Yield Of Flavonoids Research Articles

Aqueous Two-phase System for the Extraction of Flavonoids from Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) Leaves

in the paper, the effect of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) on the extraction of flavonoids from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) leaves was investigated. Based on the yield of flavonoids and partition coefficient (K), PEG 11.5% and (NH4)2SO4 14% was selected as the optimum solvent for extracting flavonoids. When the ratio of material to solvent was 1:35, the yield of flavonoids was 2.79%.The present study demonstrated that the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was an efficient method to extract flavonoids from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) leaves.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant capacities of flavonoids from Camellia fascicularis leaves

ABSTRACTUltrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Camellia fascicularis leaves was optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal extracting conditions of flavonoids were determined to be the ratio of liquid to raw material of 60 mL/g, ethanol concentration of 40%, extraction temperature of 72.3°C, and extraction time of 1.6 h, which contributed to the highest flavonoids yield of 4.765%. The crude flavonoids were purified through an AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin column, eluted with ethanol concentration of 40%, and purified flavonoids were obtained. In vitro antioxidant assay demonstrated that purified flavonoids showed significant antioxidant capacities in a concentration-dependent manner for scavenging hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, and azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical. Overall, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was found to be an effective method of extracting flavonoids from C. fascicularis leaves, which might be explored as potential natural antioxidant.

Determination of flavonoids from Cirsium japonicum var. maackii and their inhibitory activities against aldose reductase

The therapeutic activities of flavonoids from natural plant sources were investigated. The ethanol extracts from the aerial parts of Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) were tested for aldose reductase inhibition (ARI). Additionally, stepwise polarity fractions and flavonoids from CJM were evaluated for ARI. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction from CJM showed significant inhibitory effects. The compounds in the EtOAc fraction were identified as the flavonoids-cirsimaritin (1), hispidulin (2), and cirsimarin (3). Based on an ARI assay, the EtOAc fraction and hispidulin (2) exhibited good AR inhibitory activity (IC50 values of 0.21 μg/mL and 0.77 μM, respectively). An HPLC quantitative analysis of different parts of CJM showed that the aerial part collected in the spring season (CJL1) contains the highest total flavonoid content. These results serve as a basis for maximizing the flavonoid yield and for the efficient usage of various parts of CJM. Our results also suggest that CJM could be a useful ARI material for the treatment of various diabetic complications.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Amomum nilgiricum (Thomas) (Zingiberaceae) from Western Ghats, India

Amomum nilgiricum (Thomas) is a new species reported from the Silent Valley National Park, Western Ghats of Kerala. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals present in leaf extracts were carried out by test tube reactions and spectro-photometric methods. Methanolic leaf extract showed highest yield of alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, steroids, flavonoids and tannins with 34.63 ± 0.5 mgAE/g, 38.52 ± 0.017 mg DE/g, 95.4 ± 1.19 mg GAE/g, 12.51 ± 0.89 mg CE/g, 47.48 ± 0.15 mg QE/g and 29.97 ± 2.21 mg TAE/g respectively. Solvent extracts were screened for antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi by agar well diffusion method. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed in ethyl acetate extract and methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus (22.74 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (14.73 mm) respectively at 100 mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different extracts against all pathogens ranged between 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The MIC values of methanolic extract for antifungal efficacy against all tested fungi were found to be at 5 mg/mL.

Recovery of phenolic compounds of food concern from Arthrospira platensis by green extraction techniques

Arthrospira platensis UTEX 1926 has attracted attention because of its ability to produce high value-added compounds such as polyphenols, but their profitable recovery is recognized as a big challenge. In this study, different green extraction techniques, namely ultrasound-assisted (UAE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and high pressure/temperature (HPTE) extractions were compared with classic solid–liquid extraction (SLE) in terms of phenolic compounds recovery from A. platensis using ethanol as solvent and antiradical power (ARP). HPTE proved the most efficient extraction method, allowing maximum total polyphenol yield (TP) of 3.32±0.08mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] per gram of dry biomass [DB] and ARP of 58.30±0.12μmolTroloxgDB−1, whereas maximum total flavonoid yield (TF) was 2.80±0.18mg of catechin equivalent [CE] gDB−1 in MAE extract. Once HPTE had been selected as the best-performing extraction method, a 32-full factorial design was applied to evaluate the combined effects of temperature (90≤T≤180°C) and ethanol concentration in water (20≤Sc≤100% v/v) on TP, TF and ARP by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM revealed that the most suitable conditions for TP (26.00–28.04mgGAEgDB−1) and TF (10.25±0.34mgCEgDB−1) were T=180°C and 20≤Sc≤60% (v/v), while ARP was maximized (67.77–69.02μmolTroloxgDB−1) at 90≤T≤135°C. HPLC analysis showed that catechin, vanillic, gallic and syringic acids were present in very low concentrations (up to 0.05±0.01mg100gDB−1) in MAE, UAE and SLE extracts, while they were the most abundant phenolics in HPTE (3.45–3.61, 1.06–2.02, 1.64–1.71 and 0.99–1.26mg100gDB−1, respectively). These compounds taken together effectively contributed to both TP (r=0.928) and TF (r=0.960), but not to ARP. This work opens new perspectives for HPTE use as emerging technique to obtain high-ARP phenolic-rich hydroalcoholic extracts of A. platensis, which may serve as a natural source of compounds to formulate functional foods or prepare dietary supplements.

Response Surface Optimized Infrared-Assisted Extraction and UHPLC Determination of Flavonoid Types from Flos Sophorae.

Single-factor experiment and Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE) of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin from Flos sophorae. Four factors (extract solvent, solid-liquid ration, extraction time, infrared power) affecting the extraction yield of flavonoids were studied. Under optimized conditions the extraction yield was 33.199 ± 0.24 mg/g, which substantially improved, compared with heating reflux extraction (HRE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), while extraction time was only 9 min. The eluents were rich in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-propionamidine) dihydrochloride radical scavenging potential (IC50 of DPPH: 53.44 ± 0.01 μg/mL, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC): 3785.83 ± 52 μmol/g) than the extracts obtained by HRE and UAE. In addition, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method was optimized for the identification and quantification of the tested flavonoids, and the method was validated based on its correlation coefficient (r), reproducibility (RSD, n = 5), and recovery values, which were 0.9994–0.9998, 0.74–1.83%, and 97.78–102.94%, respectively. These results confirmed that high extraction yield of flavonoids results in stronger antioxidant values and response surface methodology optimization of IRAE is a promising alternative to traditional extraction techniques for flavonoids from medicinal plants.

Subcritical water extraction of phytochemicals from Phlomis umbrosa Turcz

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) avoids the use of organic solvents when extracting active compounds. The SWE of phytochemicals from Phlomis umbrosa Turcz (PT) and the effect of antioxidant activity were investigated while varying the extraction temperature (from 100 °C to 200 °C) and time (from 5 to 25 min). The maximum yields of total polyphenols (142.02 ± 5.67 mg/g PT, mean ± SD) and flavonoids (33.69 ± 3.01 mg/g PT) were obtained for an extraction temperature and time of 200 °C and 20 min, respectively. The correlation of antioxidant activities in terms of their total phenolics and flavonoids contents suggest that the ABTS+ assay better reflects the antioxidant contents in SWE from PT than does the DPPH assay for extraction temperatures from 110 °C to 200 °C. At higher temperatures around 200 °C, SWE extracts affect the antioxidant activity due to the presence of not only flavonoids but also nonflavonoid phenolic compounds including prenylated flavonoids. This study used subcritical water extraction (SWE) for the practical applications of the SWE process that extracts antioxidant compounds from medicinal herb such as Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. SWE is excellent technology to selectively extract bioactive compounds using temperature-dependent dielectric constant properties of water. As the temperature of water is increased, the polarity of water decreases. That's why it is selective extraction. The use of SWE in the present study was associated with high efficiency and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that SWE is an efficient and rapid method for extracting phytochemicals, and a safer product only using purified water. SWE has a potential to develop a commercial process for the extraction of phytochemicals. This method can be easily implemented on an industrial scale.

Response Surface Optimized Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Walnut Leaves and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities

In this paper, the optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids extracted from walnut leaves subjected to Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The mathematical model showed the high coefficient of measurement (R2 = 0.9938) which indicated that this model could be used to guide the response surface methodology. The optimum extraction parameters for extracting flavonoids from walnut leaves determined in this study were extraction temperature 47.73°C, extraction time 30.79 min, ethanol concentration 72.89% (v/v). Under the optimal extraction conditions, the flavonoids yield was about 3.5315%. Statistical analysis of the results showed that extraction temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration significantly affected the extraction yield of total flavonoids. In addition, the antibacterial activity assays of the flavonoids were carried out and it was demonstrated that the total flavonoids extracted at the optimum conditions had pronounced antibacterial effects against the four bacterial species. Therefore, this study suggested that walnut leaves are promising resources with antibacterial properties for the development of phytomedicines.

Optimized microwave-assistant extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. and evaluation of its anti-allergic activity.

Microwave extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. was investigated in this study, extraction process was first performed in an ultrasoniccleaner, then treated by microwave irradiation. The optimum ultrasonic time of 25 min was selected by single-factor experiments. A response surface methodology has been used to obtain amathematical model that describes the process and analyzes the significant parameters ethanol concentration 59.92%, liquid to raw materials ratio 21.24 mL/g, microwave radiation time 209.53 s, and microwave power 274.14 w. In these optimum conditions, the yield of flavonoids from P. forrestii (TFPF) could be up to 9.11 ± 0.08%, which was increased by 14.30 and 19.86% compared microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction, respectively. In vitro suppresshyaluronidaseexperimentationshowed that TFPF purified using polyamide exhibited good anti-hyaluronidase ability with IC50 value of 1.033 mg/mL, possessing certain anti-antiallergic and potential applicationprospect in pharmaceutical production of treating inflammation and other related fields.

Optimization of the extraction process of polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum L. herb using maceration, heat- and ultrasound-assisted techniques

Abstract Despite the fact that Thymus serpyllum is well-known medicinal plant and its chemical profile and biological activity have been investigated, there is no detailed study regarding the influence of different techniques and conditions on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Serpylli herba. The aim of this study was optimization of the extraction parameters that improves the efficiency of polyphenols extraction from T. serpyllum: particle size, solid-to-solvent ratio, solvent type and extraction time, by using maceration, heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction (HAE and UAE). The extraction efficiency was expressed via total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA and full factorial design) has revealed that the optimal conditions for achieving the best polyphenols yield were particle size of 0.3 mm, 1:30 solid-to-solvent ratio and 50% ethanol, as environmentally friendly extraction medium, while extraction time has not shown statistically significant influence on polyphenols concentration, in all procedures. Under these conditions, the measured TPC was 26.6 mg GAE/L in maceration, 29.8 mg GAE/L in HAE and 32.7 mg GAE/L in UAE, which was in agreement with the predicted values, while TFC was 14.3 mg CE/L, 12.4 mg CE/L and 16.7 mg CE/L for maceration, HAE and UAE, respectively. According to total polyphenols yield, the efficiency of the extraction methods for all variables was ranked by significance in the following order: UAE > HAE > maceration, whereas total flavonoids yield was the highest in UAE, although there was no statistically significant difference between maceration and HAE. According to our results, UAE could be selected as the most successful and suitable technique for extraction of bioactive polyphenolic compounds from Serpylli herba. Using LC/MS and HPLC analysis, 9 polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified: 6,8-Di-C-glucosylapigenin, chlorogenic acid, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin glucuronide, salvianolic acid K isomer, rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid I. This study was an initial step in production of polyphenols-rich wild thyme extracts aimed to be used for formulation of foodstuffs and medicines.

Characterization of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) macerates prepared with different fatty oils upon processing and storage

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort, SJW) is a traditional medicinal plant with a long history of pharmaceutical application. Today, besides formulations based on hydro-alcoholic extracts, lipophilic SJW preparations are widely used in phytomedicine e.g. for the symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. In the present study, SJW extracts were obtained with twelve different fatty oils according to a standardized protocol. In order to evaluate and compare the resulting macerates, a set of analytical parameters was chosen: the phytochemical profile of SJW oil extracts comprising acylphloroglucinol derivatives, flavonols, biflavones and naphthodianthrones was assessed using UHPLC-DAD and UV/VIS-spectroscopic methods Furthermore, overall appearance was monitored applying the CIE L*a*b* color system. Depending on the type of oil applied for extraction, a*-values, which are a measure of red color hues, ranged from 50.3±0.2 (almond oil) to −3.8±0.3 (macadamia nut oil). Considering total hypericin contents, extraction with almond oil also brought about highest amounts (5.5±0.21mg/100g). In contrast, preparations with macadamia nut oil resulted in highest contents of hyperforin and adhyperforin, whereas a semi-synthetic extractant composed of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) revealed highest yields of flavonoids, i.e. quercetin, kaempferol and I3, II8-biapigenin. Since the phytochemical composition and the corresponding specific characteristics of SJW oil preparations markedly differed, tailor-made SJW extracts may be prepared by systematic adaption of the manufacturing conditions, including the choice of a specific fatty oil. Additionally, SJW oil extracts were stored under different temperature (5°C, 20°C, 50°C) and light (artificial light, darkness) regimes over a period of six months to evaluate their respective storage stability. For maximizing the retention of the investigated plant secondary metabolites in the corresponding oil extracts, cold storage (5°C) under the exclusion of light is recommended.

Flavonoid Composition and Biological Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm., a Native Plant from Caatinga Biome.

Caryocar coriaceum fruits, found in Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, are commonly used as food and in folk medicine, as anti-inflammatory, bactericide, fungicide, leishmanicide, and nematicide. Due to the biological potential of this plant, this study focuses on the evaluation of antifungal and antileishmanial activities, including anticholinesterase and antioxidant tests, correlating with total phenols and flavonoids content. Peel extracts contain higher yield of phenols and flavonoids as analyzed by spectrophotometric methods. HPLC analysis of flavonoids revealed that isoquercitrin is the main flavonoid in both parts of the fruit, and peel extract showed the best antioxidant activity. In the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase assay, both extracts demonstrate action comparable to physostigmine. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against strains of Malassezia sp. and Microsporum canis, using the broth microdilution technique, in which the extracts showed similar MIC and MFC. The extracts present antileishmanial activity and low toxicity on murine macrophages and erythrocytes. Therefore, these results suggest a potential for the application of C. coriaceum fruit's ethanol extracts in the treatment against dermatophyte fungi and leishmaniasis, probably due to the presence of active flavonoids. Further in vivo studies are recommended aiming at the development of possible new pharmaceutical compounds.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from young barley leaves

AbstractA central composite design combined with response surface methodology was utilized to optimise microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from young barley leaves. The results showed that using water as solvent, the optimum conditions of microwave-assisted extraction were extracted twice at 1.27 W g−1microwave power and liquid-solid ratio 34.02 ml g−1for 11.12 min. The maximum extraction yield of flavonoids (rutin equivalents) was 80.78±0.52%. Compared with conventional extraction method, the microwave-assisted extraction was more efficient as the extraction time was only 6.18% of conventional extraction, but the extraction yield of flavonoids was increased by 5.47%. The main flavonoid components from the young barley leaf extract were probably 33.36% of isoorientin-7-O-glueoside and 54.17% of isovitexin-7-O-glucoside, based on the HPLC-MS analysis. The barley leaf extract exhibited strong reducing power as well as the DPPH radical scavenging capacity.

A Screening Experimental Design to Develop High Extraction Yield of Flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba Leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the solvent extraction process of pharmaceutically active flavonoid glycosides from Ginkgo biloba L. The three most critical experimental parameters (solvent ethanol content, particle size of the powdered Ginkgo biloba L.fragments and the extraction time) were selected in accordance with Plackett-Burman screening design. A mathematical model has been adapted using the RSM coupled with face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) to predict the change in extraction yield of flavonoid components. The regression analysis results indicated the optimal values for reaching the maximum extraction yield of flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba L. were 68.22 %, 154.09 m, and 150.33 minutes for the ethanol content, particle size and extraction time, respectively.

Microwave assisted extraction of flavonoids from pomegranate peel and its antioxidant activity

Pomegranate peel, a waste generated from fruit processing industry, which contains maximum amounts of bioactive compounds than the juice, is a potential source of active ingredient such as flavonoids that are known for their antioxidant properties. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of flavonoids from pomegranate peel and its antioxidant activity were investigated. Three independent and main variables, including ethanol concentration(%), solvent/solid ratio(mL/g) and MAE time(min), which were of significance for the yields of flavonoids were studied. The optimal conditions were determined by the orthogonal design. The maximum extraction yield of 4.260% was achieved at ethanol concentration of 60%, ratio of solvent to material of 40:1 and MAE time of 3min. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the extract exhibited a strong DPPH radical-scavenging ability with IC50 value of 0.187 mg/mL. Results indicated that MAE was a suitable approach for the extraction of flavonoids from pomegranate peel.

A comparative study of the dynamic accumulation of polyphenol components and the changes in their antioxidant activities in diploid and tetraploid Lonicera japonica

Polyploidization is an effective method to achieve a higher yield of secondary metabolism active ingredients in medicinal plants. Polyphenols are the main active substances that contribute to the antioxidant activity of Lonicera japonica. For studying on the effect of chromosome doubling and harvest time on the dynamic accumulation of the main active substances and antioxidant capabilities of L. japonica, the polyphenol composition contents (7 phenolic acids and 3 flavonoids) and the antioxidant capacity in buds and flowers of diploid and tetraploid L. japonica at six different growth stages were determined by HPLC-DAD and three common antioxidant assays (FRAP, OH RSC and DPPH ARP), and the correlation between the dynamic accumulation of the polyphenol components and antioxidant capacity was also analyzed in current research. The results indicated that the content of the most determined phenolic acids and flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity in most of the growth stages from tetraploid plants were significantly higher than those in the diploid plants. Furthermore, the changes in the antioxidant activity presented a significant positive correlation with the variations in the chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, luteoloside in the two ploidy levels of L. japonica plants. The higher yields of chlorogenic acid (158.97, 164.00, 199.85 mg), luteoloside (5.44, 4.03, 6.31 mg), hyperoside (1.15, 1.06, 1.30 mg) and total flavonoids (9.87, 8.67, 11.10 mg) from 100 buds or flowers in tetraploid plants occurred during the S3–S5 stages, and these stages also exhibited higher antioxidant activities. Therefore, the stages of S3–S5 are recommended as the best time for harvesting high-yield, high-quality tetraploid Flos Lonicerae Japonicae.

Yield and level of phenolic compounds in the inflorescence of yellow everlasting Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench collected from natural sites

Summary Introduction: The inflorescence of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, detoxifying properties and is traditionally used in liver and biliary tract diseases. Because of its difficult and expensive cultivation, the plant raw material is mainly harvested from natural sites. Objective: The research aimed to determine the local variation in yield and content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the yellow everlasting inflorescence against the background of the layer structure of vegetation as the rate of plant succession. Methods: The plant raw material was collected from 30 plots of 1 m2, established for three separate populations developing on sandy fallows near Zielona Góra (western Poland). For each study area, percentage cover of the moss-lichen and herb layers, the height, cover and yield of H. arenarium as well as the height and cover of other herbaceous plants were determined. Total contents of flavonoids (expressed as quercetin) and phenolic acids (calculated as caffeic acid) were measured spectrophotometrically, according to Polish Pharmacopoeia. Results: Everlastings reached a cover of up to 70% and the maximum air-dry matter yield of 46.42 g/m2. The height, coverage and yield of H. arenarium were correlated with the parameters describing the herb layer. The content of flavonoids ranged from 0.56 to 0.99%, while that of phenolic acids from 0.82 to 1.80% DM. Conclusions: Yellow everlasting is an important species of early fallows on poor sandy soils and these habitats constitute a rich natural source of herbal raw material. Inflorescences harvested from natural sites are distinguished by a high and similar content of polyphenols and usually meet the requirements of Polish Pharmacopoeia.

Irrigation and organic fertilization on the production of essential oil and flavonoid in chamomile

ABSTRACT The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines and pesticides has increased the need to define cultivation parameters for medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of essential oil and flavonoids of chamomile under irrigation levels and organic fertilizer doses. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Campus II of the University of Western São Paulo, in the city of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in triple factorial (6 x 2 x 3), corresponding to irrigation depths (150, 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)), organic fertilizers (poultry manure and cattle manure) and the fertilizer doses (0, 3 and 5 kg m-2), with four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: capitulum dry matter, and content and yield of essential oil and flavonoids. For the tested conditions, it is recommended to use 5 kg m-2 poultry manure and water depth equivalent to 150% ETo for the production of essential oil and flavonoid.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from banana (Musa cavendish) peel

A large quantity of banana peel is generated annually and is considered as waste with low value. This study aimed to optimize five extraction parameters; including ultrasonic temperature, time and power, as well as acetone concentration and sample to solvent ratio, for maximum recovery of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and antioxidant properties from banana (Musa cavendish) peel using response surface methodology. The results showed that recovery yields of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and antioxidant properties were affected by the extraction parameters; of which the acetone concentration had the greatest effect. Optimal extraction conditions were found to be at ultrasonic temperature of 30°C, ultrasonic time of 5 min, ultrasonic power of 150 W, sample to solvent ratio of 8:100 g/mL and acetone concentration of 60%. Under these optimal conditions, 23.49 mg of phenolic compounds, 39.46 mg of flavonoids and 13.11 mg of proanthocyanidins could be extracted from 1 g of banana (M. cavendish) peel. Practical applications Banana peel known as waste is generated in a big quantity with limited utilization. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize this by-product for adding value to food industry. This study was designed to establish a simple, effective extraction method for maximum recovery of phenolic compounds from banana peel. Findings from this study can be used for further isolation and purification of phenolic compounds from banana peel for subsequent application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry.

Optimization of integrated extraction-adsorption process for the extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Scutellariae barbatae herba

Abstract In the present study, integrated extraction-adsorption process was developed and applied to extract and purify total flavonoids from Scutellariae barbatae herba. Screening of macroporous resins, single factor experiments, an experimental design based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) and purification conditions study were carried out to optimize the integrated process. DM130 resin was chosen as adsorbent and the optimal extraction-adsorption conditions were determined as pH of extraction solvent 2, time 9 h, liquid/solid ratio 20:1 mL/g and flow rate 7 BV/h. 70% (5 BV) ethanol aqueous solution was selected as elution solvent. Through this procedure, the total flavonoids of Scutellariae barbatae herba can be totally extracted using water as extraction solvent rather than high concentration ethanol was used in traditional extraction method. Moreover, the integrated process can simplify operation, reduce energy consumption, and prevent the degradation of bioactive substances, thus improve the quality of products. Compared to the conventional method, the recovery yield and purity of total flavonoids obtained from this procedure increased by 1.50 and 1.16 times respectively. The results showed that the integrated procedure can be efficient and eco-friendly, as well as appropriate for large-scale extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Scutellariae barbatae herba.