Flexible Film Electrode Research Articles

Construction of Low‐Softening‐Point Coal Pitch Derived Carbon Nanofiber Films as Self‐Standing Anodes Toward Sodium Dual‐Ion Batteries

AbstractTo achieve high‐quality hard carbon nanofibers (HCNFs), and particularly flexible HCNFs films is the eternal pursuit from low‐cost coal pitch (CP). However, it is still trapped seriously by the inborn bottleneck of low‐softening‐point (LSP) characteristics of CP itself. Herein, an efficient Bi(NO3)3·5H2O‐assisted electrospinning‐carbonization methodology is creatively devised to obtain flexible HCNFs films directly from LSP CP. The essential roles of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and pre‐oxidation in constructing flexible films are rationally proposed. With further regulation in Bi(NO3)3·5H2O dosage and calcination temperatures, specific micro‐structures/morphologies of flexible HCNFs films are finely optimized. The optimum HCNFs‐1.2 film is endowed with robust structural flexibility/stability, high‐content active oxygen/nitrogen groups, abundant graphic microcrystalline zones of large interlayer spacing, and convenient ion‐diffusion channels. Thanks to such remarkable merits, HCNFs‐1.2 retains a large reversible capacity of 125.3 mAh g‒1 over 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g‒1, when evaluated as a self‐supporting film anode for sodium dual‐ion batteries (SDIBs). Furthermore, the HCNFs‐1.2‐based SDIBs deliver a specific capacity of 90.9 mAh g‒1 at 0.1 A g‒1, along with a capacity retention of 78.4% after 1500 cycles at 1.0 A g‒1. The insightful understanding here will provide meaningful guidance for rational design of advanced flexible film electrodes toward next‐generation SDIBs and beyond.

Inkjet-printed flexible V2CTx film electrodes with excellent photoelectric properties and high capacities for energy storage device

Energy storage devices are progressively advancing in the light-weight, flexible, and wearable direction. Ti3C2Tx flexible film electrodes fabricated via a non-contact, cost-effective, high-efficiency, and large-scale inkjet printing technology were capable of satisfying these demands in our previous report. However, other MXenes that can be employed in flexible energy storage devices remain undiscovered. Herein, flexible V2CTx film electrodes (with the low formula weight vs Ti3C2Tx film electrodes) with both high capacities and excellent photoelectric properties were first fabricated. The area capacitances of V2CTx film electrodes reached 531.3–5787.0 μF⋅cm−2 at 5 mV⋅s−1, corresponding to the figure of merits (FoMs) of 0.07–0.15. Noteworthy, V2CTx film electrode exhibited excellent cyclic stability with the capacitance retention of 83 % after 7,000 consecutive charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, flexible all solid-state symmetric V2CTx supercapacitor was assembled with the area capacitance of 23.4 μF⋅cm−2 at 5 mV⋅s−1. Inkjet printing technology reaches the combination of excellent photoelectric properties and high capacities of flexible V2CTx film electrodes, which provides a new strategy for manufacturing MXene film electrodes, broadening the application prospect of flexible energy storage devices.

Constructing a 3D Ion Transport Channel-Based CNF Composite Film with an Intercalated Structure for Superior Performance Flexible Supercapacitors.

The weak stiffness, huge thickness, and low specific capacitance of commonly utilized flexible supercapacitors hinder their great electrochemical performance. Learning from a biomimetic interface strategy, we design flexible film electrodes based on functional intercalated structures with excellent electrochemical properties and mechanical flexibility. A composite film with high strength and flexibility is created using graphene (reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) as the plane layer, layered double metal hydroxide (LDH) as the support layer, and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the connection agent and flexible agent. The interlayer height can be adjusted by the ion concentration. The highly interconnected network enables excellent electron and ion transport channels, facilitating rapid ion diffusion and redox reactions. Moreover, the high flexibility and mechanical properties of the film achieve multiple folding and bending. The CNF-rGO-NiCoLDH film electrode exhibits high capacitance performance (3620.5 mF cm-2 at 2 mA cm-2), excellent mechanical properties, and high flexibility. Notably, flexible all-solid assembled CNF-rGO-NiCoLDH//rGO has an extremely high area energy density of 53.5 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 1071.2 mW cm-2, along with cycling stability of 89.8% retention after 10 000 charge-discharge cycles. This work provides a perspective for designing high-performance energy storage materials for flexible electronics and wearable devices.

High performance flexible lithium-ion battery anodes: Carbon nanotubes bridging bamboo-shaped carbon-coated manganese oxide nanowires via carbon welding

Free-standing electrodes will significantly improve the specific capabilities of LIBs and reduce manufacturing costs; importantly, the introduction of the carbon protective layer can solve the problem of capacity attenuation. Herein, a novel closely crosslinked three-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) network bridge bamboo-shaped carbon-coated MnO (CCMC) flexible film anode is designed. For this design, the carbon layer can provide high electrical conductivity while buffering the volume changes of the MnO nanoparticles during repeated cycling. Meanwhile, the CNTs are also highly conductive and bridged between bamboo-shaped carbon-coated MnO (MC) to support the entire structure, effectively improving the tensile strength and structural stability of CCMC. In addition, the CCMC flexible film electrode as the anode material of flexible LIBs, does not use conductive agent, binder and collector, shows excellent electrochemical properties, including a high-rate capability of 909 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 406 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1, and a long cycling stability (411 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 1000 cycles).

Carbon nanofibers confined polyoxometalate derivatives as flexible self-supporting electrodes for robust sodium storage

Flexible self-supporting film electrodes, which eliminate the need for additional adhesive, conductive agents, or current collectors, offer significant advantages in terms of mechanical properties, specific capacity, and energy density for energy storage applications. In this study, we successfully developed a flexible film electrode by incorporating derivatives of Mo and Fe-based polyoxometalates (POMs-D) into carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The integration of CNFs significantly enhanced the structural stability of POMs-D, while the internally formed electrical field facilitated efficient electron transfer, resulting in good performance in sodium storage. The film electrode demonstrated a high capacitive contribution of 90.0 % for sodium uptake/release at a scan rate of 1.0 mV s−1. It maintained a capacity of approximately 170 mA h g−1 even after 8000 cycles at a current density of 3.0 A g−1. Moreover, the film electrode exhibited a decent capacity with a 40.0-fold increase in current density, along with high power capability and energy density in sodium-ion hybrid supercapacitors, showcasing the versatility. These findings unveil the structure-functionality relationship and offer an advanced approach for developing high-performance film electrode materials, opening new possibilities in the fields of material science and energy storage.

Constructing Flexible Film Electrode with Porous Layered Structure by MXene/SWCNTs/PANI Ternary Composite for Efficient Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Harvest

AbstractThermal energy, constituting the majority of the energy lost through various inefficiencies, is abundant and ubiquitous. With thermogalvanic effect, thermocells (TECs) can directly convert thermal energy into electricity without producing vibration, noise or other waste emissions. This work presents a rational design of flexible film electrodes constructed on a ternary composite of Ti3C2Tx MXene (Tx represents surface terminations), polyaniline (PANI) and single‐wall carbon nanotubes for TECs, which exhibit notably enhanced thermoelectrochemical performance compared to the widely adopted noble platinum electrodes. The ternary composite electrodes form a porous layered structure with a large electrochemical‐active surface area. Experiment and simulation results reveal that synergistic effects of Ti3C2Tx and PANI are induced for promoting both mass and charge transport at the electrolyte‐electrode interface, resulting in a TEC with an output power of 13.15 µW cm−2 at the ΔT of 40 K. The TEC also shows a rapid response to the small temperature difference between the human body and the ambient, demonstrating high potential in harvesting low‐grade heat to power small electronics.

Electrostatic self-assembly of citrus based carbon nanosheets and MXene: Flexible film electrodes and patterned interdigital electrodes for all-solid supercapacitors

Lightweight, flexible, patterned, and environmentally friendly electronic devices should be developed to meet the requirements of future high-tech systems such as smart wearables, internet of things and smart cities. Herein, MXene and citrus-based carbon nanosheet composites (MX/CCNS) with excellent energy storage properties and cyclic stability are prepared via electrostatic self-assembly. MX/CCNS can be easily fabricated as flexible self-supporting electrodes by vacuum filtration and configured as ink for screen printing and large-scale continuous preparation of patterned electrodes. MX/CCNS film electrodes have high specific capacitance (up to 1825.6 mF/cm2 at a current density of 5 mA/cm2) and high cycling stability (99.82% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles). Meanwhile, MX/CCNS can be assembled into flexible all-solid-state and interdigital devices, all exhibiting excellent capacitive performance. The capacitance (114.9 mF/cm2) and energy density (12.9 μWh/cm2) of the printed interdigital supercapacitors are competitive among MXene-based devices. MX/CCNS has great application prospects in scalable and sustainable production of next-generation wearable intelligent electronics.

Graphene oxide coated polyaminoanthraquinone@MXene based flexible film electrode for high-performance supercapacitor

The diversified development of electronic products stimulates the great demand for flexible energy storage devices with high energy density. Poly (1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAAQ) is considered as a highly promising electrode material due to its unique π-conjugated structure and high theoretical capacitance. Herein, we first prepare cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified graphite oxide (GO) coated poly (1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAAQ) nanotubes@Ti3C2TX flexible film (CGO/PDAAQ@MXene) by electrostatic self-assembly. After modification with cationic surfactant, CTAB modified GO coated PDAAQ nanotubes (CGO/PDAAQ) exhibits overall positive charge, and then polymer nanotubes are uniformly inserted into negatively charged layered MXene to effectively avoid self-stacking of MXene layers. Under the synergistic effect, the ordered 1D nanotubes structure of CGO/PDAAQ and excellent intrinsic conductivity of MXene can greatly enhance the electron transfer and ion migration rates for electrode. The flexible self-supporting CGO/PDAAQ@MXene has good mechanical properties and can be completely recovered after 500 bending tests. Electrochemical tests of the flexible electrode exhibit the specific capacitance of 346 F g at 1 A g−1 (865 mF cm−2 at 2.5 mA cm−2), good rate performance and excellent cyclic stability. The as-fabricated flexible asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits high energy density of 41 Wh kg−1 at 404 W kg−1, which can successfully light 35 small LED bulbs.

Highly Efficient Solvothermal Synthesis of Poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) Nanoflowers for Energy and Environmental Applications.

Poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) (PDAA) has attracted more interest because of its unique molecular structure. However, the lower polymerization yield limits its practical application. Here, the solvothermal chemically oxidative polymerization of 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (DAA) was developed, and the well-defined PDAA nanoflowers were obtained with a high yield of 72.6% within 16 h. The PDAA nanoflower-based flexible film electrodes were fabricated with expandable graphene as conductive support, delivering a capacitance of 277 F g-1 and 258 mF cm-2 at 0.5 A g-1 (1 mA cm-2) and superior cycling stability with retention of 99% after 10000 cycles. The flexible symmetric solid-state supercapacitors (SSSCs) possessed a high capacitance of 52.5 F g-1 at 0.25 A g-1 and 96.6 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 and had only a 14% capacitance loss after 10000 cycles at 0.1 V s-1 as well as excellent flexibility. Besides, the PDAA nanoflowers could be used as self-separable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) with a capacity of 93.8 mg g-1 at pH 9.

Construction of porous and free-standing film electrodes composed of MXene, carbon nanocoils and PEDOT:PSS for high-performance flexible supercapacitors

The development of high-performance and flexible supercapacitors is of urgent demand but still challenging. MXene, a novel two-dimensional material, has metallic conductivity, good hydrophilicity, and high redox activity. Significantly, its good electrochemical and mechanical properties suggest its great potential in flexible supercapacitors. However, the poor interlayer conductivity and self-stacking of MXene flakes hinder the charge transfer and ion transport. Herein, a three-dimensional porous structure composed of MXene, carbon nanocoils (CNCs) and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (denoted as MXene/CNC/PP) has been successfully prepared by a facile drop-coating method for flexible film electrode. The CNCs, having unique 3D helical structures and excellent dispersity, insert into the MXene flakes to prevent their over stack and provide spaces and channels for electrolyte storage and ion transport inside the composite structure. Meanwhile, the CNCs also act as highly conductive bridges to connect the MXene flakes, enhancing the charge transfer. To increase the stability of the composite structure, the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS was selected as an conductive binder to prepare self-supported MXene/CNC/PP film electrodes without additional additives. The MXene/CNC/PP electrode exhibits an areal capacitance of 232 mF cm−2 at 10 mV s−1 with superior rate capability, excellent cycling stability and flexibility. This paper provides a new strategy for construction of wearable high-performance flexible electrodes and supercapacitors.

Trapezoidal Cantilever-Structure Triboelectric Nanogenerator Integrated with a Power Management Module for Low-Frequency Vibration Energy Harvesting

Wide-band vibration is abundant in various industrial equipment, but extracting low frequency energy is challenging. Here, we demonstrated a trapezoidal cantilever-structure triboelectric nanogenerator (C-TENG) that can efficiently harvest energy from vibration in the range of 1-22 Hz. The C-TENG is fabricated with a flexible film electrode, and its mechanical model is analyzed with structural mechanics for the optimal performance of the device. The C-TENG can harvest the vibration source with a frequency as low as 1 Hz, and its output power density reaches 62.2 W/m3 at a vibration frequency of 5 Hz. Furthermore, a power management module is developed, and its integration with TENG arrays enables the self-powered timing and wireless transmitting systems. This work proposes an effective strategy to harvest ubiquitously distributed but usually neglected vibration sources, which would contribute to the development of self-powered electronic systems and Internet of Things.

Flexible 2D Cu Metal: Organic Framework@MXene Film Electrode with Excellent Durability for Highly Selective Electrocatalytic NH3 Synthesis.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (ENRA) is an effective strategy to resolve environmental and energy crisis, but there are still great challenges to achieve high activity and stability synergistically for practical application in a fluid environment. The flexible film electrode may solve the abovementioned problem of practical catalytic application owing to the advantages of low cost, light weight, eco-friendliness, simple and scalable fabrication, extensive structural stability, and electrocatalytic reliability. Herein, 2D hybridization copper 1,4-benzenedi-carboxylate (CuBDC) has been grown on electronegative MXene nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx) seamlessly to prepare a 2D flexible CuBDC@Ti3C2Tx electrode for ENRA. The flexible electrode simultaneously exhibits high Faradaic efficiency (86.5%) and excellent stability for NH3 synthesis, which are comparable to previously reported nanomaterials toward ENRA. Especially, the flexible electrode maintains outstanding FENH3 toward ENRA after the bending, twisting, folding, and crumpling tests, indicating excellent electroconductibility, high stability, and durability. This work not only provides mild permeation-mediated strategy to fabricate a flexible electrode but also explores the practical applications of the electrode with effectively environmental adaptability in solving global environmental contamination and energy crisis by effective ENRA.

Ammonium heptamolybdate preloaded on flexible carbon-matrix film electrode for the electrochemical phosphate sensor in a river water sample

This work designed ammonium heptamolybdate (AHM) preloaded on a polyaniline (PANI)/coconut shell-derived carbon (CC)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF) composite flexible film electrode. The as-prepared novel AHM@PANI/CC/PVDF composite film electrode allowed to the selective and sensitive determination of phosphate in river water samples. The optimized AHM@PANI/CC/PVDF film delivered excellent ionic conductivity (6.58 × 10−5 S cm−1). The analysis of the flexible composite matrix film confirmed the presence of three AHM redox couples, and their formal potential, peak potential difference, and surface coverage (τ) were calculated. The AHM@PANI/CC/PVDF film comprised an excellent microenvironment for phosphate (H2PO4−) detection, while the resulting electroactive phosphomolybdic complex species were stabilized by the composite matrix. The product of phosphomolybdic complex was electrochemically reduced at +0.25 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The Keggin-type phosphomolybdic complex on the composite film was ex-situ examined by elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction pattern and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From the spectroscopic studies individual composite materials interaction with molybdate mechanism provided. The AHM@PANI/CC/PVDF film electrode revealed a good phosphate detection concentration range of 10–114 µM, and it exhibited a low detection limit (0.6 µM). Besides, AHM@PANI/CC/PVDF was used to analyze a tap and river water sample and validated the obtained data through the spectrophotometric method which yielded an excellent recovery range (101.3%–113.3%).

All-polymer free-standing electrodes for flexible electrochemical sensors

Abstract Flexible free-standing electrodes with inherent conductivity and superior mechanical property are highly desired for flexible electrochemical sensor. Herein, we report the design of all-polymer flexible film electrodes for dopamine (DA) detection, in which polypyrrole (PPy) doped with pentaerythritol ethoxylate (PEE) are grown together with PPy doped with 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS-PPy) by adopting sandwiched structure. This all-polymer electrode is free-standing and breaks through the bottleneck of traditional flexible electrodes that requires elastic substrate and conductive additives, demonstrating high mechanical tensile strength (81.9 MPa), good flexibility (elongation-at-break of 41.6 %), and inherent and stable conductivity. When used as electrochemical sensor for DA detection, this PPy composite film electrode shows high sensitivity (343.75 μA mM−1 cm−2). Moreover, this all-polymer electrode can bear various deformation (bending, twisting, folding, and knotting) with negligible effect on the sensing performance. This electrochemical sensor demonstrates strong electrochemical stability with 97.3 % current response remaining at 25 % strain for DA detection. The strong sensing stability (mechanical deformation and long-time storage), in conjunction with superior mechanical property and high sensitivity, proves that this all-polymer free-standing film electrode exhibits giant potential in application of flexible electrochemical sensors.

Solvothermal synthesis of Ti3C2Tx/WO3−x flexible and self-standing films for aqueous proton supercapacitor electrodes

The severe self-restacking of MXene film restricts its development for supercapacitors. Herein, the synthesis of Ti3C2Tx decorated with WO3−x hybrid nanostructures by a one-step solvothermal method was reported in this work, which exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance due to the increased interlayer spacing and synergistic effects. As a result, the optimal Ti3C2Tx/WO3−x nanocomposite electrode shows excellent gravimetric capacitance of 442.0 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1, excellent rate capability, and good flexibility. Moreover, the cycling stability retains at 91.21% after 10,000 cycles (at 10 A g−1). This work provides a new strategy for the development of MXene-based flexible film electrodes with high electrochemical performance.

Flexible Potentiometric Sensor System for Non-Invasive Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Human Skin: Application for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Phytocosmetic Products

In contemporary bioanalysis, monitoring the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the human skin is used to assess stresses, nutrition, cosmetics, and certain skin diseases. Non-invasive methods for skin AOA monitoring have certain advantages over invasive methods, namely cost-effectiveness, lower labor intensity, reduced risk of infection, and obtaining results in the real-time mode. This study presents a new flexible potentiometric sensor system (FPSS) for non-invasive determination of the human skin AOA, which is based on flexible film electrodes (FFEs) and membrane containing a mediator ([Fe(CN)6]3–/4–). Low-cost available materials and scalable technologies were used for FFEs manufacturing. The indicator FFE was fabricated based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and carbon veil (CV) by single-sided hot lamination. The reference FFE was fabricated based on PET film and silver paint by using screen printing, which was followed by the electrodeposition of precipitate containing a mixture of silver chloride and silver ferricyanide (SCSF). The three-electrode configuration of the FPSS, including two indicator FFEs (CV/PET) and one reference FFE (SCSF/Ag/PET), has been successfully used for measuring the skin AOA and evaluating the impact of phytocosmetic products. FPSS provides reproducible (RSD ≤ 7%) and accurate (recovery of antioxidants is almost 100%) results, which allows forecasting its broad applicability in human skin AOA monitoring as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of topically and orally applied antioxidants.

Self-Standing Flexible N-Doped Graphene/CNTs Supported Spiral Low-Crystalline Ni(OH)2 Electrode with Ultra-Long Cycling Stability for Supercapacitors

Carbon materials are widely used as anodes of supercapacitors due to the long cycling stability, but the low capacitance results in low energy density of the supercapacitor device in aqueous solution, greatly limiting the application field of the supercapacitor. Here, the spiral low-crystalline Ni(OH)2 supported on self-standing layered film structure of N-doped graphene/carbon nanotubes film (NCF) is reported. The prepared flexible film electrode of low-crystalline Ni(OH)2/NCF is functioned as cathode directly, presenting high gravimetric capacitance (GC) and areal capacitance of 2130[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] (2[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]) and 2.88[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] (1[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]). Also, this self-standing electrode film shows ultra-long cycle life, retaining 111.4% of initial capacitance after 30 000 circles at large current densities (20[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]) and almost 0% fade before 10 000 circles. Moreover, Ni(OH)2/NCF and activated polyaniline derived carbon (APDC) have been assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor, exhibiting a high gravimetric energy density of 60[Formula: see text]Wh[Formula: see text]kg[Formula: see text] at 800[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text]kg[Formula: see text], suggesting that the obtained electrode has a good prospect application in long cycling stability with high energy density of supercapacitor devices.

Design and synthesis of a 3D flexible film electrode based on a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose–polypyrrole@reduced graphene oxide composite for supercapacitors

A novel, environmentally friendly and freestanding 3D flexible film electrode (CMC–PPy@RGO) was prepared by a simple vacuum filtration method.

MnO2@Polyaniline-CNT-boron-doped graphene as a freestanding binder-free electrode material for supercapacitor

Present work is focusing on the easy synthesis of MnO2@Polyaniline/Carbon nanotubes/Boron-doped graphene (MnO2@PCBG) freestanding, flexible film electrode as a highly efficient current collector and electrode material for supercapacitor application. Boron-doped graphene (BG), CNT and polyaniline (PANI) composite are used to prepare freestanding electrode on Ni foam as a template. PANI, BG and CNT have provided porosity, conducting nature and mechanical strength along with electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudocapacitive behaviours. MnO2 have deposited electrochemically on Polyaniline/Carbon nanotubes/Boron-doped Graphene (PCBG) freestanding material. The combination of EDLC and pseudocapacitive material in PCBG serve as an efficient current collector as well as an electrode for the electrodeposition of MnO2. MnO2@PCBG exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 1544 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, along with 84% cycling stability after 5000 cycles. Also, the as-prepared material shows the power density of 2353 W kg−1 and the energy density of 196 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1. The significant improvement in the performance of the MnO2@PCBG material might be due to the binder-free growth of MnO2 nanospheres on the highly efficient current collector.

All-MXene-Based Integrated Membrane Electrode Constructed using Ti3C2Tx as an Intercalating Agent for High-Performance Desalination.

2D-Ti3C2Tx MXene flake restacking and the small interlayer spacing of these MXenes limit their application in capacitive deionization. Here, we designed an all-MXene-based (L-S-Ti3C2Tx) flexible film electrode, enabled by large-size Ti3C2Tx (lateral dimensions of ⩾1 μm) MXene (L-Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets, which provided conductive pathways and were active substances, and by small-size Ti3C2Tx (500 nm) MXene (S-Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets, which were used as intercalation materials and active substances, for high-performance desalination in capacitive deionization applications. The as-synthesized L-S-Ti3C2Tx electrode achieved an excellent capacitance (169 F/g at 5 mV/s) and long-term cycling stability (maintained 91.7% of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles). Additionally, these electrodes exhibited a high electroadsorption capacity (72 mg NaCl/g L-S-Ti3C2Tx, 10 mM NaCl solution). The improved electrochemical and desalination performance and outstanding long-term cycling stability can be attributed to the small Ti3C2Tx sheets that were introduced, which could be beneficial in exposing more active sites, facilitating electron transport, and shortening the diffusion path of Na ions. Our work opens up a new design space for the development of high-performance anode materials.