Flexible Cables Research Articles

Integrated Optically Pumped Magnetometer for Measurements within Earth’s Magnetic Field

We present a portable optically pumped magnetometer instrument for ultra-sensitive measurements within the Earth's magnetic field. The central part of the system is a sensor head operating a MEMS-based Cs vapor cell in the light-shift dispersed Mz mode. It is connected to a compact, battery-driven electronics module by a flexible cable. We briefly review the working principles of the device and detail on the realization of both, sensor head and electronics. We show shielded and unshielded measurements within a static magnetic field amplitude of 50 uT demonstrating a noise level of the sensor system down to 140 fT/\sqrt{Hz} and a sensor bandwidth of several 100 Hz. In a detailed analysis of sensor noise we reveal the system to be limited by technical sources with straightforward strategies for further improvement towards its fundamental noise limit of 12 fT/\sqrt{Hz}. We assess the parameters defining the sensor bandwidth by theoretical modeling based on the Bloch equations. Finally, we compare our sensors' performance to a commercial SQUID system in a measurement environment typical for geomagnetic observatory practice and geomagnetic prospection.

Assembly principle of a membrane-anchored nuclear pore basket scaffold.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are membrane-embedded gatekeepers of traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Key features of the NPC symmetric core have been elucidated, but little is known about the NPC basket, a prominent structure with numerous roles in gene expression. Studying the basket was hampered by its instability and connection to the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Here, we reveal the assembly principle of the yeast NPC basket by reconstituting a recombinant Nup60-Mlp1-Nup2 scaffold on a synthetic membrane. Nup60 serves as the basket’s flexible suspension cable, harboring an array of short linear motifs (SLiMs). These bind multivalently to the INM, the coiled-coil protein Mlp1, the FG-nucleoporin Nup2, and the NPC core. We suggest that SLiMs, embedded in disordered regions, allow the basket to adapt its structure in response to bulky cargo and changes in gene expression. Our study opens avenues for the higher-order reconstitution of basket-anchored NPC assemblies on membranes.

Optimization of minimum crossing distance of transmission line based on multi objective ant colony algorithm

In the test of cross span distance of transmission line, the estimation of cross span distance is not accurate, which leads to the increase of subsequent test error. Therefore, a test method of transmission line cross span distance based on a multi-objective ant colony algorithm is proposed. Statistics of the actual information of different crossovers including trees and forest areas. Considering the transmission line as a flexible cable, the objective function for estimating the cross span distance of the transmission line is constructed according to the catenary model of the flexible cable model. On this basis, the multi-objective ant colony algorithm is used to solve the function, and the optimization results of transmission line crossing distance are output. The experimental results show that the method has high accuracy, small error, short time and reliability.

Расширение зоны покрытия при связи вне прямой видимости MIMO с использованием пассивных ретрансляторов

In MIMO communications, high buildings in cities and other obstructions can prevent the propagation of radio waves, resulting in blind spots and poor communications. This problem can be solved using passive repeaters, which, by distributing them in the communication environment, the blind spots can be accessed and the coverage area can be extended. The distribution of these repeaters in the MIMO communication should be optimized in order to maximally cover the target area. In this article, an approach based on non-negative least square (NNLS) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the distribution of the minimum number of repeaters in none-line-of sight (NLOS) MIMO communications. The proposed approach is implemented using passive repeaters consisting of two parabolic antennas connected through a flexible cable. The numerical analysis is performed to verify the validity of the proposed approach, and it is found that the proposed method helps to optimally distribute passive repeaters and extend coverage area with minimum number of repeaters.

H∞ Control of a Planar 3-DOF Flexible-Cable Manipulator

This paper deals with the dynamic modeling and the H∞ control of a cable-driven parallel robot with flexible cables. The modeling of planar 3-DOF (two translation and one rotation) robot pulled by four-cables has been performed using the assumed modes approach and the Euler-Lagrange equation, leading to a differential-algebraic equations model (DAE model). This model has been then transformed into an ordinary-differential equations model (ODE model) whose linearization is observable and controllable. An H∞ controller has been synthesized, considering a four-bloc synthesis scheme, in order to control the translation and the rotation of the platform and the mean tension of the cables. An original tuning strategy of the weighting functions is proposed, in order to ensure different performances on the different DOF, that suits to the physical nature of the process. The approach is evaluated in simulation on the nonlinear model and shows good disturbance rejection and reference tracking.

Key Technologies and Development Trend of Robot Automatic Laying of Flexible Cables

Key Technologies and Development Trend of Robot Automatic Laying of Flexible Cables

Development and Performance Study of Fiber Bragg Grating Flexible Cable Strain Sensor

Development and Performance Study of Fiber Bragg Grating Flexible Cable Strain Sensor

A Novel Multi-Patient Mechanical Ventilator Drive System Using Continuously Variable Transmission and Reverse Gearbox

In the present study, a new model of multi-mechanical ventilator drive using a continuously variable transmission (CVT) cone was presented as the main driving force to control the pressure of the BVM Ambu bag, which can produce different airflow pressures for several patients, and using a worm gear to isolate the CVT cone so as not to get the load generated from the pressure of the Ambu bag. In addition, the reverse gear transmission system is used to control the direction of rotation, and the leadscrew is used to change the rotation according to the linear translational motion of the Ambu bag pushing arm. In this system, a DC motor is used as the main driver, and a flexible tuner cable that can be connected to other ventilators is utilized. This research shows that this CVT system can reduce rotation down to 60.35% and increase rotation up to 148.26% with constant rotation input. There are 23 points of change in the position of the belt, which causes variations in the pouch pressing. The system can produce the highest and lowest pressure value at 20.2 and 0.4 cm H₂O. Simultaneously, the rotation of the flexible tuner cable showed no significant change. However, the weakness in the CVT system is the belt friction with the cone surface causing heat and slippage. In this case, the selection of the appropriate material and belt shape can cause belt displacement easiness that important in appropriate speed for applied pressure.

An All-Textile Dual-Band Antenna for BLE and LoRa Wireless Communications

In this paper, a dual-band conductive textile-based wearable antenna operating at LoRa-868 MHz and BLE-2.4 GHz is presented. The proposed antenna is intended for accurate geolocation, tracking and communication applications in the military, industrial and telemedicine industries. The low-profile patch antenna is suitable for integrating into clothing. It is composed of three textile layers: top and bottom silver-ink-printed polystyrene fabrics, and a neoprene substrate. To utilize the flexible and restorable properties of these textile materials, the proposed antenna is directly fed by a flexible cable using an aperture-coupled feeding technique. This method not only eliminates the use of the conventional, bulky, and metallic SMA connector but also introduces a secondary resonance at 2.4 GHz, enabling the dual-band property. Using a thin coaxial cable fixed on the aperture slot for proximity coupling, a compact antenna size of 150 mm2 is obtained that can easily be attached and detached on existing cloths. The proposed structure has been fabricated and measured in an anechoic chamber to verify the performance. Measured gain of 3.28 dBi and 3.25 dBi was realized for LoRa and BLE at an antenna size of 0.61 λg × 0.61 λg × 0.012 λg (where λg is guided wavelength at 868 MHz) with a front-to-back ratio (FBR) of greater than 10 dBi.

Preliminary Design and Experimental Study of a Steel-Batten Ribbed Cable Dome

A steel-batten ribbed cable dome structural system is proposed. By replacing the upper flexible cables with semi-rigid steel battens, rigid roofing materials were conveniently installed overhead via non-bracket or less-bracket technology. Additionally, an 8 m diameter test model was designed, and a ‘ω’ shaped less-bracket consequent hoist-dragging system was adopted. Finally, the test model was tested under symmetric and asymmetric uniform loading arrangements, while a finite element model was established to verify the test values. The results indicate that the measured values are basically consistent with the finite element values. In the early steps of hoisting and dragging, the structure establishes a prestress, accumulates stiffness, and found its internal force balance, while the entire structure keeps a “ω” shape to guarantee stability. As the internal forces of the components increase, the structure turns from “ω” to “m” and finally reached its designed shape. With increasing symmetric uniform load, the internal forces of the cables decrease, the bending stresses of the steel battens increase, and the steel battens remain in the elastic stage. Under an asymmetric uniform load, the high loaded area is displaced downward, and the low loaded area behaves upward, twisting the overall structure.

Transient overvoltage characteristics in submarine cables of multi-terminal flexible HVDC transmission system

The overvoltage transient characteristics of submarine cables are one of the key technologies for submarine power transmission. This article takes the submarine cable of Zhoushan Multi-terminal Flexible HVDC Transmission Project as the research object. The MMC-HVDC simulation models at both ends of converter stations are built in PSCAD. The parameters and equivalent models of the flexible HVDC cables are determined, and the submarine DC cable operating overvoltage is calculated by using statistical methods. The simulation results show that the maximum overvoltage of the submarine cable, that is, the maximum overvoltage of the conductor to sheath, the sheath to the armour, and the armour to the ground are 400 kV, 7.27 kV and 0.45kV respectively. The maximum overvoltage when it occurs faults on grid-side or valve-side appears in the middle of the submarine cable. Maximum overvoltage of HVDC single pole grounding fault appears at the connection point of land cable and submarine cable. The simulation results and the discovery of features in this article provide reference in the design, selection, and testing of submarine power transmission equipment.

Modal Interaction-Induced Parametric Resonance of Stayed Cable: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Investigation

The cable-stayed bridge is widely used due to its strong spanning capacity and navigability. However, flexible cables parametrically resonated by external excitation may result in instability or even damage to the bridge. To prevent such undesirable resonance, this paper discusses an in-plane modal interaction-induced parametric resonance of the stayed cable excited by the bridge deck vibration via nonlinear dynamic analysis. Based on the nonlinear distributed model, two modal governing equations of the cable are established via the Galerkin method. A certain working condition, when the external excitation frequency is close to the second-order natural frequency of the stay cable while nearly twice the first-order natural frequency, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. Specifically, the frequency response equations are obtained by the multiscale method, and the stability of solutions is examined through the Routh Hurwitz criterion. Theoretical and experimental results show that bridge deck vibration can induce not only the primary and superharmonic resonance of the cable but also the principal parametric resonance. Parametric resonance-induced bifurcations are also observed in the system. Particularly, the energy exchange from second-order primary resonance to first-order principal parametric resonance is found, which can induce the parametric resonance with the response amplitude one to three times higher than that of the primary resonance. This paper also validates the superiority of the present modal interaction model over the traditional single-mode model in practical engineering applications.

Calculation and measurement of ampacity for class 5 flexible aluminum cable at 110 °C

Calculation and measurement of ampacity for class 5 flexible aluminum cable at 110 °C

Calculation and measurement of ampacity for class 5 flexible aluminum cable at 110 °C

Class 5 flexible aluminum conductors are not common in cable manufacturing industry due to insufficient study on cable joints and connectors. The table of ampacities for aluminum conductors at 110 °C in AS/NZS3008.1.1 standards are also not available as a reference guide for electrical system designers that restricts the installation of aluminum low voltage (LV) cabling system to operate at 90 °C of conductor maximum operating temperature where 110 °C cables are permitted in Australia. In this paper, the cable ampacities of various LV Class 5 flexible aluminum cables at maximum operating temperature of 110 °C are calculated using IEC60287 and AS/NZ3008.1.1 standards. The calculated ampacities from the formula presented in clause 4.4. of AS/NZS3008.1.1 are verified by using the 6kA inductive current generator to determine the suitability for use. The joint temperature between cable and shear bolt mechanical connectors are simultaneoulsy simulated using the calculated ampacities to determine the suitability of mechanical shear bolt connectors when the coefficient of thermal expansion of material is considered. The observed differences between the calculated and measured values demonstrate the relevance of formula used in determining the current ampacity at 110 °C conductor temperature in free air.

Lumped Mass Model for Flexible Cable: A Review

Model of a flexible cable plays a great role in the applications of underwater towing system, mooring line system, etc. A complete mathematical model is a basis to accurately describe the dynamic characteristics of flexible cable. This article presents a state of art comprehensive review of lumped mass model. First, the mathematical principle of the lumped mass model, including geometric simplification, force analysis, and solution, are systematically summarized.Second, the dynamic response of cable under different boundary conditions is introduced, and boundary conditions are categoried. Third, the numerical solution of the lumped mass model are assessed. Finally, based on the application of guide dog robot, the authors discussed the research future and trends. The authors aim to ealize human-robot interaction through a flexible cable.

Towards Cable-to-Cable Connectors for Flexible Thin-Film Superconducting Transmission Lines

We describe our initial approach and progress towards a reliable and useful technique to connect multiple flexible superconducting cables using a cable-to-cable connector. The test structure comprises multiple components, including flexible thin-film superconducting cables, a bridging connector, a silicon well chip, and a polyimide membranes with Cu pillars. The thin-film superconducting cables used in this work contain 12 parallel Nb lines. A bridging connector which was used to connect two superconducting cables had a stripline structure with 12 parallel superconducting Nb transmission lines with 300 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> m pitch among them. A silicon well chip and a polyimide membrane with Cu pillars have been used in the assembly for high-precision micro-mechanical alignment and to apply uniform pressure on the contact points of cables and the bridging connector. DC resistances of signal traces of connected flexible cables were measured at temperature ranging from 293 K to 4.2 K in an evacuated cryogenic environment. We present the details of the design, fabrication, assembly, and test results, which show that this is a promising cable-to-cable connection approach.

A Miniaturized High-Gain Flexible Antenna for UAV Applications

A miniaturized high-gain flexible unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) antenna is presented in this study. The proposed antenna basically comprised of three parts of printed patch in series, etched on dielectric substrate. And, a flexible cable is loaded on the bottom of dielectric substrate. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) with asymmetric ground feeding structure is employed to provide good impedance matching. The surface current can achieve the same phase for the straight-line patch and the flexible cable, through adjusting the dimensions of the meander line patch, which increases radiation gain while maintaining the compact size. As an important merit to be highlighted, the flexible cable can greatly reduce the volume and aerodynamic drag of the antenna. It has a low-profile compact size of 196 × 15 × 0.8 mm3 (excluding flexible cable). The results show that the omnidirectional gain fluctuates within 4.5 ± 0.1 dBi in the desired band (902 MHz–928 MHz), which is high enough for the UAV application. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed.

Modeling and Analysis of a Novel Priority Valve Controlled Cable Reeling Drum Drive of Load Haul Dump Vehicle

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a novel priority valve controlled open-loop Cable Reeling Drum (CRD) drive of Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicle. The LHD vehicle is basically a trackless loading machine having wide applications in underground mining operations. The CRD incorporated in the said machine performs the reeling/unreeling operation of the flexible trailing cables that supply electric power to the machine. In this respect, a novel hydraulic circuit is proposed that incorporates a priority valve for the operation of the hydro motor driving the CRD, unlike the existing LHD machines having a separate hydraulic arrangement for the CRD operation. In the present study, the flow through the bypass port of the priority flow divider (PFD) valve is utilized for driving the CRD. In analyzing the proposed hydraulic system, the detailed model is analytically solved in MATLAB/Simulink software, and the simulation results are validated experimentally. The effects of change of the critical parameters on the system's dynamic responses are analyzed using the validated simulation model. The investigations show that till the fluid flow metered to the PFD valve is higher than the priority flow demand, the machine's priority function is not affected by the operation of the CRD. However, with the actuation of the priority operation, the hydro-motor drive speed of the CRD decreases. The model proposed in this study may be considered as a basis for the re-design of the hydraulic arrangement of CRD drive incorporated in an LHD machine for its improved performance.

Vibration and Position Control of Overhead Crane With Three-Dimensional Variable Length Cable Subject to Input Amplitude and Rate Constraints

In this paper, the modeling and control problem of an overhead crane equipped with a three-dimensional (3-D) variable length flexible cable is discussed. In order to achieve high control performance, a partial differential equation (PDE) model is deduced with exactly preserving high frequency modes of the original system. For the sake of dealing with the effect of input amplitude and rate constraints, a boundary control scheme is carried out to drive the payload to a desired position with the 3-D vibration reduction of the variable length cable by applying the backstepping technology. The exponential stability of the closed-loop system is demonstrated based on the Lyapunov's direct method. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

THE SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF THE ASYMMETRIC SINGLE-PYLON SUSPENSION BRIDGE WITH RIGID CABLES

Suspension bridges are characterized by exceptional architectural expressions and excellent technical and economic properties. However, despite all advantages, suspension bridges have a few negative features. Suspension bridges with flexible cables share excessive deformation caused by the displacement of kinematic origin. In order to increase the stiffness of suspension bridges, an innovative structural solution refers to rigid cables used instead of the flexible ones. The paper describes a methodology for calculating an asymmetric single-pylon suspension bridge with rigid cables considering installation features. Also, the article presents the numerical simulation of the bridge and determines the accuracy of the proposed methodology.