy in New York City

We aimed to characterize the geographic distribution of post-Hurricane Sandy emergency department use in administrative flood evacuation zones of New York City. Using emergency claims data, we identified significant deviations in emergency department use after Hurricane Sandy. Using time-series analysis, we analyzed the frequency of visits for specific conditions and comorbidities to identify medically vulnerable populations who developed acute postdisaster medical needs. We found statistically significant decreases in overall post-Sandy emergency department use in New York City but increased utilization in the most vulnerable evacuation zone. In addition to dialysis- and ventilator-dependent patients, we identified that patients who were elderly or homeless or who had diabetes, dementia, cardiac conditions, limitations in mobility, or drug dependence were more likely to visit emergency departments after Hurricane Sandy. Furthermore, patients were more likely to develop drug-resistant infections, require isolation, and present for hypothermia, environmental exposures, or administrative reasons. Our study identified high-risk populations who developed acute medical and social needs in specific geographic areas after Hurricane Sandy. Our findings can inform coherent and targeted responses to disasters. Early identification of medically vulnerable populations can help to map "hot spots" requiring additional medical and social attention and prioritize resources for areas most impacted by disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:351-361).

Tangible and Intangible Flood damage evaluation

Flooding and flash floods that cause significant economic and social damage have been widely studied in the last few decades. The European Commission Flood Directive 2007/60 Flood Risk Management Plans require the assessment of potential damage to give an appreciation of the magnitude of the consequences of a flood event and so help stakeholders to use a cost benefit approach to planning flood mitigation measures. This paper evaluates the direct tangible flood damage applying the JRC water depth-damage functions for the European territory to estimate the potential economic damage. Intangible damage is evaluated with the Life Safety Model (LSM) to study the dynamic interactions among people, vehicles, buildings and the flood wave. LSM assesses potential flood damage and allows the development of a Flood Evacuation Plan in case of an emergency, underlining the evacuation routes adopted by people and vehicles. This enables emergency managers to avoid evacuation bottleneck problems and identify areas of potential high mortality. The impact of changes such as road network improvements, the location of safe havens and timing of flood warnings can be assessed in terms of potential loss of life. The developed methodology has been applied on the Sardinian Flood Risk Management Plan pilot basin, the Coghinas river lowland basin.

Household Flood Evacuation Route Choice Models at Sub-district Level

Flood evacuation route choice modeling studies gained its momentum in recent years. However, understanding how various explanatory variables determine flood route choice behavior of evacuees has not been fully investigated. The goal of this study is to understand flood evacuation route choice behavior of households at Bahay Toro and Sto. Domingo sub-districts in Quezon City, Philippines. Binary logit and probit models were estimated with variables selected through backward elimination stepwise method. Results include the presence of elderly person, departure timing, and mode used in evacuating as explanatory variables of households' route choice at Bahay Toro Sub-district. On the other hand, the number of family members, level of education and type of work of the household head, house ownership and the mode are variables that determine route choice of households at Sto. Domingo. Modeling evacuation route choice behavior representing the entire city can be further explored in future research.

Towards multi-agency sensor information integration for disaster management

Having access to real-time spatial information is central to the functioning of disaster management, and in particular disaster response. Existing spatially-enabled solutions for managing urban disasters provide limited support for time-sensitivity and urgency underlying emergency situations. These approaches mainly suffer from low temporal resolution and inability to source a broad range of required disaster data, together with insufficient support for automated operations. However, disaster management procedures, integrated with in situ sensing, promise an extensive range of real-time data and automated processes to acquire and manage disaster information. In this research, we study the process of integrating multi-agency in situ sensors for supporting disaster management. For this purpose, the research was adopted in Australia as the case study area in disaster management of a flood by emphasizing on the response phase. This paper first identifies the issues and existing requirements in the process of multi-agency sensor information integration and then proposes a standard-based approach to overcoming these integration issues. Afterward, based on the presented approach and identified requirements, a GIS-based software IDDSS-Sensor is implemented to provide the functions of standard-based access, as well as on-the-fly harmonization, integration and usage of multi-agency sensor information. We evaluate the applicability of our developed approach by applying it to the use case of supporting flash flood evacuation response.

SEISMIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY DISCHARGED WATER THROUGH THE WATERWORKS

The paper discusses the field observation results of the vibration of the spillway dam Zhiguli hydroelectric station, the ground surface and residential buildings located in the surrounding area at various flood discharges and various schemes of flood evacuation. The amplitude of vibration of each section of the dam is directly proportional to the specific consumption of water discharged through the section of the dam and weakly depends on the mode flood evacuation. It is discovered the fact of self-synchronization of the oscillations of the individual sections of the dam. The dam begins to move as a single rigid stamp on the elastic foundation. Oscillations of the ground surface grow sharply at a fixed distance from the dam. The paper presents the results of measurements of the different designs houses vibration at different distances from the dam and the dependence of vibration parameters from the floods skip mode. There are recommendations for reducing houses vibration. The research defines flood parameters, in which homes vibration will exceed health standards.

A household-level flood evacuation decision model in Quezon City, Philippines

Evacuation is one of the important preparedness measures in disaster management. It requires careful modeling and planning to minimize chaos and confusion during evacuation operations. The choice of decision-makers, whether to evacuate or stay in the area threatened by hazard, is an important aspect of evacuation travel behavior research. This is considered an essential input for evacuation modeling and planning. This study investigates the effects of various factors determining evacuation decision. A discrete choice model is proposed using the data collected through a face-to-face post-event survey from flood-affected households in Quezon City, Philippines. The model allows a choice among three alternatives of full, partial, and no evacuation. Results show that evacuation decision is determined by a combination of household characteristics and capacity-related factors (gender, educational level, presence of children, and number of years living in the residence, house ownership, number of house floor levels, type of house material), as well as hazard-related factors (distance from source of flood, level of flood damage, and source of warning). Findings in the study provide insights that can be considered by policy-makers in preparing for future evacuations. Appropriate programs can be designed to encourage full evacuation compliance of households that live nearest to the flood source and those living in houses with two or more floor levels who are more likely not to evacuate. Households with children can also be educated for full evacuation compliance since these households have higher probability to partially evacuate.

Securing the second front: achieving first receiver safety and security through competency-based tools.

Limited research has focused on the safety and security of First Responders and Receivers, including clinicians, hospital workers, public safety officials, community volunteers, and other lay personnel, during public health emergencies. These providers are, in some cases, at greater peril during large-scale disasters due to their lack of training and inadequate resources to handle major influxes of patients. Exemplified in the 1995 Tokyo sarin gas attacks and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquakes, lack of training results in poor outcomes for both patients and First Receivers. The improvement of knowledge and comfort level of First Receivers preparing for a medical disaster via an affordable, repeatable emergency preparedness training (EPT) curriculum. A 5-hour EPT curriculum was developed including nine learning objectives, 18 competencies, and 34 performance objectives. Following brief didactic and small group sessions, interprofessional teams of four to six trainees were observed in a large patient simulator designed to recreate environmentally challenging (ie, flood evacuation), multi-patient scenarios using a novel technique developed to utilize trainees as actors. Trained observers assessed successful completion of 16 individual and 18 team performance objectives. Prior to training, team members completed a 24-question knowledge assessment, a demographic survey, and a comfort level self-assessment. Following training, trainees repeated the 24 questions, self-assessment, and course assessment. One hundred ninety-five participants completed the course between November 2012 and August 2013. One hundred ninety-one (98.5%), 150 (76.9%), and 66 (33.8%) participants completed the pretest, post-test, and course assessment, respectively. The mean (SD) percentage of correct answers between the pretest and post-test increased from 46.3 (13.4) to 75.3 (12.2), P < .0001. Thirty-eight participants (19.5%) reported more than three hours of disaster EPT each year while 157 participants (80.5%) reported three hours or less of yearly EPT. Sixty-six (100%) reported the course relevant to care providers and 61 (92.4%) highly recommended the course. Comfort level increased from 37.0/100 (n = 192) before training to 76.3/100 (n = 145) after training. The Center for Health Professional Training and Emergency Response's (CHPTER's) 5-hour EPT curriculum for patient care providers recreates simultaneous multi-actor disasters, measures EPT performance, and improves trainee knowledge and comfort level to save patient and provider lives during a disaster, via an affordable, repeatable EPT curriculum. A larger-scale study, or preferably a multi-center trial, is needed to further study the impact of this curriculum and its potential to enhance the safety and security of the "Second Front.

A Quantitative Estimate of Vulnerable People and Evaluation of Flood Evacuation Policy

Disaster Risk Management (DRM) laws and policies ideally contain measures to reduce disaster risk to all exposed people equally, even the most vulnerable people. To investigate this, we estimate the number of potentially vulnerable people in areas exposed to flood hazard, and evaluate the laws and policies which aim to reduce vulnerability. We proposed a theoretical framework based on four recognized characteristics of vulnerability (less physically or mentally capable; fewer material and/or financial resources; less access to information, and restricted by commitments) and created indicators for six groups of potentially vulnerable people: children, older adults, minorities, people with disabilities, people living in poverty, and women. We applied the framework to the populations of Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States, and proposed a new DRM policy evaluation method; and found that measures in DRM laws and policies are not in proportion to the number of potentially vulnerable people. The most numerous indicators included children aged 0-14, women with no car, and people with pets. The top ten indicators account for 80% of all potentially vulnerable people. When addressing the needs of vulnerable people from a policy perspective, these top ten indicators may serve as a starting point in order to increase the resilience of the vulnerable population. Seven of these ten are identical across the three case study countries, meaning the countries can learn from each other’s measures and possibly apply them in their own area. Policy evaluation showed that while many laws and policies do recognize various groups of potentially vulnerable people, they lack detailed support measures. Much remains to be amended in policies on all scale levels if the policies are to realize an equal disaster risk for all exposed people.