Machinery Fleet Research Articles

Analysis of the Dynamics of Agricultural Machinery Fleet Renewal

Information on the number of vehicles registered by state technical supervision authorities in 2020 and 2021 is provided. The share of equipment, from the year of production of which more than 10 years have passed, has been established. The dynamics of the acquisition of tractors, grain and forage harvesters by agricultural producers, as well as the energy supply of agricultural organizations is shown.

Incremental Novelty Identification From Initially One-Class Learning to Unknown Abnormality Classification

In industrial applications, different abnormal conditions of a machine or a machinery fleet typically occur sequentially instead of becoming initially known. Therefore, one of the most challenging tasks for the machinery fault diagnosis is to incrementally classify unknown abnormal patterns. For this reason, an incremental novelty identification (INI) method is proposed, on the strength of deep learning-based representation learning, novelty detection and incremental learning. In the INI framework, a convolutional neural network autoencoder is first developed for high-level feature extraction from multiple monitoring signals. An online sequential-extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) is then proposed to learn healthy features of the normal condition initially known. The newly collected data are employed for updating the OS-ELM with the quantification of the model modification for novelty detection. An incremental learning procedure is implemented by adding a new OS-ELM model representing the novel abnormal pattern. The repository of OS-ELMs, each of which represents a specific condition, is employed for incrementally diagnosing known abnormal patterns with the identification of unknown ones. The performance of the proposed INI is validated under experimental scenarios considering both a benchmark bearing case study and a delta three-dimensional printer, and the results are compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.

State of utilization of equipment in AIC

Modern energy-saturated technology, incl. tractors that are part of the machine and tractor fleet (MTP), gives the owners of this equipment many advantages in terms of versatility and relative reliability of the machines, which makes it possible to operate this equipment for 2–2.5 depreciation periods. Unfortunately, after the decommissioning of this equipment, few people are engaged in its professional work. To consider the state of the recycling system in Russia and abroad and suggest possible ways to improve this system in the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Significant aging of the agricultural machinery fleet (SHT) over the past 25 years has led to the fact that the decommissioned machinery (VET), which must go through a recycling cycle, either stands and quietly "dies" in agricultural enterprises, or it is pulled apart into separate fragments, mostly scrap metal, while leaving the bulk of the potential secondary resources. The delivery of VET for recycling should be carried out in the direction of licensed and certified processing of the components of this equipment with the receipt in the future of the maximum volume of secondary resources. One of the important tasks in the agro-industrial complex is the creation of a modern waste management system and the neutralization of chemically toxic substances. Over the past 7–10 years, specialists from scientific organizations of agricultural universities, as well as the engineering block of the agro-industrial complex, have constantly raised the issue of creating an effective system for the disposal of agricultural products with the maximum interest of agricultural producers (owners of equipment), structures of the agroindustrial complex engineering service and specialized enterprises that carry out processing (waste recycling). The implementation of the measures envisaged as part of the creation of a resource-saving, environmentally-oriented system "Agricultural Recycling" in Russia will help improve the state of the environment in the country, develop a new type of business, rational use of material resources, and create new jobs.

Integration of logistic principles into resource-saving technologies, precision and organic farming

The article presents an analysis of technical means and logistics principles used in the agro-industrial complex of the northern region of Kazakhstan in the implementation of resource-saving technologies, precision and organic farming. The analysis of scientific and technical literature and the production situation shows that the use of individual elements of the precision farming system in various technologies can increase labor productivity by up to 10% and reduce the total costs of cultivating crops by up to 25%, and the use of modern high-performance machine complexes equipped with recommended elements of the precision farming system can increase productivity by 1.7…2.3 times compared to the existing fleet of agricultural machinery. In turn, compliance with the logistics principles of resource provision of agricultural entities at the regional level at the present stage of development is an objective condition for their successful functioning. The allocation of resources should ensure the formation of effective logistics systems that guarantee the refinement of resources to places of consumption in accordance with the interests of all economic entities using resource-saving technologies, precision and organic farming.

Determination of the structure for the road construction machinery fleet on the basis of fractional linear optimization

Paper covers issues connected to the determination of the number of machinery units connected to the different models and categories of performed work within the road construction projects. On the basis of the review and analysis of scientific developments connected to the topic under consideration the conclusion has been made about the lack of tools for determination of the structure of construction machinery fleet that ensure consistent and objective account of productivity and cost criteria. Optimization model for determination of the structure for the road construction machinery fleet has been created. Main unknown variables of the model are hook size for each section of the transport mainline (highway) being built and also the number of machinery units connected to different models and complexes. The initial structure of model doesn’t provide the opportunity to use effective calculation techniques that guarantee the identification of most preferred solution. As the mentioned structure of the model can be transformed in the fractional linear form, procedure for determination of the structure for the road construction machinery fleet on the basis of fractional linear optimization has been developed.

Optimization of the mechanism of financial incentives for the development of logistics activities in the polish construction industry

The article explores the role of various financial incentive instruments in optimizing the financial mechanism of logistics development in the construction sector of the economy. The author focuses on the necessary to use a synergistic approach in the study of efficiency issues of two related industries - logistic and construction sectors of the national economy. Positive factors such as convenient location, available transport potential, established logistics system, material and resource base and the potential of domestic producers determine the rapid development of the construction industry, which brings its significant contribution to the development of the national economy of Poland. At the same time, the main factor contributing to the development of construction business is domestic production of construction materials. In this context, it should be noted that the country has developed the potential of its own production of building materials, there is a sufficient fleet of construction machinery and construction equipment, innovative technologies are being introduced, highly qualified personnel, etc. Comprehensive assessment of financial-investment and transport-logistic potentials in the context of the regions, as well as differentiated approach allowed to offer a matrix of financial stimulation tools for the development of logistics in construction in a horizontal and vertical strategy. At a time of intensifying crisis phenomena, simultaneous stagnation of regional development and increasing competition in the globalized world, the issues of selecting effective instruments of financial support for the development of national transport and logistics system and construction sector of economy gain priority importance, as they can generate a significant increase in the gross domestic income of the state budget and become one of the main sources of ensuring Polish competitiveness.

Importance of Machine Modernization in Energy Efficiency Management of Manufacturing Companies

Saving energy and looking for alternative energy sources are both elements of energy efficiency management, which is still a significant challenge for many companies around the world. Unfortunately, energy efficiency in companies is often equated only with thermo-modernization or the replacement of lighting. However, one of the most important methods of improving energy use in manufacturing companies may be the modernization of the machine park. Therefore, the main purpose of the paper was to investigate the activities of enterprises in the field of the modernization of machines and the impact of this on the actual improvement of energy efficiency. The modernization of machines in production plants is understood as adapting new parts to the old device or rebuilding the machine in such a way that it can cooperate with its new subassemblies. Companies usually decide to modernize the machinery fleet, bearing in mind the benefits of production efficiency, and they do not always combine this modernization with energy efficiency improvement measures. This is confirmed by the presented results of a survey conducted with a group of 111 manufacturing companies. Several important statistical relationships in the studied area were indicated by conducting an analysis based on the chi-square test and, in some cases, by clarifying the results of the z-test with the Bonferroni correction.

NEW STANDARD FOR REPAIR SPECIFICATIONS OF COMBINE HARVESTERS

Currently, there is a need to update the list of regulatory documents required for certification and maintenance of agricultural machinery in operation. Development of GOST "Self-propelled combine harvesters and their assembly units. Putting into repair and release from repair. Technical conditions" became expedient because the recommendations for the organization and maintenance of the machinery and tractor fleet of the agro-industrial complex ceased to fully meet modern requirements (Research purpose) The research purpose is outlining the main provisions of the standard for the technical conditions for the repair of combine harvesters (Materials and methods) There was used the methodology for the development and harmonization of interstate standards. The specifics of this work consists in passing a public discussion of the draft standard and examination by specialists of the engineering service and interested organizations and enterprises of the Russian Federation and the member states of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as in a detailed analysis of the proposals received. (Results and discussion) The article presents the recommendations and proposals received from interested organizations; The article describes a draft standard that meets the conditions of the current state of the machine and tractor fleet and engineering service, that was sent to Rosstandart for approval. (Conclusions) The implementation of the requirements of the standard, which for the first time unified the types, basic rules and technical requirements for the procedure of putting into repair and release from repair of combines, will improve the quality of repair, reliability and inter-repair resource of the machine and tractor fleet of the agro-industrial complex. The harmonization of standards for modern methods of organization and techniques of maintenance of agricultural machinery updates the list of regulatory documents required for certification and maintenance of combine harvesters. Keywords: maintenance, combine harvesters, standard, project discussion, safety requirements.

Injection and Combustion Analysis of Pure Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester (RME) in a Pump-Line-Nozzle Fuel Injection System

This work suggests an interpretation to the quantitatively higher formation of NOx in a compression ignition (CI) engine when fueled with pure biodiesel (B100). A comparative study about the use of rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and diesel fuel mixtures on injection timing, in-chamber pressure, heat release rate, and NOx emissions were carried out using a diesel engine equipped with a pump-line-nozzle injection system. Such engines are still widely adopted mainly in agriculture, as the fleet of agricultural machinery is particularly old (often over 20 years) and the use of biofuels can reduce the environmental footprint of the sector. This work aims to supply some general explanations and figures useful to interpret the phenomena occurring within the fuel line and in the combustion process when using biodiesel, as well as in engines with different construction characteristics and fueling systems. Given the contradictory results available in the literature, the so-called “biodiesel NOx effect” cannot be explained solely by the different physical properties of biodiesel (in particular, a higher bulk modulus). Experimental results show that, with the same pump settings, the start of injection with the RME is slightly advanced while the injection pressure values remain almost the same. With the RME, the pressure in the injection line increases faster due to its greater bulk modulus but the pressure rise starts from a lower residual pressure. The start of combustion takes place earlier, the heat release during the premixed phase is steeper, and a higher peak is reached. The NOx emissions with the RME are at least 9% higher when compared to mineral diesel fuel. The greater amount of the RME injected per cycle compensates for its minor lower heating value, and the brake torque at full load is similar to the two analyzed fuels. Finally, a variation of the pump line timing is evaluated in order to assess the effect of the delay and the advance of the injection on the performance of the engine and on the emissions. A viable and simple solution in the variation of the injection strategy is suggested to counterbalance the biodiesel NOx effect.

The main factors influencing the formation of the Agricultural recycling

The problem of renewing the fleet of agricultural machinery in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation along with the disposal of these machines is discussed.

ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC

The article presents a forecast for agriculture development in the Chuvash Republic up to 2022 according to three scenarios: optimistic, probabilistic and pessimistic. Agriculture occupies a special position in the region's economy and is a system-forming industry. The share of agriculture in the gross regional product makes 9%, which is significantly higher than in other regions of the country, and the share of residents living in rural areas is 36.6%. Structurally, the agriculture of the Chuvash Republic is quite balanced. During the study period from 2010–2019, significant positive changes in the industry can be noted. Thus, the production of basic agricultural products increased by 1.93, and the gross output of basic crops increased by 2.16. However, despite the positive trends, there are still problems in certain areas. The production of the animal husbandry main products during the study period decreased by 135.6 thousand tons; the agricultural machinery fleet in agricultural organizations decreased by 1.97; the number of livestock decreased by 147.3 thousand heads. In order to predict future changes in the industry, the authors, based on the dynamics of indicators for 2010–2019 that characterize agricultural production in the Chuvash Republic, and using the Excel program, proposed three options for the development of the situation for 2020–2022 – optimistic, probabilistic and pessimistic. Studies have shown that a pessimistic development scenario is more likely to be implemented, which requires immediate corrective actions in the agricultural sector of the Chuvash Republic.

Эффективность применения элементов системы точного земледелия в различных категориях хозяйств северного региона Казахстана

The results of substantiating the necessary set of precision farming system components for their effective use in farms of various categories of the northern region of Kazakhstan are presented. It has been established that the use of up-to-date systems of machines equipped with precision farming system components at farms of various categories can increase productivity 1.7-2.3 times in comparison with the existing fleet of agricultural machinery.

Leasing in agriculture of the Russian Federation: trends, development problems and ways to solve them

The agricultural machinery market is constantly updated. However, today not all Russian enterprises of the agro-industrial complex have the opportunity to purchase modern agricultural equipment, which is increasingly in demand, due to its high cost. In this situation, leasing is one of the most effective tools in the process of modernizing currently available agricultural machinery. Leasing allows the company to modernize the fleet of agricultural machinery, while giving the lessee more opportunities in the form of obtaining additional borrowed funds, optimizing taxation, and a number of others. The paper is devoted to the current situation of using leasing programs for the purchase of agricultural machinery in the framework of state support for agricultural producers. The authors analyze the effectiveness of leasing in the field of agriculture using budget funds at various levels.

Who decides what tractors farmers need?

Improvement of crop production technologies is based on the development of agricultural machinery in which the trac- tor power plays an important role. In crop production, agricultural crops require variable attention during their growing season and consequently, different production costs. The most expensive are row crops which in the process of development require a lot of inter-row tillage of plantings and sowings. The implementation of such tillage involves the control of weeds, plant fertilization, operations for chemical protection of plants from diseases and pests. Therefore, it becomes evident that the agricultural machinery used in the production of such crops must be adapted to its use in planting and sowing crops at different stages of plant development. Thus, both the aboveground and the parts of the plant located in the soil should not be damaged and oppressed by the working bodies of agricultural machines and the engines of energy facilities. It becomes obvious that tractor fleet of agricultural organizations should have both powerful general-purpose tractors used mainly for plowing, continuous disking, cultivation and sowing using wide coverage units, and row-crop tractors designed for inter-row tillage. There are methods for developing an optimal fleet of machinery for agricultural organizations which differ in production trends and in size of agriculturally used areas. Taking into account the possibility of using modern means of digitalization and artificial intelligence which can significantly improve the quality of technological processes and control them, it is possible to develop technologies for the production of row crops. Of all tractor models mentioned in the research, the following models have the best agrotechnological characteristics required of the general-purpose row-crop tractors: Fastrac 2170 produced by the British company JCB and LTI 162.5 tractor that is to be produced in Izhevsk, Russia.

On the problems and ways of solving the problem of renewing the agricultural machinery park in the agricultural sector

The problem of updating the fleet of agricultural machinery and introducing technologies into agricultural production is acute. In the current foreign policy and economic conditions, the issue of ensuring food security has become extremely important, in connection with which there is an urgent need to increase the efficiency of agricultural production in a short time. In such a situation, the most effective way is to intensify production, and in this process, machinery and equipment play a primary role. The study found that in the Russian Federation in the period 2015-2020. There was a reduction in the fleet of agricultural machinery, which caused an increase in the load on the existing fleet of tractors and combine harvesters. The rates of renewal of agricultural machinery concerning tractors and combine harvesters have decreased, which, together with other conditions, negatively characterizes the situation with the renewal of the fleet of machinery in agricultural production. In the context of ensuring the implementation of the policy of import substitution and ensuring food security, the state should provide greater support to agricultural producers when updating the fleet of equipment, since in the context of the weakening of the ruble, the deterioration of the national economic system, the falling purchasing power of the population and other factors, agricultural producers will not be able to independently master additional the financial burden, and the renewal of the material and technical base, especially when it comes to the supply of imported equipment, is an expensive issue.

Research of the state of the engineering service in AIC and use of new technologies

The article presents the results of analysis and research on the state of the engineering service of the agro-industrial complex, as well as the analysis of the "Strategy for the development of agricultural engineering in Russia for the period up to 2030" from the standpoint of its eff ectiveness in providing the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation with the necessary amount of agricultural machinery. Assess the actual state of the agricultural machine-building industry and the needs of the Russian Federation agro-industrial complex in updating the machine park. To substantiate the organizational and technological models for maintaining the performance of agricultural machinery, primarily energy-rich, in modern operating conditions using new technologies. The analysis of publications of domestic and foreign authors, refl ecting the state of the engineering service of the agroindustrial complex. The factors that determine the choice of an organizational and technological model for maintaining the operability of equipment in relation to the conditions of the agro-industrial complex of Russia are investigated. Received and processed statistical information on the current state of the equipment park and enterprises of the repair and service base of the agro-industrial complex. Based on the results of the study, the state of the fl eet of agricultural machinery used was determined, as well as the ability of the repair and maintenance base of the agro-industrial complex to ensure its performance. The results of the study showed that the implementation of the positive capabilities of various life support systems of equipment and systems for maintenance and repair is hampered by the unstable position of participants in the processes of production, use and renovation of equipment. It was also revealed that the fl eet of equipment is outdated, requires large volumes of maintenance and repair, and the repair and maintenance base of the agro-industrial complex in Russia as a whole is not able to fulfi ll the tasks of providing the necessary level of technical assistance when using agricultural machinery

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СЕРВИСА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИИ

Recently, many agricultural organizations have been renewing their fleet of agricultural machinery to increase productivity, replacing old equipment with new ones. The operation of new equipment requires an appropriate level of training of tractor drivers and engineers. Information support and appropriate simulators make it possible to solve this problem for the agro-industrial and economic complexes of the country. Information support consists in the timely issuance of reliable information at different stages during the maintenance of agricultural machinery. This direction is relevant, little studied and requires comprehensive theoretical and practical study. The following persons are involved in the process of visual inspection: the PPO manager, the machine operator responsible for the machine or the chief engineer. The process of visual inspection begins in the driver's cab, regardless of the type of self-propelled equipment. During the visual inspection of the equipment, the movement of the PPO manager is carried out counterclockwise, accompanied by the person responsible for the machine. During the visual inspection process, the PPO manager inspects a limited list of part names. Visual inspection involves assessing the condition of parts without the use of profile tools and disassembly of machine systems. Due to the fact that maintenance is performed in this way, time is saved, and the quality of operations will be at a sufficiently high level. To organize maintenance in augmented reality glasses for each item of equipment, if necessary, a separate application is created for the convenience of the machine operator in working with the interface. The developed system helps the machine operator, engineering engineer, as well as the service department, using an interactive application, to quickly find information about the correct connection of electrical equipment, the necessary tire pressure for certain types of work, follow the established sequence and tightening torque of nuts, wheel fastenings and other operations.

Leasing as a form of state support development in crop production

The article considers the need to develop leasing relations as a form of state support. The paper analyzes the state of grain production in the Krasnoyarsk region, in order to confirm the postulate about the importance of technical equipment in the industry to increase the intensity and efficiency of production. It was noted that the agricultural machinery fleet has significantly decreased, respectively, the load on the unit of equipment has increased, the degree of wear has increased. In the expansion of state support measures for commodity producers, not the least place should be given to leasing, as one of the most effective methods of purchasing agricultural equipment, especially for small and medium-sized businesses.

Результаты реализации мер поддержки обновления парка сельскохозяйственной техники

Результаты реализации мер поддержки обновления парка сельскохозяйственной техники

Industry Based Machine Health Monitoring and Maintenance System

We review existing machine condition monitoring techniques and industrial automation for plant-wide condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines. Cost and complexity of a condition monitoring system increase with the number of measurements, so extensive condition monitoring is currently mainly restricted to the situations where the consequences of poor availability, yield or quality are so severe that they clearly justify the investment in monitoring. There are challenges to obtaining plant-wide monitoring that includes even small machines and non-critical applications. One of the major inhibiting factors is the ratio of condition monitoring cost to equipment cost, which is crucial to the acceptance of using monitoring to guide maintenance for a large fleet of electrical machinery. Ongoing developments in sensing, communication and computation for industrial automation may greatly extend the set of machines for which extensive monitoring is viable.