Flexible Rules Research Articles

Detection of Intrusion using Hybrid Feature Selection and Flexible Rule Based Machine Learning

With the rapid growth in the data processing and data sharing, the application owners and the consumers of the applications are more influenced to use the remote storage on cloud-based data centre and the application generated data is also growing ups and bounds. Nevertheless, the adaptation of the data sharing, and data processing applications were not easy for the consumers. The application owners and the service providers have struggled with the sensitive data of the consumers and the consumers were also faced trust issues with the complete framework. The standard legacy applications were designed for the traditional centralized scenarios, where the intrusion detection can be performed only using the network status analysis and the application characteristics analysis. Moreover, most of the parallel calculations initially enhance the hybrid likelihood and change likelihood of GA as indicated by the populace advancement variable-based math and wellness esteem. Nevertheless, the population of data and the attacks on the data is high and the correct population size is highly difficult to determine. Regardless to mention, that the use of fitness functions will restrict the attack detection to certain types and these algorithms are bound to fail in case of a newer attack. However, with the migration of application to the data processing framework, the consumers have started demanding more security against the intrusions. A good number of research attempts were made to map the traditional security algorithms into the data processing space, nonetheless, the attempts were highly criticized due to the lack of proper analysis of security attacks on data processing applications. Hence, this work proposes a novel framework to detect the intrusions on data processing framework with justifying attack characteristics. This work proposes a novel algorithm to reduce the features of attack characteristics to justify the gaps on data processing frameworks with significant reduction in time for processing and further, proposes an algorithm to derive a strong rule engine to analyse the attack characteristics for detecting newer attacks. The complete proposed framework demonstrates nearly 93% and higher accuracy, which is much higher than the existing parallel research outcomes with least time complexity.

A flexible rule for evidential combination in Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence

Dempster’s combination rule in Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence is widely used to combine multiple pieces of evidence. However, when the evidence is severely conflicting, the result could be counter-intuitive. Thus, many alternative combination rules have been proposed to address this issue. Nevertheless, the existing ones sometimes behave not very well. This may be because they do not hold some essential properties. To this end, this paper firstly identifies some of the important properties. Then, following the cues from these properties, we propose a novel evidential combination rule as a remediation of Dempster’s combination rule in Dempster–Shafertheory. Our new rule is based on the concept of complete conflict (we introduced in this paper), Dempster’s combination rule, and the concept of evidence weight. Moreover, we illustrate the effectiveness of our new rule by using it to successfully resolve well-known Zadeh’s counter-example, which is against Dempster’s combination rule. Finally, we confirm the advantages of our method over the existing methods through some examples.

Rule checking Interface development between building information model and end user

Abstract BIM-based rule checking systems are helpful for identifying potential concerns and flaws during the building design process. Currently, there is a lack of useful user interfaces for flexible rule manipulations and better tractability of the design intentions when rule violations occurred. This study aims to develop a BIM-based rule checking interface for users to address: (1) the current inflexible laborious coding process of rules, and (2) the low capability to describe rule influence comprehensively on the model designs. A research question is raised that whether the design adjustments against rule violations, such as making BIM elements changed, can be further traced their influence by an interface to prevent derived violations. A two-layered logic-based rule evaluation interface is developed to establish the rules aimed at meeting users' needs, and to identify design dependency topologically related to the involved BIM elements. A case study with a partial 7-story building section is used to evaluate the interface, and results show that the dependency between rule violations and their affected BIM elements can be successfully retrieved. It helps users to make the adjustment and identify influences of design changes to avoid further derived rule violations. A future direction of the study is capability evaluations for typical building engineers and architects to translate their design intentions and local rules by using the proposed interface with real building projects.

Retos contemporáneos para el conflicto de leyes laborales en el espacio: un estudio desde Brasil

The main purpose of this article is to discuss contemporary challenges to the extraterritorial conflict of labor laws, which is accentuated as a result of globalization. This is because the internationalization of the labor force and the reflection on labor migration have effects on labor law, particularly with regard to the law applicable to contracts signed in the field of international labor relations, and an examination of the substantive law to be used. After all, more flexible rules regarding the protection of the worker can be indicated, moving in the opposite direction to the normative development of the International Labor Organization. Therefore, focusing on Brazilian practice, the elements of connection that provide solutions to the conflicts of labor laws in space will be identified, making considerations about them, especially due to the need to always protect the worker, because this is the vulnerable side of the employment relationship. Therefore, a qualitative research, of an applied nature is carried out, seeking to review, in a critical way, the existing bibliography on the subject.

Simulating Multilevel Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Membrane Computing Model.

Membrane computing is a bio-inspired computing paradigm whose devices are the so-called membrane systems or P systems. The P system designed in this work reproduces complex biological landscapes in the computer world. It uses nested "membrane-surrounded entities" able to divide, propagate, and die; to be transferred into other membranes; to exchange informative material according to flexible rules; and to mutate and be selected by external agents. This allows the exploration of hierarchical interactive dynamics resulting from the probabilistic interaction of genes (phenotypes), clones, species, hosts, environments, and antibiotic challenges. Our model facilitates analysis of several aspects of the rules that govern the multilevel evolutionary biology of antibiotic resistance. We examined a number of selected landscapes where we predict the effects of different rates of patient flow from hospital to the community and vice versa, the cross-transmission rates between patients with bacterial propagules of different sizes, the proportion of patients treated with antibiotics, and the antibiotics and dosing found in the opening spaces in the microbiota where resistant phenotypes multiply. We also evaluated the selective strengths of some drugs and the influence of the time 0 resistance composition of the species and bacterial clones in the evolution of resistance phenotypes. In summary, we provide case studies analyzing the hierarchical dynamics of antibiotic resistance using a novel computing model with reciprocity within and between levels of biological organization, a type of approach that may be expanded in the multilevel analysis of complex microbial landscapes.IMPORTANCE The work that we present here represents the culmination of many years of investigation in looking for a suitable methodology to simulate the multihierarchical processes involved in antibiotic resistance. Everything started with our early appreciation of the different independent but embedded biological units that shape the biology, ecology, and evolution of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Genes, plasmids carrying these genes, cells hosting plasmids, populations of cells, microbial communities, and host's populations constitute a complex system where changes in one component might influence the other ones. How would it be possible to simulate such a complexity of antibiotic resistance as it occurs in the real world? Can the process be predicted, at least at the local level? A few years ago, and because of their structural resemblance to biological systems, we realized that membrane computing procedures could provide a suitable frame to approach these questions. Our manuscript describes the first application of this modeling methodology to the field of antibiotic resistance and offers a bunch of examples-just a limited number of them in comparison with the possible ones to illustrate its unprecedented explanatory power.

PERSEPSI NETIZEN TERHADAP POLA PEMBERITAAN LAMBE TURAH SEBAGAI STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI DALAM PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT SOSIAL

Communication has entered a new phase in its development, namely the era of contemporary communication. This has resulted in changes in the flow of information that is one-way and controlled by the authorities to be very widespread so that anyone can become a medium of communication and information. But this is not flawless, the free flow of communication requires every individual to have a preference for a media. On the other hand, non-journalist media including lambe-turah get the widest possible land to gain sympathy and shape the perceptions of a community group. Lambe Turah comes with more flexible rules so that information can be quickly published even with minimal verification weaknesses. Lambe Turah's media gave rise to the concept of Netizens Netizens as fast-forwarders of information. Devices owned by Netizens are deemed to have met the procedures for documentation and direct reporting of an event. This research uses qualitative methods using the viewpoint of social philosophy of communication philosophy trying to understand the course of the communication process and the effectiveness of contemporary information and communication delivery strategies. The results of this study are expected to be used to utilize the influence of netizen’s perceptions in contemporary communication strategies.

Quantum dots line up as a quasicrystal

Quasicrystals Quasicrystals have rotational symmetry but no long-range order. Although several materials have quasicrystalline order, examples of quasicrystalline superlattices formed from different types of particles are rare. Nagaoka et al. discovered a type of 10-fold quasicrystalline superlattice formed from truncated tetrahedral quantum dots (see the Perspective by Wu and Sun). The order is driven by a “flexible polygon tiling rule,” which explains the unique arrangement of the quantum dots. Science , this issue p. [1396][1]; see also p. [1354][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aav0790 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aav8597

Double projection algorithms for solving the split feasibility problems

We propose two new double projection algorithms for solving the split feasibility problem (SFP). Different from the extragradient projection algorithms, the proposed algorithms do not require fixed stepsize and do not employ the same projection region at different projection steps. We adopt flexible rules for selecting the stepsize and the projection region. The proposed algorithms are shown to be convergent under certain assumptions. Numerical experiments show that the proposed methods appear to be more efficient than the relaxed- CQ algorithm.

Synthetic data generator for testing record linkage routines in Brazil.

IntroductionRecord linkage has been increasingly used in Brazil. However, only a few studies report the quality of the linkage process. Synthetic test data can be used to evaluate the quality of data linkage.
 Objectives and ApproachTo develop a synthetic data generator that creates test datasets with similar attributes and error characteristics found in the Brazilian databases.
 We analyzed the 2013 mortality database from Rio de Janeiro State to know the characteristics and frequency distribution of the database attributes (name, mother’s name, sex, date of birth and address).
 We used Python and C++ to customize and add routines to GeCo (http://dlrep.org/dataset/GeCo), a personal data generation tool developed by Tran et al. (DOI:10.1145/2505515.2508207).
 ResultsBrazilian names have specific characteristics that distinguish them from other countries’ patterns: multiple family names are usual, as are composite first names, and, despite that, homonyms are frequent. Family names may include the full extension or only parts of either the father and mother’s respective family names, or both, so there is a wide variation in progeny family names and not necessarily a common family name for all family members.
 Conclusion/ImplicationsDue to the specific national characteristics of name building in Brazil, modeling synthetic data is particularly challenging and needs to have more flexible rules in order to generate databases that will actually allow assessing the quality of data linkage processes.

Rainfall-runoff modelling using a self-reliant fuzzy inference network with flexible structure

Conventional neuro-fuzzy systems used for rainfall-runoff (R-R) modelling are generally dependent on expert knowledge. In these models, not only the structure is designed by the expert user, but also all the required knowledge for fuzzy partitioning of the input–output space and rule base need to be provided by the expert. To move towards NFS with a more flexible rule base and structure, efforts are made to integrate the self-reliant mechanisms into the learning algorithm that enable the model to identify the position and distribution of fuzzy labels in input–output space and generate the required rule base. In this study, the self-adaptive fuzzy inference network (SaFIN) is used for the R-R application. SaFIN employs a new clustering technique known as Categorical Learning-Induced Partitioning (CLIP) which allows the model to adapt to the new incoming tuple by consistently updating the model. SaFIN is also equipped with a rule-pruning mechanism that can exclude inconsistent and obsolete rules. In this study, SaFIN R-R models are developed in three different catchment types and sizes where the results are compared against a benchmark NFS model and few physical models including URHM, HBV, GR4J. Results shows that SaFIN is a capable and robust tool for R-R modeling under varying catchment conditions. Moreover, SaFIN produced comparable if not superior results to the benchmark models. It was concluded that SsFIN with its self-reliant learning and rule generation mechanism equipped with rule pruning can make it a competent tool for R-R modelling in catchments where the data may contain some inconsistencies.

An equilibrium analysis of a core-selecting package auction with reserve prices

This study analyzes the equilibrium of a core-selecting package auction under incomplete information. The ascending proxy auction of Ausubel and Milgrom (Front Theor Econ 1:1–42, 2002) is considered in a stylized environment with two goods, two local bidders, and one global bidder. Local bidders shade bids in the equilibrium because of the free-riding incentive. We examine the effect of reserve prices. We show that a reserve price for individual goods increases the equilibrium local bids, whereas they may be decreased by a reserve price for the package of goods. A flexible non-monotonic reserve price rule can improve allocative efficiency as well as seller revenue in the equilibrium.

New Public Governance in the Baltic States: Flexible Administration and Rule Bending

The New Public Governance approach advocates a more flexible and participatory public administration as means to higher efficiency and increased legitimacy. Increasing flexibility and thereby public employees’ discretion, however, may pose a risk to equality and impartiality, core values in democratic and rule-of-law societies. Using a survey among Baltic public employees, this article explores this risk. We ask whether public employees’ preferences for flexible rule application go hand in hand with acceptance of bending the rules, even if it means a breach of impartiality. We find that this is the case. We also find that contrary to what the New Public Governance approach expects, neither citizen participation nor generalized trust works as a control on rule bending. On a positive note, however, we find that control mechanisms associated with Weberian Public Administration lessen acceptance for bending the rules.

Grant-sizing-differentiated bandwidth allocation algorithm for the coexistence of ONUs with and without wavelength tunability in WDM/TDM PONs

Adopting the pay-as-you-grow approach to upgrade passive optical network (PON) facilities by WDM technology insures the smoothness of the upgrade, and also results in the coexistence of wavelength-fixed/tunable optical network units (ONUs) in WDM/TDM PONs. Dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) is the key to support such coexistence of heterogeneous ONUs. Thus, DBA is also the key to support the smooth evolution of PONs. To more fairly coordinate the bandwidth allocation among the coexisting heterogeneous ONUs, a differentiated grant sizing (DGS) scheme is proposed. In DGS, not only the fairness between the wavelength-fixed/tunable ONUs but also the fairness between the lightly/heavily loaded ONUs is taken into account. To further carry out load balancing among wavelengths, a grant scheduling scheme is also proposed to cooperate with the grant sizing scheme. In the grant scheduling scheme, a measure of the ONUs’ flexibility is given, and then the least flexible job first rule (LFJF) is adopted for joint wavelength and time-slot assignment. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a series of comparative analyses is conducted based on simulation experiments.

The Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises with the EU Structural Funds in Poland Between 2014 and 2020

Purpose – Identification of efficiency and effectiveness of usage of the EU structural funds in Poland directed to financing of SME sector enterprises in the years 2014–2020. Methodology – Review and assessment of Polish and international documentary and research papers concerning the financing of SME sector enterprises with EU structural funds. Findings – The most substantial support for small and medium-sized enterprises has been planned as part of the Smart Growth or the Eastern Poland Operational Programmes and the Regional Operational Programmes. The total funding allocated to small and medium-sized enterprises within two thematic objectives stands at over EUR 15.7 billion. The European Union’s Cohesion Policy towards supporting small and medium-sized enterprises in the years 2014–2020 will provide them with easier access to EU funds thanks to new flexible rules. These include the submission of reports on the use of EU funds via the Internet, limiting to the degree of control over small enterprises, easier criteria for qualifying projects or a greater number of financial instruments and greater access to them. Research implications – Results of the paper may be used in further researches regarding the use of European structural funds in Poland as far as SME financing is concerned. Practical implications – Results of the paper may influence the government organisations and raise the effectiveness of the distribution of structural funds among proper enterprises, which will improve the general efficiency in spending European Union’s Structural Funds. Social implications – Results of the paper may foster the improvement of awareness of proper allocation of European Union’s Structural Funds in Polish SME sector enterprises. Originality/Value – The paper supplements knowledge regarding the financing of SME sector enterprises by European Union’s Structural Funds in Poland in the years 2014–2020. Type of article – A theoretical paper.

Worth the wait? How restaurant waiting time influences customer behavior and revenue

In many service industries, customers have to wait for service. When customers have a choice, this waiting may influence their service experience, sojourn time, and ultimately spending, reneging, and return behavior. Not much is known however, about the system-wide impact of waiting on customer behavior and resulting revenue. In this paper, we empirically investigate this by analyzing data obtained from 94,404 customers visiting a popular Indian restaurant during a 12 month period. The results show that a longer waiting time relates to reneging behavior, a longer time until a customer returns, and a shorter dining duration. To find out the impact of the consequences of waiting time, we use the empirical findings and data collected in a simulation experiment. This experiment shows that, without waiting, the total revenue generated by the restaurant would increase by nearly 15% compared to the current situation. Stimulating customers to reserve could enable restaurants to reap part of this benefit. Furthermore, the results of simulation experiments suggest that, within the boundaries of the current capacity, revenue could be increased by a maximum of 7.5% if more flexible rules were used to allocate customers to tables. Alternatively, by increasing the existing seating capacity by 20%, revenue could be boosted by 7.7% without the need to attract additional customers. Our findings extend the knowledge on the consequences of customer waiting, and enable service providers to better understand the financial and operational impact of waiting-related decisions in service settings.

Multi-level Cellular Automata-based housing allocation model for small cities in developing countries: a case study of Kasba-Tadla city, in Morocco

ABSTRACTSmall cities in developing countries are under a set of transitions that imperil their sustainability and whose repercussions can reach the international level. Therefore, local decision-makers need specific geoprospective urban models to seek alternative pathways. This paper presents a housing allocation model, designed to meet the context of small cities in developing countries. It is a multi-level Cellular Automata that relies on a new apprehension of urbanisation process, implemented through raster irregular grid with time-step variation. The model application to reconstruct housing dynamics in Kasba-Tadla city in Morocco, between 1999 and 2016, confirmed its ability to mimic well the spatio-temporal allocation of housing settlements. The obtained results showed that the spatial allocation of informal settlements is not anarchic, but driven by flexible rules, and also revealed Kasba-Tadla city could have better negotiated the after ‘Arab Spring’ urban transformations if local decision-makers had foreknowledge.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENENTUKAN LOYALITAS KARYAWAN DI HOTEL ADHIJAYA SUNSET

This research aims to determine the factors that give variation to the employee loyalty at Adhijaya Sunset Hotel. The method used in collecting sample is census. The sample used on this research is 73 peoples as respondents. The result from questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 for windows.The result was obtained after doing the principal component analysis of 17 variables that affect the loyalty employee can be reduced to 5 factors. Each factor was named resposibility and apreciation with eigenvalue of 5.444; power and allowance with eigenvalue of 1607,flexible rule and recognition with eigenvalue of 1.403,management and oppoturnity to grow with eigenvalue of 1.393; Desire to satisfy the need by working hard with eigenvalue of 1.053. The most dominant factor is resposibility and apreciation with eigenvalue of 5.444, with 32.002 % of variance which was made up by the variables of desire to have recognition, status and resposibility, work environment condition, communication.

Rules of Origin in ASEAN+1 Free Trade Agreements on Agriculture Commodity

Rules of origin that indirectly serve as trade barriers, thus raising the potential for increased production costs. In agricultural commodities, the rules of origin are primarily determined by wholly-obtained, so the potential for more significant increases in the cost of agricultural products versus other commodities. The purpose of this paper is to compare the restrictiveness index rules of origin in ASEAN + 1 FTAs (ACFTA, AJCEP, and AKFTA) on agricultural commodities. This study uses the Regime Wide Harris Index by Kelleher to calculate the restrictiveness level rules of origin in ASEAN + 1 FTAs. Based on product-specific regulations, AJCEP has the most flexible rules of origin, followed by AKFTA and ACFTA as the most restrictive of origin in ASEAN + 1 FTAs. In the Regime Wide Harris Index, the results show that AJCEP has a flexible origin rule after AKFTA, and ACFTA is the most strict rules of origin in ASEAN + 1 FTAs. These results are influenced by the most substantial diagonal side cumulation in the ACFTA.DOI: 10.15408/sjie/v7i1.6432

The Changes of Body Surround Degree and the Relationship with the Movement Scheme—An Intervention Program on Diet and Exercise

Objective: To explore the rule of the surrounded degree changes in different parts of the body and the relationship between exercise intervention plan and the surrounded degree changes during eight weeks of exercise with the diet intervention in obese children. Methods: Selecting one primary school in Beijing 25 obese students who are on 4-5 grade as the subjects. Weekly measured and record the obese child's upper arm circumference, waist, hip, thigh circumference and crus surrounds. The time and place are fixed, and use the same flexible rule. It was asked that boy wearing boxer shorts, upper body without clothes, girls wear boxer shorts, wearing the vest that show hilum when were tested. Exercise intervention was combined with power resistance and aerobic strength training. For power resistance training, it was 4 times a week, each time 20 mins (4 weeks before) - 25 min (4 weeks later), and exercise intensity was 50% 1 RM; Aerobic training was five times a week, for the fourth weeks, each training was 25 mins, exercise intensity was 60% HRmax, while 4 weeks later, it was adjusted training time to 20 min, 70% HRmax. Tracking measurement for eight times, measurement data were analyzed by generalized estimation model. Results: (1) the obese child's waist circumference, hip circumference, upper arm circumference, thigh circumference and crus surrounds surrounded degree of five parts of the body with gradually reduce with the measurement time. Compared with the baseline, in the late intervention the average waistline reduce 10.4 cm; Hip circumference mean lower 7 cm; Thigh circumference average decline in 3 cm; Crus surrounds average drop of 1.8 cm; Hiplines average by 1.7 cm.(2)During 8 weeks of exercise and dietary interventions, obese children body surround degree of each part in the order: upper arm circumference, waist, hips, thighs, legs around.(3) The size of obese child's body surrounded degree percentage change is: waist > the upper arm > hip circumference >calf circumference> thigh circumference, and each part of the surrounded degree changes has significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: 1, during 8 weeks of exercise and dietary interventions, the most easily reduction of obese children body is waist and abdomen and thigh, the upper arm followed, the hardest to cut is the calf. Suggestions are that when making the exercise prescription of losing weight may vary according to each area need a scientific planning of the shortest time in the future.2, 8 weeks exercise with the diet intervention, the various body parts of the obese children surrounded degree all have significant changes, from the effect of intervention, the most obvious change is the waist and upper arm, the thigh is not obvious. Exercise 3, accumulation of exercise time of the body is the important factors that affect body surrounded degree changes.

Leidos and MD&A: Seeing MD&A through the Eyes of the SEC

The Supreme Court has never agreed to decide whether an item in Regulation S-K, like MD&A, creates a duty to disclose that is actionable under Rule 10b-5. By taking cert on Leidos, Inc. v. Indiana Public Retirement System, the Court may be doing just that. If the Court decides that a violation of Item 303 of Regulation S-K creates an independent cause of action for private plaintiffs under Rule 10b-5, the Court must then decide whether violating Item 303 leads “automatically” to a violation of Rule 10b-5 or if additional factors are required. These factors may include the materiality of any omitted disclosure, scienter or the ability of the company to predict the outcome of a trend or uncertainty at the time the omitted disclosure should have been made. Contrary to the Second Circuit’s decision, the Third and Ninth Circuits held that Item 303 does not create a cause of action under Rule 10b-5 in part because of the different materiality standard the SEC has applied to Item 303 in 1989 as compared to the materiality standard articulated in Basic v. Levinson in 1988. In resolving this conflict between the circuits, the Court is not just deciding a discrete and limited issue under Item 303, but may also be determining whether a violation of every one of the SEC’s disclosure rules creates an independent cause of action under Rule 10b-5. Deciding that Item 303 creates a duty to disclose that is actionable under Rule 10b-5 could lead to an implied right of action under Rule 10b-5 with respect to the rules adopted under Sections 13(a) and 15(d) and perhaps Section 14(a)of the Exchange Act. Creating a duty to speak would increase the likelihood of private actions under Rule 10b-5 alleging omitted disclosure in periodic reports against public companies which previously were not subject to Rule 10b-5 liability that did not cause a statement made to be materially misleading. A decision affirming Leidos could have a number of adverse effects: The SEC may need to revisit the trade-off made in 1980 of giving companies a general and flexible rule to foster the exercise of management judgment in providing meaningful disclosure in MDA Companies drafting defensive MDA Defensive disclosure can defeat the SEC’s ongoing effort to make documents readable and make already lengthy documents even longer and more forbidding to read; Voluminous defensive MDA MDA Faced with increased liability exposure and costs of compliance, the trend of companies ceasing to report to the SEC and going private may accelerate. Companies that would have made initial public offerings may decide to stay private.