Flattened Processes Research Articles

Exploring Comprehension Strategies of Modular Process Models: A Combined Eye-Tracking and Concurrent Think-Aloud Study.

The study of complex process models often encounters challenges in terms of comprehensibility. This paper explores using modularization as a strategy to mitigate such challenges, notably the reduction in complexity. Previous research has delved into the comprehensibility of modularized process models, yet an unresolved question about the cognitive factors at play during their comprehension still needs to be answered. Addressing the latter, the paper presents findings from an innovative study combining eye-tracking and concurrent think-aloud techniques involving 25 participants. The study aimed to comprehend how individuals comprehend process models when presented in three different modular formats: flattened process models, models with grouped elements, and models with subprocesses. The results shed light on varying comprehension strategies employed by participants when navigating through these modularized process models. The paper concludes by suggesting avenues for future research guided by these insights.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Changes in Crack-Free Flattened Moso Bamboo After Saturated Steam Treatment and Flattening Process

ABSTRACTIn this study, Moso bamboo was firstly softened by saturated steam and then pressed flat by a machine. The modification effect (high-temperature saturated steam) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and wet chemistry. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to investigate the effects of three variables (temperature, time, and moisture content) on the thermal-mechanical properties of Moso bamboo. The results indicated that high-temperature saturated steam can effectively soften bamboo cells under high pressure at high temperature. As expected, in comparison with reference samples, the content of hemicellulose and cellulose decreased, while that of relative lignin increased. The results of the changes in main chemical composition were further confirmed by FTIR, which showed that the intensity of the main peak belongs to hemicellulose decreased, so the polysaccharide such as hemicellulose went through the process of hydrolysis and pyrolysis. An increase in the moisture content of bamboo led to a decrement in storage modulus value, which can be attributed to the plasticizing effect. Both temperature and time had a positive effect on the reduction in glass transition temperature. This conclusion not only helps to understand the relationship between bamboo and water, but also provides guide for the utilization and production process of crack-free flattened bamboo board and its products in the construction and building fields.

The Effect of Si Surface Flattening Process on the MISFET With High-k HfNx Multilayer Gate Dielectrics

Metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs) with high-k HfN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> multilayer gate dielectrics fabricated with Si surface flattening process were investigated. The Si surface flattening process was carried out by Ar/1.0%H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> annealing for 30 min. A higher I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> on</sub> / I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> off</sub> current ratio was obtained by increasing the number of HfN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> gate dielectric layers while its characteristics such as drain current, saturation mobility and subthreshold swing (SS) are not markedly degraded. This is attributed to the thicker gate dielectrics. Furthermore, it is found that these characteristics are found to be effectively improved by Si surface flattening process.

Stress Analysis and Microstructure Evolution of Titanium Alloy Pipe during Flattening Processing

TA24 titanium alloy pipe with 638mm diameter and 19mm wall thickness is carried out continuous load flatten test, and the stress of internal and external pipe wall during flatten process is studied in this paper. The results show that the TA24 titanium alloy tube has good flattening performance, and the flattening process has experienced original stage, flattened oblate stage, flattened straight wall stage, flattened depressed stage, flattened concave contact stage. During the flattening process, the outer layer of the upper and lower wall of the tube is subjected to compressive stress, and the inner layer material is subjected to tensile stress. The tensile and compressive forces cause the vertical part of the upper and lower walls to be concave. The outer layer of the left and right circular arc parts is subjected to tensile stress and the inner layer is subjected to tensile stress. The compressive stress also causes the radius of the arc to decrease due to the combined force of the tensile and compressive forces, that is, the flattening occurs. With the decrease of and pressing distance under continuous loading condition, the metal on the left and right sides of the pipe gathers toward the middle depression, which aggravates the deformation of the upper and lower walls until the upper and lower walls contact, and the arc radius of the left and right walls decreases until the outer surface cracks. The pipe microstructure changes significantly into elongated deformation structure during the flattening process. The most severe part of the deformation is the left and right end arc of the pipe, followed by the upper and lower end depression.

Foam-Filled Columns with Rectangular Cross-Section During the Flattening Process: Theory and Experiment

In this paper, flattening process of polyurethane foam-filled aluminum columns with rectangular and square cross-sections subjected to lateral compression load is investigated, theoretically and experimentally. For this purpose, some flattening tests were performed on the foam-filled rectangular columns using a DMG machine, model 7166. Based on a new theoretical plastic deformation model, a relation is derived in order to predict instantaneous lateral load of the foam-filled rectangular columns during flattening process. Theoretical instantaneous lateral load versus lateral displacement diagrams of the specimens are compared with the experimental measurements, which shows a good agreement between them. Also, based on the experimental results, effects of different parameters such as load application directions, injection of polyurethane foam into columns, foam density and presence of the adhesion between the foam and the column inner wall are investigated on the flattening behavior of the structure. Furthermore, deformation modes of the specimens with different cross-sections are studied.

Imaging Inelastic Fracture Processes in Biomimetic Nanocomposites and Nacre by Laser Speckle for Better Toughness.

Mollusk nacre is a prototypical biological inorganic–organic composite that combines high toughness, stiffness, and strength by its brick‐and‐mortar microstructure, which has inspired several synthetic mimics. Its remarkable fracture toughness relies on inelastic deformations at the process zone at the crack tip that dissolve stress concentrations and stop cracks. The micrometer‐scale structure allows resolving the size and shape of the process zone to understand the fracture processes. However, for better scalability, nacre‐mimetic nanocomposites with aligned inorganic or graphene nanosheets are extensively pursued, to avoid the packing problems of mesoscale sheets like in nacre or slow in situ biomineralization. This calls for novel methods to explore the process zone of biomimetic nanocomposites. Here the fracture of nacre and nacre‐inspired clay/polymer nanocomposite is explored using laser speckle imaging that reveals the process zone even in absence of changes in optical scattering. To demonstrate the diagnostic value, compared to nacre, the nacre‐inspired nanocomposite develops a process zone more abruptly with macroscopic crack deflection shown by a flattened process zone. In situ scanning electron microscopy suggests similar toughening mechanisms in nanocomposite and nacre. These new insights guide the design of nacre‐inspired nanocomposites toward better mechanical properties to reach the level of synergy of their biological model.

A Study on Substrate Orientation Dependence of Si Surface Flattening Process by Sacrificial Oxidation and Its Effect on MIS Diode Characteristics

A Study on Substrate Orientation Dependence of Si Surface Flattening Process by Sacrificial Oxidation and Its Effect on MIS Diode Characteristics

Influence of Friction on Surface Asperity Flattening Process in Cold Uniaxial Planar Compression (CUPC)

Atomic force microscope and electron back-scattering diffraction measurement methods were used to study the effects of friction on surface asperity flattening and surface texture during the uniaxial planar compression of annealed aluminum alloy. With an increase in gauged reduction, surface asperity tended to be flattened. Friction could boost the surface asperity flattening process by reducing the flow stress in deformation. The development of surface asperity features demonstrated that friction can effectively hinder the development of the Goss orientation component {011} and clearly promote the generation of brass orientation {011} orientation. Regardless of whether the sample was compressed with lubricant or not, a few S orientation component {123} formed in sample edge area.

Pogonophryne sarmentifera sp. nov. (Artedidraconidae; Notothenioidei; Perciformes) – the deep-water species of Antarctic plunderfishes from the Ross Sea (Southern Ocean)

A new species of Pogonophryne sarmentifera sp. nov. from the Ross Sea (Southern Ocean) is described. The new species belongs to the «mentella» group of the genus Pogonophryne and is characterized by having a mental barbel long (68.0–70.0% of head length), sarment-shaped with a slender terminal expansion (5.9–8.1% of barbel length) composed of rows of short and flattened incubous processes; сanals of seismosensory system top of head have the small pores; weakly developed internasal organ, peritoneum is light.

Variation of Tension during Flattening Process of Aluminium Strips

Theoretically illustrates the principle of tension variation during flattening process. Analysis of the changing process of the tension from the perspective of energy consumption. Gives a calculation formula of tension variation on the base of plane assumption. In addition, research the the influences of technological parameters to tension variation by using finite element software . Finally, analyzing the change process of the tension during flattening process.

A rare case of accessory maxilla and bilateral Tessier no. 7 clefts, a 10-year follow-up

A Tessier no. 7 cleft is a lateral facial cleft which originates from the oral cavity and extends towards the tragus, involving both soft-tissue and skeletal components. A male patient presenting with both maxillary jaw duplication and bilateral Tessier no. 7 clefts, which has been reported only twice in the literature, is described. Bilateral facial clefts, macrostomia and chondro-cutaneous remnants were noted, which were repaired and resected. With further growth, facial asymmetry and asymmetric facial nerve dysfunction became apparent. Radiographic examination showed an accessory maxillary jaw and a flattened and hypoplastic right coronoid process. A maxillary alveolar cleft was also present between the left second bicuspid and the second permanent molar. This case may represent an under-recognized phenotype with an unusual combination of maxillary jaw duplication, macrostomia, Tessier no. 7 clefts, and chondro-cutaneous remnants. A long-term follow-up of these patients is recommended as they often develop craniofacial deformities later in life.

Elevation of Spicomacrurus (Gadiformes: Macrouridae) to Generic Status, with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Southwestern Pacific

Spicomacrurus, formerly classified as a subgenus of Hymenogadus, is elevated to full generic status after the discovery of two new species from the southwestern Pacific. The following synapomorphies characterizing the genus are not shared with either Hymenogadus or Hymenocephalus, although Spicomacrurus obviously belongs within this clade of grenadiers: net-like pattern of black epithelium covering gular region; elongate posterior dermal window of light organ; membranous flange on distal portion of outer pelvic fin ray; and protruding snout formed by three broad horizontally flattened processes of the nasal bones. Spicomacrurus dictyogadus sp. nov. is described from one collected off Vanuatu in 657-685 m. It can be distinguished by its relatively deep and compressed body and head, greatest body width about 2 times into greatest depth; suborbital depth about 3.5 into orbit diameter; and scale rows below origin of second dorsal fin 5½. Spicomacrurus mccoskeri sp. nov. is described from six specimens collected off Chesterfield Plateau in 650-710 m. It can be distinguished by its shallow, cylindrical body and head, greatest body width slightly less than greatest depth; suborbital depth 5-6 into orbit diameter; and scale rows below origin of second dorsal fin 3½. A key to all four species of Spicomacrurus is provided.

The shape modulation of osteoblast–osteocyte transformation and its correlation with the fibrillar organization in secondary osteons

Cortex fractured surface and graded osmic maceration techniques were used to study the secretory activity of osteoblasts, the transformation of osteoblast to osteocytes, and the structural organization of the matrix around the cells with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A specialized membrane differentiation at the base of the cell was observed with finger-like, flattened processes which formed a diffuse meshwork. These findings suggested that this membrane differentiation below the cells had not only functioned in transporting collagen through the membrane but also in orienting the fibrils once assembled. Thin ramifications arose from the large and flat membrane foldings oriented perpendicular to the plane of the osteoblasts. This meshwork of fine filaments could not be visualized with SEM because they were obscured within the matrix substance. Their 3-D structure, however, should be similar to the canalicular system. The meshwork of large, flattened processes was no more evident in the cells which had completed their transformation into osteocytes.

Scanning electron microscopic observation of the sensory region in the frog muscle spindle

The equatorial sensory region of muscle spindles in the fourth toe extensor digitorum longus muscle of the adult frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Segments of this thin and long muscle after fixation were longitudinally cut with a razor blade and then treated with an HCl-hydrolysis method to remove connective tissues. Cells of the inner capsule extended thin and flattened cytoplasmic processes, showing a sieve-like appearance. Some specimens after a partial disruption of the inner capsule reevaluated at the fine structural level that numerous sensory terminals with varicose swellings longitudinally arranged along each intrafusal muscle fiber.

CD34‐positive interstitial cells of the human detrusor

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are well described in the bowel wall. They are c-kit positive and play a role as pacemaker cells. Similar c-kit-positive cells have recently been described in the human bladder. The aim of this study was to characterize interstitial cells of the bladder detrusor using a panel of antibodies directed against CD117/c-kit, CD34, CD31, S100, tryptase, neurofilament, NSE, Factor-VIII and GFAP. A striking finding was an interstitial type of cell which is CD34 immunoreactive (CD34-ir) but CD117/c-kit negative. The cells have a tentacular morphology, enveloping and intermingling with individual muscle fasicles. Morphologically and immunohistochemically, they show no neurogenic, endothelial or mast cell differentiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the presence of interstitial cells with a round-to-oval nucleus, sparse perinuclear cytoplasm and long flattened processes, ramifying primarily in a bipolar fashion. Using immunoelectron microscopy (I-TEM) it was possible to view CD34 gold labelling of cells corresponding to interstitial cells. Although similar CD34-positive cells have been demonstrated in the bowel wall, they have never been described in the detrusor. The ontogeny and function of CD34-ir, a kit-negative cell, is unknown, but it may be involved in smooth muscle contraction.

11401 自由落下によって付着した液滴粒子の偏平過程と付着モデル(流体工学(1))

11401 自由落下によって付着した液滴粒子の偏平過程と付着モデル(流体工学(1))

Effects of temperature, light and salinity on cyst production and morphology of Tuberculodinium vancampoae (the resting cyst of Pyrophacus steinii)

Cyst forming dinoflagellates are useful in reconstructing past environments. For accuracy it is essential to know how environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature and light influence dinoflagellate cyst production and morphology. Here the effect of variation in these parameters on production and morphology of Tuberculodinium vancampoae (the resting stage of Pyrophacus steinii) is detailed. Encystment of T. vancampoae has been observed in all studied culture-experiments although only a few cysts are being formed at the limits of the temperature and salinity ranges (16.5°C, 34.8 °C and 20, 45 psu) with highest cyst production at 27 °C and 35 psu. Temperature clearly affects cyst morphology; cysts formed in cultures grown at 16.5 °C and 34.8 °C possess small, flattened processes. These cysts are not completely absent in cultures grown at intermediate temperatures but form only a minor part of the association. In previous studies, salinity has been found to influence the cyst morphology of several dinoflagellate species but this seems not to be the case for T. vancampoae. In this study there was no morphological variation related to salinity. High cyst production was observed in cultures grown under moderate to strong illumination but variation in illumination did not lead to morphological change. Our findings correspond to field observations where T. vancampoae has been observed in surface sediments of the sub-tropical to tropical regions characterised by mean sea surface temperatures between 12.7 °C and 29.5 °C, and sea surface salinities between 16.9 and 36.6 psu. In contrast to previous suggestions, T. vancampoae appears to be heterothallic rather than homothallic.

Morphology, Phenotype and Ultrastructure of Fibroblastic Cells from Normal and Neuropathic Human Detrusor: Absence of Myofibroblast Characteristics

Fibroblasts are functionally diverse and fibroblastic cells with smooth muscle-like characteristics (myofibroblasts) regulate smooth muscle activity in certain tissues. The presence of myofibroblasts has been reported in the bladder with important implications for normal function and detrusor overactivity. We assessed fibroblastic cell characteristics to discern features suggesting a myofibroblast phenotype in normal or neuropathic human detrusor. A total of 25 control samples were obtained from cadaveric organ donors or patients with a mean age of 42.3 years investigated for hematuria and compared with samples from 18 patients with a mean age of 37.4 years with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Morphology, phenotypic expression of various markers and the ultrastructure of each fibroblastic cell visible in multiple sections from each specimen was evaluated by 2 independent assessors. Fibroblastic cells were observed throughout the smooth muscle and connective tissue. They were located peripherally on muscle fascicles and had a polar stellate appearance with processes ramifying in interfascicular planes and muscle. They possessed vimentin-like immunoreactivity and weak c-kit-like immunoreactivity but not desmin or alpha-smooth muscle actin-like immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally they showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum with a moderately electron dense amorphous content and prominent golgi complexes. Nuclei had clumped peripheral heterochromatin. There were extensive flattened processes that lacked basal laminae. There was no specific contact with nerve fibers or smooth muscle. Neuropathic bladder samples did not differ overtly from those of controls. The detrusor possesses an extensive network of fibroblastic cells and processes. No evidence of myofibroblast differentiation was discerned in normal or neuropathic detrusor, although a minority subpopulation or regional variability in cellular phenotype could not be excluded.

Finite Element Analysis of Effect of Substrate Surface Roughness on Liquid Droplet Impact and Flattening Process

A computational program using the finite element method has been developed to simulate the impact and flattening of a metal droplet impacting onto a solid surface with different surface roughness occurring in the plasma thermal spray. The model is based on Navier-Stokes equations combining with friction conditions on the substrate surface to simulate the effect of substrate surface roughness on the flattening process of the droplet. In this study, a moving free surface model based on the Lagrangian method with an automatic adaptive remeshing technique has been developed to handle the large deformation of droplets and to ensure the computational accuracy of the numerical results. The numerical results show that the substrate surface roughness has a significant influence on the spreading velocity, flattening ratio, flattening time, splat size, and shape. The spreading process of a droplet is governed not only by the inertia and viscous forces, but also by the frictional resistance of the substrate surface.

Scanning electron microscopic study of muscle spindles in the tenuissimus muscle of the Chinese hamster: with reference to the outer capsule, inner capsule and fusimotor endings.

The outer capsule, inner capsule and fusimotor endings of muscle spindles in the tenuissimus muscle of mature Chinese hamsters were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thin and long tenuissimus muscle was transversely cut into several segments, and the segments were longitudinally or obliquely cut with a razor blade to mechanically remove the spindle sheath (outer capsule). These specimens were treated with 8 N HCl at 60 degrees C to isolate the muscle spindles and clearly expose the internal structures such as the inner capsule and fusimotor endings innervating intrafusal muscle fibers. The spindle sheath was about 1 mm long and at the equator about 50 microm in diameter. Within the outer capsule, cells of the inner capsule in the equatorial region were polygonal in shape, and continuously surrounded the axial bundle like a sleeve. This continuous sheath became sieve-like in the juxta-equatorial region, depending on the twining of thin and flattened cytoplasmic extensions and/or processes of the cells. Owing to the continuous inner capsular sheath in the equatorial region, the arrangement of sensory endings were not visualized under SEM. Fusimotor endings observed in the juxta-equatorial and polar regions consisted of poorly-developed subneural apparatuses with predominantly pit-like and short slit-like junctional folds.