Flexible Glucose Sensor Research Articles

A wearable non-enzymatic sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose in human sweat

To enhance personalized diabetes management, there is a critical need for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors made from flexible materials to enable continuous monitoring of sweat glucose levels. The main challenge lies in developing glucose sensors with superior electrochemical characteristics and high adaptability. Herein, we present a wearable sensor for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose analysis. The sensor was synthesized using hydrothermal and one-pot preparation methods, incorporating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized onto aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMWCNTs) as an efficient catalyst, and crosslinked with carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) and PEDOT:PSS. The sensors were then integrated onto screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) to create flexible glucose sensors (XSBR-PEDOT:PSS-AMWCNTs/AuNPs/SPE). Operating under neutral conditions, the sensor exhibits a linear range of 50 μmol/L to 600 μmol/L, with a limit of detection limit of 3.2 μmol/L (S/N = 3), enabling the detection of minute glucose concentrations. The flexible glucose sensor maintains functionality after 500 repetitions of bending at a 180° angle, without significant degradation in performance. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits exceptional stability, repeatability, and resistance to interference. Importantly, we successfully monitored changes in sweat glucose levels by applying screen-printed electrodes to human skin, with results consistent with normal physiological blood glucose fluctuations. This study details the fabrication of a wearable sensor characterized by ease of manufacture, remarkable flexibility, high sensitivity, and adaptability for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring through non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis. Thus, this streamlined fabrication process presents a novel approach for non-invasive, real-time blood glucose level monitoring.

CuO nanostructures on N-doped carbon cloth for flexible enzyme-free glucose sensing

The optimization of sensing material nanostructures can improve the interfacial properties sensing materials, which is an effective tactic for enhancing the sensing performance of materials. In this study, different CuO nanostructures were in situ grown onto N-doped carbon cloth (NCC) by hydrothermal method as modified electrodes for glucose sensor. The use of NCC endowed the electrodes with excellent flexibility and conductivity, and also provided more attachment points for the growth of CuO nanostructures. Meanwhile, CuO nanostructures could be regulated by the addition of organic acid as structural inducers, and the glucose sensing performances of electrodes modified by different CuO nanostructures were studied. The results showed that CuO nanostructures were uniformly grown on NCC, and the optimized CuO nanostructure had a smaller size and a higher electrochemical active area. The modified electrode with the optimized CuO nanostructures exhibited good electrochemical performances, high sensitivity of 6.408 mA cm−2 mM−1, low detection limit of 0.33 μM and excellent stability for glucose sensing. This work presents an effective and simple method for preparing flexible self-supporting electrodes with controllable nanostructures and good interface properties, expanding a potential pathway for the development of flexible glucose sensor.

Fabrication of flexible glucose sensor based on heterostructure ZnO nanosheets decorated PU/Chitosan-PANI hybrid nanofiber

Designing and fabrication of immensely accurate, affordable, sensitive, and portable glucose sensors is rapidly increasing in clinical applications. However, commercialization of wearable sensors has been impeded by inadequate conductivity, insufficient durability, poor flexibility, and enzyme immobilization. Herein, a scalable approach for fabricating a nanofiber-based highly electroactive, flexible, and disposable (PUC-PANI-ZnO@GOx) sensor that can assess glucose stimuli with sufficient liquid permeability by anchoring ZnO nanosheets over polyaniline (PANI) coated polyurethane-chitosan (PU-Chitosan; PUC) fibrous mat followed by glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilization is described. Regarding the electrocatalytic performance, PUC-PANI-ZnO@GOx sensor showed a high sensitivity (∼998.72 µA mM−1 cm−2) and a low detection limit (∼7.31 µM) for a broad linear range of 0.01 – 9.48 mM with acceptable stability and reproducibility. The fabricated sensor was highly selective towards glucose in the presence of exogenous and endogenous interfering species. To the best of our knowledge, this novel polymer-based nanocomposite adorned on nanofiber substrate was utilized for the first time for the fabrication of a flexible glucose sensor. It can be used for producing a large-scale, cost-effective, and high-performing sensor. Hence, this sustainable and eco-friendly approach can lead to new techniques for designing next-generation wearable and implantable glucose sensors.

Electrochemical Synthesis of Self-Doped Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Application to Flexible Biosensors

Wet-processable and highly conductive polymers are promising candidates for key materials in organic electronics. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), commercially available as a water dispersion of colloidal particles, has potential applications to organic electronics because of its high electrical conductivity, transparency and thermal stability 1). However, the PEDOT:PSS has some technical issues owing to the PSS: The ultra-thin layers thinner than the colloidal particle size is difficult; The PEDOT:PSS colloids aggregate and precipitate when stored for an extended period; The pristine PEDOT:PSS exhibits poor electrical conductivity without secondary dopants such as ethylene glycol and DMSO. Recently, we have developed a novel fully soluble self-doped PEDOT (S-PEDOT) by chemical oxidative polymerization having a high conductivity without secondary dopants 2).This presentation deals with the first study on synthesis of the S-PEDOT by a facile electrochemical polymerization and characterization by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), reflection spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and the four-point technique.The S-PEDOT was electrochemically synthesized at different current densities ranging from 0.5 to 5 mA/cm2. It was found that the electrical conductivity increased with increasing current density and attained as high as 427 S/cm at 5 mA/cm2 which was one order of magnitude higher than those so far reported in the literature. Further investigation has been made to clarify the role and effect of current density on molecular weight, crystallinity, and carrier transport properties in more detail.For the application to biosensors, flexible organic electronic circuits consisting of working, counter, and reference electrodes were fabricated by line-patterning 3) the S-PEDOT water solution as a conductive ink on a Kapton film as a flexible substrate. The flexible glucose sensor was then fabricated by coating the bioink containing glucose oxidase, ferrocene, and chitosan on the working electrode. It was found that the flexible biosensor successfully worked where the electric current during the CV measurement increased with increasing the glucose concentration.1) H. Okuzaki ed., PEDOT: Materials Properties and Device Applications, S&T (2012).2) H. Yano, K. Kudo, K. Marumo, H. Okuzaki, Sci. Adv., 5, eaav9492 (2019).3) D. Hohnholz, H. Okuzaki, and A. G. MacDiarmid, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15, 51 (2005).

Cu2O films without impurities fabricated via the mist spin spray technique using a mixed alkaline solution for flexible glucose sensors

The mist spin spray (MSS) technique was used to fabricate crystalline Cu2O thin films on seed-free glass substrates and a flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. In this technique, a solution containing Cu+ ions and a mixed alkaline solution of NH3 and NaOH were separately atomized by ultrasonication to generate mists. These mists were sprayed with a nitrogen carrier gas onto the substrates heated to 90°C on a rotating table under atmospheric pressure. This led to nanoscale-thick, dense, and high-purity Cu2O films with good adhesion to the substrates. The NaOH concentrations of the initial solution affected the film morphology, and the specimen films prepared with a NaOH concentration higher than 0.2 mol/L exhibited rough surfaces, whereas those prepared with a NaOH concentration of 0.1 mol/L and lower had dense and flat surfaces. The crystallized Cu2O film with nano-sized structure was fabricated directly on the ITO/PET substrate at 90°C to produce a flexible glucose sensor and exhibited good validity with a sensitivity of 561.6 µA cm−2 per concentration of mmol L−1.

Flexible MWCNT/Silk fibroin film decorated with Pt NPs for electrochemical glucose sensors

Flexible glucose sensor has become a research focus of continuous blood glucose detection methods because it can easily and quickly detect the glucose content in human body fluids. We prepare a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Silk Fibroin (SF) flexible film, decorated with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) and loaded with glucose oxidase (GOx) to construct a Pt-MWCNT/SF glucose sensor. A flexible conductive film with an electrical conductivity of 8.5 × 10−5 S/m is prepared by controlling the content of MWCNT. The maximum breaking strength and elongation at the break of MWCNT/SF film are 19.12 MPa and 192%. The Pt-MWCNT/SF glucose sensor has excellent conductivity stability under mechanical deformation and accurately detects glucose in the presence of other biomolecules. The linear range of glucose response is 0.1 to 3.75 mM, and the sensitivity is 8.09 μA/mM·cm2. The biological electrode constructed based on MWCNT/SF film has excellent flexibility, which is expected to be integrated with other electronic devices for monitoring and managing human health.

A Highly Porous and Flexible Carbon Nanotube Array Coated with Gold Nanoparticles: Application in Non‐Enzymatic Ultrasensitive Detection and Monitoring of Blood/Saliva Glucose

AbstractFlexible, reusable, and ultrasensitive glucose sensors are the need of the hour for advanced health monitoring, specifically for economical diabetes management in low‐income countries. Here, we demonstrate an ultra‐sensitive, and extremely lightweight non‐enzymatic glucose sensor based on gold nanoparticles sputtered carbon nanotube aerogel film (Au‐CNT), which is flexible, durable, reusable, and portable. The flexible Au‐CNT aerogel non‐enzymatic glucose sensor showed remarkable sensitivity of 779 μA mM−1 cm−2, a wide linear range of 0.1 mM to 6 mM and a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.47 μM. The sensitivity of our sensor is highest among literature‐reported carbon nanomaterials‐based flexible glucose sensors for selective detection of glucose in blood serum/saliva samples. The Au‐CNT aerogel shows the potential application as practical non‐invasive and invasive self‐monitoring glucose sensor. Therefore, highly sensitive and paper‐thin Au‐CNT electrode is a promising candidate for future commercial robust flexible and wearable biosensor applications.

Solid-state, reagent-free and one-step laser-induced synthesis of graphene-supported metal nanocomposites from metal leaves and application to glucose sensing

The laser-induced method to prepare three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene has been widely used in many fields owing to its low-cost, easy operation, maskless patterning and ease of mass production. Metal nanoparticles are further introduced on the surface of 3D graphene to enhance its property. The existing methods, however, such as laser irradiation and electrodeposition of metal precursor solution, suffer from many shortcomings, including complicated procedure of metal precursor solution preparation, strict experimental control, and poor adhesion of metal nanoparticles. Herein, a solid-state, reagent-free, and one-step laser-induced strategy has been developed for the fabrication of metal nanoparticle modified-3D porous graphene nanocomposites. Commercial transfer metal leaves were covered on a polyimide film followed by direct laser irradiation to produce 3D graphene nanocomposites modified with metal nanoparticles. The proposed method is versatile and applicable to incorporate various metal nanoparticles including gold silver, platinum, palladium, and copper. Furthermore, the 3D graphene nanocomposites modified with AuAg alloy nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in both 21 Karat (K) and 18K gold leaves. Its electrochemical characterization demonstrated that the synthesized 3D graphene-AuAg alloy nanocomposites exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties. Finally, we fabricated LIG-AuAg alloy nanocomposites as enzyme-free flexible sensors for glucose detection. The LIG-18K electrodes exhibited the superior glucose sensitivity of 1194 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low detection limits of 0.21 μM. The LIG-21K nanocomposite sensors showed two linear ranges from 1 μM to 1 mM and 2 mM–20 mM with good sensitivity. Furthermore, the flexible glucose sensor showed good stability, sensitivity, and ability to sense in blood plasma samples. The proposed one-step fabrication of reagent-free and metal alloy nanoparticles on LIG with excellent electrochemical performance opens up possibilities for diversifying potential applications of sensing, water treatment and electrocatalysis.

A High-Linearity Glucose Sensor Based on Silver-Doped Con A Hydrogel and Laser Direct Writing

A continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system is an ideal monitoring system for the blood glucose control of diabetic patients. The development of flexible glucose sensors with good glucose-responsive ability and high linearity within a large detection range is still challenging in the field of continuous glucose detection. A silver-doped Concanavalin A (Con A)-based hydrogel sensor is proposed to address the above issues. The proposed flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor was prepared by combining Con-A-based glucose-responsive hydrogels with green-synthetic silver particles on laser direct-writing graphene electrodes. The experimental results showed that in a glucose concentration range of 0-30 mM, the proposed sensor is capable of measuring the glucose level in a repeatable and reversible manner, showing a sensitivity of 150.12 Ω/mM with high linearity of R2 = 0.97. Due to its high performance and simple manufacturing process, the proposed glucose sensor is excellent among existing enzyme-free glucose sensors. It has good potential in the development of CGM devices.

Flexible biosensor based on signal amplification of gold nanoparticles-composite flower clusters for glucose detection in sweat

Flexible non-invasive glucose monitoring sensor addresses the limitations of intermittent detection and provides the opportunity for optimal therapeutic interventions. However, the low sensitivity of non-invasive sensors restricted their wide applications. In this study, a facile and versatile three-dimensional flexible glucose sensor based on nano-material signal amplification through the structural design and surface modification of sensing electrodes was constructed. Tannic acid-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (TA-APTES) coatings were prepared on the activated carbon cloth (aCC) via Michael addition and Schiff base reactions, followed by in situ reductions of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to yield AuNPs/TA-APTES/aCC electrodes. Subsequently, glucose oxidases (GOx) were immobilized at the surface of AuNPs to form the sensor. The GOx AuNPs/TA-APTES/aCC sensors exhibit high sensitivity, low detection limit, and fast response rate. The advantage of the GOx AuNPs/TA-APTES/aCC sensors is further illustrated by the excellent stability and the performance in sweat samples with complex components. The design concept of the GOx AuNPs/TA-APTES/aCC for flexible biosensors could potentially drive the development of flexible skin-mountable sensors for monitoring glucose in biofluids.

A disposable and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a 3D-Mn-doped NiO nanoflower-modified flexible electrode.

Herein, nanoflower-shaped Mn-doped NiO nano-enzyme composites with high catalytic performance and excellent conductivity were grown on 3D flexible carbon fiber cloth (CFC) via hydrothermal and calcination methods to construct an efficient flexible glucose-sensitive detection electrode. For electrochemical-based sensors, high conductivity is a prerequisite for reliable data acquisition. To avoid the problems associated with using insulating Nafion or paraffin binders, we adopted a strategy of directly growing Mn-doped NiO onto the electrode surface, thereby avoiding interference due to the oxidization of species present in real samples at higher redox potentials, since Ni2+/Ni3+ has low redox potential. Therefore, the electrode has a linear range of 3-5166 μM for glucose detection, with a detection limit as low as 0.28 μM, showing excellent selectivity and reproducibility. The composite-modified electrode provides accurate detection results with real human serum samples, which are in full agreement with those of commercial blood glucose meters. In addition, we tested the glucose content in tea and sorghum fermentation broth at different stages, further expanding the application range of the Mn-NiO sensors. The nano-enzyme sensor fabricated herein offers a new idea for further integration into wearable flexible electronic devices for accurate glucose detection.

Blood glucose sensing by back gated transistor strips sensitized by CuO hollow spheres and rGO

In this work, a highly sensitive flexible glucose sensor based on a field effect transistor (FET) has been fabricated. It is shown that the proposed flexible transistor can be used as new non-enzymatic blood glucose test strips. CuO hollow-spheres decorated with reduced graphene oxide have been synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The shells of the hollow micro-spheres are formed by nanostructures. The synthesized nanostructured hollow micro-spheres (rGO/CuO–NHS) are deposited on a flexible PET substrate between interdigitated electrodes as the channel of a back gate transistor. The channel concentration and the FET bias are optimized so that the sensor exhibits extremely low limit of detection and high sensitivity. The combination of selective porous CuO hollow spheres and the high surface to volume ratio of their nanostructured shells with the high mobility and high conductivity rGO led to faster and higher charge-transfer capability and superior electro-catalyst activity for glucose oxidation. The glucose-dependent electrical responses of the sensor is measured in both resistive and transistor action modes. The amplification of the current by the induced electric field of the gate in the proposed FET-based biosensor provides advantages such as higher sensitivity and lower limit of detection compared to the resistive sensor. The flexible glucose sensor has a sensitivity of 600 μA μM−1 and a limit of detection of 1 nM with high reproducibility, good stability, and highly selectivity. The high accuracy response of the biosensor towards the real blood serum samples showed that it can be used as a test strip for glucose detection in real blood samples.

A wearable enzyme-free glucose sensor based on nickel nanoparticles decorated laser-induced graphene

• A flexible glucose sensor is fabricated based on multilayer laser-induced graphene. • The sensor exhibits wide linear range and high sensitivity towards glucose. • No signal attenuation is observed after drastic folding for 100 times. • The sensor has been applied to the determination of glucose in human serum. Wearable biosensors that can detect glucose molecules is a promising monitoring device for clinic and health-care analysis. A flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor based on multilayer porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) produced from polyimide (PI) film was developed in this work. Ni/LIG electrode was prepared by electrochemical deposition of Ni nanoparticles on LIG for enzyme-free glucose detection. Ag/AgCl/LIG was prepared as the reference by coating with silver conductive gel and electrochemical anodization methods on LIG. The Ni/LIG glucose sensor possesses excellent flexibility and can function properly after being folded for a hundred times. The sensor exhibits desirable analytical performance towards glucose with wide linear range (0.50 μM to 1666 μM), ultra-high sensitivity (2040 μA/mM·cm 2 ), and low detection limit (0.29 μM). Ni/LIG glucose sensor also shows high stability and minimal responses to the interference substances and has been successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human blood serum with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 10) of 0.85%, and recoveries ranging from 99.36% to 100.45%.

Exfoliated graphite carbon paper-based flexible nonenzymatic glucose sensor

The continuous real-time monitoring of glucose is essential for patients suffering from diabetes. Therefore, the low-cost and flexible glucose sensor is necessary, showing enhanced sensitivity and limit of detection. We report results of studies resulting in developing a nanostructured exfoliated graphite carbon paper (ExGCP) based efficient electrode for application to a nonenzymatic glucose sensor. This glucose sensor showed ∼ sensitivity as 5.93 µA mM−1 cm−2 with a linear response in the 2–8 mM concentration range and ∼0.812 mM as the limit of detection. The diffusion-controlled sensing reaction on ExGCP reduces electron transfer resistance with increasing glucose concentration, revealing ExGCP as an efficient and flexible electrode material for glucose sensing applications.

Soft and plasmonic hydrogel optical probe for glucose monitoring

Abstract Glucose monitoring sensors with high softness and flexibility are critical for the developments of wearable and implantable healthcare devices that enable diagnosis, prognosis, and management of diabetes. The design and implementation of such sensors have been extensively exploited by electrochemical strategies, which, however, suffer from poor reusability and complex modification procedures, and necessitate frequent calibration or sensor replacement due to enzymatic reaction instability. Here, a soft and plasmonic hydrogel optical sensor is created for quantitative and continuous glucose monitoring under physiological conditions. The optical sensor consists of a flexible optical fiber made from composites of gold nanoparticles and glucose-responsive hydrogels. The reversible binding of glucose to the nanocomposite optical fiber results in dynamic volume expansion of the hydrogel matrix, which modulates the localized surface plasmon resonance effect, enabling glucose to be quantified from the light transmission. To achieve robust readout, a dual-wavelength differential approach is employed to endow the sensor with self calibration capability. We show that the sensor is reversible and reusable for detecting physiological glucose levels with high linearity and negligible hysteresis. The soft and flexible glucose sensor holds great promises of serving as a minimally-invasive probe for point-of-care glucose monitoring in clinics.

A long-term stable and flexible glucose sensor coated with poly(ethylene glycol)-modified polyurethane

• A flexible glucose sensor with long service life and good consistency is proposed. • GOx is coated on the electrode surface by a self-developed electrospray apparatus. • PU surface is modified by chemical grafting to improve its biocompatibility. Flexible biosensors have the great potential to be applied in medical diagnosis, wearable devices, fermentation and other fields. This paper proposes a manufacturing scheme of a flexible enzymatic glucose sensor coated with polyurethane modified by poly(ethylene glycol), PU-PEG, as a protective membrane, which can overcome the problems of poor consistency and short service life of the electrochemical sensor. A platinum-black electrode formed by electroplating platinum-black nanoparticles onto a flexible gold electrode is used as an enzyme carrier. The enzyme is electrosprayed evenly onto the electrode to avoid aggregation and to control quality. Glutaraldehyde is used as a cross-linking agent to immobilise the enzyme layer. Additionally, using PU-PEG as the protective membrane improves the anti-interference performance, controls the enzymatic reaction rate and makes long-term stable operation of the sensor possible. The experimental results show that the linear range of the sensor is 0.5 ~ 25 mM, the minimum detection limit is 0.25 mM, and the sensitivity is as high as 3.418 μA/mM. The measurement results of the sensors show good consistency, with a maximum absolute deviation of only 5.52%. The effective working time in 37℃ bovine serum with a glucose concentration of 5 mM is up to 23 days.

Flexible and self-healing electrochemical hydrogel sensor with high efficiency toward glucose monitoring

The commercial sensor of a continuous glucose monitoring system suffers from restricted penetration of glucose in the dense sensing coating, uncontrolled leakage of the glucose oxidase and electrocatalytic medium, and susceptibility to mechanical damage. Herein, a self-healing hydrogel based on quaternized chitosan and oxidized dextran was designed, and CeO2/MnO2 hollow nanospheres were covalently linked in the hydrogel as the electrocatalytic medium. Glucose oxidase was loaded via the strong electrostatic interactions with the CeO2/MnO2 hollow nanospheres. An extra covering agent was coated on the hydrogel to prevent the leakage of the glucose oxidase and electrocatalytic medium. Covalent linkage of the hydrogel on a bendable chip formed a flexible glucose sensor, which showed a wide linear range (1–111 mM), fast response (less than 3 s), and high sensitivity (176 μA mM−1 cm−2). The hydrogel-based sensor was self-healable, and could continuously work for over 30 days. Thus, this study provides a method to simultaneously prevent the leakage of the electrocatalytic medium, promote the sensitivity of glucose detection, and tolerate the mechanical damage, which shows great potential for continuous glucose monitoring.

Oxide nanomembrane induced assembly of a functional smart fiber composite with nanoporosity for an ultra-sensitive flexible glucose sensor

ZnO nanomembrane-induced assembly of a ZIF-67 layer on flexible carbon fibers leads to formation of a functional composite for ultra-sensitive glucose sensing.

Flexible electrochemical glucose biosensor based on GOx/gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm on the polymer electrode

The need for flexible biosensors has increased because of their potential applications for point-of-care diagnosis and wearable biosensors. However, flexible biosensors have low sensitivity due to the flexibility of the electrode, and their fabrication involves complex processes. To overcome these limitations, a flexible electrochemical enzyme biosensor was developed in this study by immobilizing an enzyme on the flexible polymer electrode modified with a gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm. The fabrication process involved sputter deposition of gold, spin coating of MoS2, and sputter deposition of gold on the flexible polymer electrode (commercially available Kapton® polyimide film). The flexible glucose biosensor was made by immobilization of glucose oxidase on a flexible electrode by using a chemical linker. The detection limit for glucose was estimated to be 10 nM, which indicates more sensitivity as compared with a previously reported flexible glucose sensor. This sensitivity is due to the facilitation of electron transfer by MoS2. The flexure extension of this biosensor was estimated at 3.48 mm, which is much higher than that of the rigid sensor using a gold-coated silicon electrode (0.09 mm), according to measurements with a micro-fatigue tester. The proposed flexible biosensor composed of the enzyme/gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm on the polymer electrode can be used as a flexible sensing platform for developing wearable biosensing systems because of its high sensitivity, high flexibility, and simple fabrication process.

An efficient flexible electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nanotubes/carbonized silk fabrics decorated with Pt microspheres

Advanced flexible electronics have been attracting increasing attention nowadays. Herein, we fabricated an efficient flexible glucose sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated carbonized silk fabric (MWCNTs/CSF) by Pt microsphere decoration. The MWCNTs/CSF was obtained by carbonization at 950°C under an inert atmosphere, which showed good conductivity, flexibility and stability. After a decoration of Pt microspheres by electrodeposition, the resultant material showed a good sensitivity towards H2O2. Following with immobilizing with glucose oxidase (GOx), the resultant sensor showed a sensitivity of 288.86μAmM−1cm−2 with a good linear range from 0 to 5mM. This method is considered to be an efficient way to fabricate flexible electrodes and wearable electronic devices.