Linseed Oil Research Articles

The Weathering of the Beech and Spruce Wood Impregnated with Pigmented Linseed Oil

This research aimed to examine the effects of a deep impregnation technique (Royal process) and surface coating using a linseed oil-based product, enhanced with small amounts of brown and grey pigments, on the natural and artificial weathering of wood. The treated and reference samples underwent natural weathering for five years and artificial weathering for 1900 h. Changes in color and surface roughness were assessed during weathering. For the artificially weathered samples, liquid water absorption was measured both before and after exposure. The impregnated and coated samples gradually lost their brown color, turning grey over time. More pronounced differences were observed during natural weathering, with the coated samples showing greater structural changes on the wood surface. In contrast, impregnated samples slowed down structural alterations compared to the reference samples. Both treatments effectively reduced water absorption before weathering, although this effect diminished after exposure. The treatments did not significantly impact the fire resistance of spruce and beechwood.

Plant-based flaxseed oil microcapsules fabricated from coacervation of gluten at oil droplet surface: Microstructure, oxidation stability, and oil digestion control.

This study aimed to develop microcapsules with wheat gluten-coated oil droplets to enhance the oxidation stability and control the digestibility of flaxseed oil. The microcapsules were fabricated using a three-step procedure: (i) flaxseed oil was homogenized with an alkaline gluten solution to form oil-in-water emulsions containing small gluten-coated oil droplets (320-400nm); (ii) the pH of these emulsions was then neutralized to facilitate the deposition of gluten around the oil droplets, thereby forming a thick layer; (iii) a flaxseed oil microcapsule powder was then prepared by spray drying. During the microcapsule formation, intermolecular interactions, including hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, were involved in the coacervation of gluten at the emulsion surface. The resultant microcapsules with a multiple-core structure had external diameters of 4-26µm and encapsulation efficiencies of 90%-94%. The microencapsulated oil powders contained a relatively high flaxseed oil content (60%-80%). Among them, the sample with 60% oil content demonstrated the best stability in resisting oil droplet coalescence; thus, it exhibited a higher lipolysis rate and extent during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. A 30-day accelerated storage study showed that encapsulation of the flaxseed oil improved its resistance to oxidation. These findings suggest that the pH-deposition method can successfully produce microencapsulated polyunsaturated lipids using all plant-derived ingredients, which may facilitate their use in new plant-based foods through a green and sustainable approach.

Comparative effect of olive oil and flaxseed oil on drug induced hepatotoxicity in rats

AbstractThis study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of olive oil and flaxseed oil on chemically induced hepatotoxicity in rats by evaluating key biochemical parameters, including free fatty acids, iodine value, liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST), cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL levels. The results demonstrated significant improvements in these markers with the administration of olive oil and flaxseed oil, either individually or in combination. The free fatty acid percentages and iodine values were consistent with the known nutritional properties of the oils. Notably, the combination of olive oil and flaxseed oil yielded the most substantial benefits, reducing ALP (115.53 ± 0.44 U/L), ALT (50.77 ± 1.46 U/L), and AST (52.12 ± 0.36 U/L) levels while improving lipid profiles by lowering cholesterol (135.4 ± 1.43 mg/dL) and triglyceride levels (57.14 ± 2.35 mg/dL) and increasing HDL levels (49.20 ± 0.45 mg/dL). These findings suggest that olive oil and flaxseed oil, due to their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, can effectively mitigate liver damage and promote lipid metabolism. The study supports the potential therapeutic application of these oils in managing liver health and preventing hepatotoxicity.

Effects of pre- and postpartum dietary fat sources (soybean oil versus linseed oil) on lactation performance and blood metabolites in transition dairy cows

This study investigated the effects of supplementation with two calcium salt fatty acid sources (soybean oil (CaSO) and linseed oil (CaLN)) before and after parturition on lactation performance and blood metabolite profiles in dairy cows. A study was conducted with twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (parity = 3.12 ± 0.9 and Backfat thickness = 21.77 ± 1.98) that were divided into a 2 × 2 factorial design 21 days before expected calving. The aim was to investigate the interplay between prepartum (CaSO or CaLN, at 2 % of dry matter) and postpartum (at 1.4 % of dry matter) fat supplementation on lactation performance and blood metabolite profiles. Initially, cows were grouped according to the source of prepartum fat (either CaSO or CaLN, with 12 cows in each group). Postpartum, these groups were further subdivided according to whether the fat source was administered continuously (LN-LN, SO-SO) or alternately (LN-SO, SO-LN) over a 28-day period. This resulted in four different treatment groups, each with six cows. The fat supplements contained 84 % fat and 9 % Ca. No statistically significant differences were found in dry matter intake (DMI), colostrum yield or most concentrations of blood metabolites (insulin, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea-N). However, cows fed CaSO prepartum had a significantly higher plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) than cows fed CaLN. Cows fed CaSO had higher backfat thickness (BFT) from day −21–0 than those fed CaLN (P = 0.05). Notably, cows in the SO-SO group lost the most weight, while cows in the SO-LN group lost the least, especially on days 21 and 28 postpartum (P = 0.05). Switching from soybean oil prepartum to linseed oil postpartum (SO-LN) significantly increased milk production in the first 28 days of lactation compared to other diets. In addition, the fat content in milk was influenced by the type of fat supplementation prepartum, with cows receiving CaSO having a lower milk fat percentage than those receiving CaLN (P < 0.05). The results on blood parameters suggest potential benefits of the SO-LN diet for postpartum cows, as emphasized by stable BHB concentrations and the highest IGF-1 concentrations, especially without the elevated BHB concentrations typically associated with the SO-SO diet. The blood concentrations of total protein, urea-N, triglycerides and NEFA were not affected by the treatments. Also, the dietary change did not adversely affect liver function, as shown by unchanged AST and ALT concentrations. Therefore, the results suggest that a dietary intervention involving the administration of soybean oil prepartum and switching to linseed oil postpartum (SO-LN strategy) has the potential to improve milk yield during the early lactation period.

The effectiveness of adding hot-pressed flaxseed oil and hydrothermal white lupine in compound feeds for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effectiveness of adding hot-pressed flaxseed oil and hydrothermal white lupine in compound feeds for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Development of emulsion foams based on healthier oleogels and their application as low-fat replacers for whipped cream

AbstractThis study aimed to develop emulsion foams (I: 1:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; II: 1:2 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; III: 2:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil) based on the formation of an air-in-water-in oleogel as a healthy substitute for whipped cream.The developed emulsion foamswere assessed for their physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. They were also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the results, emulsion foamII demonstrated a higher overrun percentage (90%) thanI and III (80 and 70%, respectively).The serum leakage values for all formulations were zero after 24 h at 5 °C. While, hardness values for emulsion foams I, II, and III were 0.40 ± 0.03, 0.50 ± 0.10, and 0.30 ± 0.04 N, respectively. The emulsion foamIII had higher unsaturated fatty acids than I and II (54.67% vs. 41.50% and 28.72%). Theemulsion foamsI and II showed more packed air bubbles than the emulsion foamIII.In emulsion foams I, II, and III, the average size of air bubbles was 36, 25.09, and 15.09 μm, respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of the emulsion foam II is enhancedby increasing the coconut oilratio.

Defatted Flaxseed Flour as a New Ingredient for Foodstuffs: Comparative Analysis with Whole Flaxseeds and Updated Composition of Cold-Pressed Oil.

Flaxseeds are functional foods popular in current diets. Cold-pressing is a solvent-free method to extract flaxseed oil, resulting in a by-product-defatted flour. This study compared whole flaxseeds and defatted flour (proximate composition, fatty acids, vitamin E, total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, amino acids, and protein quality) and updated the composition of cold-pressed oil (oxidative stability, peroxide value, UV absorbance, colour, fatty acids, vitamin E, total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant activity) to assess the nutritional relevance and potential for food applications of these samples. The flour had higher ash (6% vs. 4%), fibre (36% vs. 34%), protein (28% vs. 16%), phenolics (205 vs. 143 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g), and antioxidant activity than seeds (p < 0.05), so it should be valued as a novel high-fibre food ingredient with high-quality plant-based protein, as it contains all essential amino acids (106 mg/g) and a high essential amino acids index (112%), with L-tryptophan as the limiting amino acid. The oil, while low in oxidative stability (1.3 h), due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acids sum (75%), mostly α-linolenic acid (57%), contains a significant amount of vitamin E (444 mg/kg), making it a specialty oil best consumed raw. The exploration of the flour as a minimally processed food ingredient highlights its role in supporting food security, circular economy, and sustainability goals, aligning with consumer preferences for natural, low-fat foods. Future research should investigate the bioactivity and shelf-life of the samples, as well as the bioavailability of compounds after digestion.

Microencapsulation of a Flaxseed and Avocado Oil Blend: Influence of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA)-Modified Starch and Rice and Pea Proteins on Powder Characterization and Oxidative Stability

This work investigated the influence of the OSA-modified starch, pea protein, and rice protein combination in the microencapsulation process of a blend of avocado and flaxseed oil (25–75%, w/w) by freeze-drying, focusing on emulsions and powders characteristics and oxidative stability. Four different ratios between the mixture of vegetable proteins (1:1) and the OSA-modified starch were analyzed, using a fixed ratio between the oils blend and the combined encapsulant agents of 1:3. Based on the creaming index, the separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases was not observed. The results demonstrated a tendency to increase the droplet mean diameter with increased protein content (4.71–19.36 μm). An increase in the encapsulation efficiency was verified with the increase in the OSA-modified starch content (51.33–60.32%). Powders presented low moisture content and hygroscopicity, and an oxidative induction time value varying from 0.86 to 1.18 h. The increase in the vegetable protein content increased the powders’ oxidative stability, which could be associated with the antioxidant capacity of rice and pea proteins.

Flaxseed Oil Alleviates PFOS-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism.

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread, persistent environmental pollutant that exerts apparent liver toxicity. Flaxseed oil (FO), a dietary oil rich in α-linolenic acid, has been demonstrated to possess a diverse array of health benefits. However, whether FO protects against PFOS-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57/BL6 mice were orally treated with different concentrations of FO alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg of PFOS for 28 consecutive days. Blood and liver tissues were collected for proteomic, histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular examinations. Results demonstrated that FO supplementation reduced PFOS-induced liver injury, as evidenced by a decrease in histopathological changes, serum transaminase (ALT and AST) levels, levels of oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels. Proteomic analyses showed that differentially expressed proteins were enriched in cholesterol metabolic pathways when comparing the PFOS group to the FO supplementation groups. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related proteins was also subsequently measured, revealing that FO supplementation decreased the protein expressions of SREBP2, HMGCR, and LDLR while increasing the expression of CYP7A1. This study demonstrates that FO can alleviate PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism, indicating that FO may serve as an effective dietary intervention for preventing liver injury caused by PFOS.

Linseed oil supplementation alters milk fatty acid profile, mitigates heat stress, and improves summer milk yield in grazing dairy cows.

Dietary supplementation of fat can be an important source of energy to compensate for the reduction in dry matter intake in dairy cows during heat stress periods. Studies have reported that supplementing dairy cow diets with linseed oil (LO) can increase milk yield and enhance the levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, in the milk. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of LO supplementation on milk fatty acids profile, milk yield and composition, and physiological parameters of grazing cows. The study was conducted in two seasons, one in spring and one in summer. A 2 × 2 Latin square design was used in each experiment. Twelve Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows were involved in each season. Cows were divided into two groups: control (TC) with no supplementation and treatment (TL) supplemented with 400g/day of LO. The results showed that LO supplementation altered the milk fatty acid profile: decreased concentrations of short and medium-chain fatty acids (C10:0 - C17:1) except for C13:0 and increased concentrations of long-chain fatty acids (C18, C18:1 (both trans and cis isomers), C18:2 (specific conjugated linoleic acid - CLA isomers), and C18:3 n3 (omega-3)). Additionally, milk yield increased by 1.5l per day during summer in LO-supplemented cows, while milk fat, protein, and casein content decreased. Milk stability increased by 2.2% in the LO-supplemented group. LO-supplemented cows reduced internal body temperature and heart frequency in the afternoon and increased daily rumination time by 20min. In conclusion, LO supplementation can be an effective strategy to improve the nutritional profile of milk by altering fatty acid composition towards potentially healthier fats, mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on grazing cows during summer, as evidenced by reduced body temperature and heart frequency and increase milk yield.

Diatomaceous Earth‐Containing Linseed Oil‐Based Environmentally Friendly Hydrophobic Coatings

AbstractThe use of bio‐based building blocks for the synthesis of polymers is increasing day by day. Coatings prepared by modifying bio‐based building blocks such as linseed oil (LO) and diatomaceous earth (DE) are very promising. In this study, bio‐based hydrophobic coatings were prepared by cationic photopolymerization technique using epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and dimer diamine‐modified diatomaceous earth. The bio‐based coatings with hydrophobic properties were prepared by using the spin coating method. ELO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). The thermal properties of the prepared coatings were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The pendulum hardness, pencil hardness, and gel content of the prepared coatings were examined. Also, the hydrophobicity of the obtained bio‐based coatings was determined by contact angle measurements. The highest contact angle among the investigated compositions was found to be 110°.

Investigating the effects of co-supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid and L-carnitine on inflammatory status, oxidative stress, clinical symptoms, mental health and quality of life in women with migraine: a protocol for a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundMigraine is a severe neurological disorder that is recognized as one of the most common debilitating diseases worldwide. Although the exact cause of migraine is not known, research suggests that inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insufficient nutrients may contribute to its development. Studies indicate that nutrition-based approaches are safer and more cost-effective strategies for managing migraine symptoms compared to medication. In this regard, the impact of nutrition, as a complementary medicine, is largely attributed to that of certain nutrients on inflammation and mitochondrial function. It is hypothesized that alpha-linolenic acid and L-carnitine, which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may be synergically beneficial for migraine patients. Therefore, this study will be conducted to assess the efficacy of alpha-linolenic acid and L-carnitine co-supplementation in patients with migraine.MethodsThis is a parallel, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, in which 80 women aged 20 to 50 years with migraine will be assigned to receive either intervention group (n = 40) receiving both 1000 mg/day flaxseed oil and 500 mg/day L-carnitine simultaneously for 12 weeks, or control group (n = 40) receiving both 1000 mg/day paraffin oil and 500 mg/day maltodextrin as the placebos for the same duration. The primary outcomes include changes in clinical symptoms of migraine, including frequency, severity, and duration of attacks, serum levels of C–reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Secondary outcomes include mental health, sleep quality, and quality of life (QOL).DiscussionIn this study, we aim to investigate the potential benefits of combining alpha-linolenic acid and L-carnitine as a treatment option for migraine sufferers. Migraine, characterized by recurrent severe headaches, affects a significant portion of the population and can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. By studying alternative therapies such as alpha-linolenic acid and L-carnitine, researchers hope to expand the range of treatment options available and potentially provide relief to migraine sufferers.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) (ID: IRCT20121216011763N57). Registration date: 29 March 2023.Trial statusThe protocol is version 1.0 dated December 30, 2023. Recruitment began on July 10, 2023, and is expected to be completed by January 22, 2024.

Design and fabrication of plant-based milk fat globule mimetics: Flaxseed oil droplets coated with potato, soy, or pea protein

An increasing number of plant-based milk products are appearing on the market as substitutes for dairy milk. These products are becoming more popular due to growing consumers concerns about environmental, health, or ethical issues linked to dairy milk. Typically, plant-based milks are produced using top-down approaches that involve mechanical disruption of plant tissues. In this study, we examined the possibility of using a bottom-up approach to mimic the structural and physicochemical properties of milk fat globules (MFGs) in homogenized milk. Plant-based MFGs (PB-MFGs) were prepared using flaxseed oil as an omega-3 fatty acid rich oil phase, and potato, soy, or pea protein as emulsifiers to create the interfacial membranes. PB-MFGs were prepared with the same oil content (10 %) but different protein contents (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 %). The mean particle diameters (d4,3 and d3,2) of the three types of PB-MFGs were slightly smaller than those of dairy MFGs, while their surface charges were somewhat more negative under neutral conditions. There was no significant difference in the shear viscosity of PB-MFGs and MFGs. In terms of stability, PB-MFGs prepared with potato protein exhibited the smallest particle size change after 30 days of storage. Moreover, the pH stability of these PB-MFGs was closest to that of dairy MFGs. Our results provide valuable insights into the design and development of plant-based milks with more dairy-like properties, which may increase their more widespread acceptance and application.

Improvement in the oxidative stability of microencapsulated linseed oil using carob protein hydrolysates and multilayer emulsions

The microencapsulation of linseed oil in multilayer emulsions stabilized by carob protein hydrolysates was evaluated in this study. Linseed oil was emulsified in both multilayer and single layer interfacial emulsions using either carob protein concentrate or carob protein hydrolysate. The protein hydrolysate was able to increase the encapsulation efficiency by up to 12 % compared to non-hydrolyzed concentrated protein. Larger particles containing the hydrolysates (mean diameter ∼3 µm) were observed; however, the size distribution and microstructure were similar for all samples, regardless of the use of protein concentrate or protein hydrolysate, in single or multilayer emulsion systems. Physical aspects of the particles, such as porosity and glass transition temperature (Tg), were also similar, showing low porosity (<7.5 %) and high Tg (>80 °C). The antioxidant capacity of the protein hydrolysates, combined with the protective effect provided by the multilayer systems, enhanced the oxidative stability of the microencapsulated oil during processing and storage. The use of both strategies seems to provide an improved alternative for the microencapsulation of linseed oil, resulting in particles with superior physicochemical and oxidative stability.

Effects of including different levels of equal mix of soybean and flaxseed oils in Japanese quail diets on the growth, carcass quality, and blood biomarkers

Corn, the primary ingredient in modern poultry feeds, contains high levels of ω-6 fatty acids but lacks sufficient ω-3 fatty acids, creating an imbalance. Maintaining a balance between ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in poultry diets is crucial due to their competition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating different concentrations of an equal mix of soybean oil (SO) and flaxseed oil (FO) into quail diets on growth performance, carcass quality, and blood biochemistry. One-week-old Japanese quail birds (n=200) were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, each comprising five replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. Four isonitrogenous/isocaloric basal diets were formulated. Group 1 (control) received a basal diet without SO or FO, while Groups 2-4 received basal diets supplemented with an equal mix of SO+FO at levels of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively. The inclusion of oil mixes significantly increased body weight (BW) at five weeks and daily weight gain (DWG) during weeks 3-5 and 1-5. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the addition of oil mixes throughout the trial period. Supplementing quail diets with oil mixes resulted in reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol, elevated serum HDL cholesterol, and no significant effect on triglycerides (TG) and VLDL cholesterol levels. Quails fed oil-supplemented diets showed lower serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatinine levels, while urea and uric acid were significantly affected. Birds fed diets with oil mixes also had increased serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgY), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels did not significantly change across experimental groups. Overall, adding up to 2% of the SO and FO mix in growing quail feeds improved growth performance, blood lipid profile, liver and kidney function markers, immune response, and antioxidant defense. The highest level of oil mix (2%) yielded the most beneficial effects.

Synthesis and characterization of boiled linseed oil integrated with and without reduced graphene oxide nanosheets blended microcapsules

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide, boiled linseed oil(BLO), and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)—boiled linseed oil microcapsules (BLO-rGO MCs) are effectuated. The synthesis of reduced graphene oxide involved the reduction of graphene oxide using a reducing agent, resulting in the formation of reduced graphene oxide sheets with a high degree of reduction. Characterization techniques such as XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful reduction of graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide. Boiled linseed oil was characterized using FTIR and SEM techniques, which revealed the molecular structure and surface morphology of the BLO. These microcapsules were synthesized using a simple and scalable method that involves the encapsulation of reduced graphene oxide and boiled linseed oil within a protective shell. The microcapsules were characterized using various techniques such as SEM, FTIR, and XRD, which evidently demonstrated the successful encapsulation of reduced graphene oxide and boiled linseed oil as microcapsules. The combination of reduced graphene oxide and boiled linseed oil as microcapsules offers unique properties such as improved stability, controlled release, as well as increased functionality. These microcapsules have potential applications in numerous fields such as coatings, composites, and drug delivery. The overall output of this study demonstrates the high possibility for the development of novel materials with unique properties and potential applications in numerous fields via the synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide, boiled linseed oil, and reduced graphene oxide-boiled linseed oil microcapsules.

Protective Effect of Flax Seed Oil on acetaminophen- induced toxicity in the renal cortex of albino rats

Protective Effect of Flax Seed Oil on acetaminophen- induced toxicity in the renal cortex of albino rats

Evaluation of Additives on the Cell Metabolic Activity of New PHB/PLA-Based Formulations by Means of Material Extrusion 3D Printing for Scaffold Applications

In this study, specific additives were incorporated in polyhydroxyalcanoate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend to improve its compatibility, and so enhance the cell metabolic activity of scaffolds for tissue engineering. The formulations were manufactured through material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. As additives, petroleum-based poly(ethylene) with glicidyl metacrylate (EGM) and methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate (EMAG); poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) copolymer (Xibond); and bio-based epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) were used. On one hand, standard geometries manufactured were assessed to evaluate the compatibilizing effect. The additives improved the compatibility of PHB/PLA blend, highlighting the effect of EMAG and ELO in ductile properties. The processability was also enhanced for the decrease in melt temperature as well as the improvement of thermal stability. On the other hand, manufactured scaffolds were evaluated for the purpose of bone regeneration. The mean pore size and porosity exhibited values between 675 and 718 μm and 50 and 53%, respectively. According to the results, the compression stress was higher (11–13 MPa) than the required for trabecular bones (5–10 MPa). The best results in cell metabolic activity were obtained by incorporating ELO and Xibond due to the decrease in water contact angle, showing a stable cell attachment after 7 days of culture as observed in SEM.

Olive oil and flaxseed oil incorporating niosomes for enhanced in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy of canagliflozin

Background Canagliflozin (CFZ) is broadly implicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, it has low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility behavior and restricted membrane permeability. Objective The current work focuses on development of CFZ encapsulated niosomes for enhanced oral anti-diabetic efficacy. Methodology Niosomes comprising Span 60 and cholesterol were formulated both in absence and presence of olive oil or flaxseed oil. These were evaluated in vitro for average vesicular size, structural morphology, CFZ entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Additionally, the oral hypoglycemic effect of CFZ encapsulated niosomes was explored in diabetic rats. Results The fabricated niosomes were negatively charged spherical vesicles with a size range of 103.0–141.7 nm. These entrapped CFZ with efficiency ranging from 92.3% to 96.0%. Drug release investigations reflected that incorporating CFZ into niosomes significantly sustained drug release compared to the aqueous drug dispersion. Oral administration of niosomal formulations significantly enhanced the oral antidiabetic effect of CFZ. Comparing the tested niosomes, similar efficiency was shown eliminating the effect of composition. Conclusion The enhanced oral bioavailability of niosomes’ encapsulated drugs is related to niosomal vesicular structure which allows intact niosomes absorption. The study presented niosomes as promising carriers for improved oral anti-diabetic activity of CFZ.

The Novel Nephroprotective Activity of Flaxseed Oil on Diazinon-induced Kidney Damage in Male Rats.

In male rats, the flaxseed oil (FS-oil) modulatory properties were investigated on diazinon (DZN)-induced nephrotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups. To induce nephrotoxicity, animals received DZN (70 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Also, treatment groups received FS-oil (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.). The animal treatment was 28 consecutive days. On the 29th day, serum and kidney tissue samples were removed and serum levels of the creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), were measured. Also, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was applied for histological studies. DZN significantly increased the BUN, creatinine, and MDA levels compared to the control group. Besides, DZN significantly decreased the GPx and CAT activity in the kidney tissue. However, the modulatory effects of FS-oil were observed by improving renal enzyme factors, inhibiting oxidative stress, and histological change. This study demonstrated that FS-oil ameliorated DZN-induced nephrotoxicity and can be used as a preventive agent against DZN toxicity because of the FS-oil antioxidant characteristics.