Flat Surface Research Articles

High-Efficiency Condensation Heat Transfer Interfaces Based on Superwetting Copper Microgroove/Nanocone Structure.

Utilizing superhydrophobic micro/nanostructures to enhance condensation heat transfer (CHT) of copper surfaces has attracted intensive interest in recent years due to its significance in multiple industrial fields including nuclear power generation, thermal management, water harvesting, and desalination. However, superhydrophobic surfaces have instability risk caused by microcavity defect-induced vapor penetration and/or hydrophobic chemistry destruction. Here, we report a superwetting copper hierarchical microgroove/nanocone (MGNC) structure strategy that can realize high-efficiency CHT over a whole range of surface subcooling. By regulating groove width, fin width, groove depth, and nanostructure growth time, we obtain the optimal MGNC structure, where the CHT coefficient is 121% and 107% higher than that of hydrophilic flat surfaces at surface subcooling of 2 and 15 K, respectively. Such remarkable enhancement can be ascribed to the synergy of three interface effects: more nucleation sites for phase-change energy exchanging, thinner condensate films for reducing thermal resistance, and parallel microchannels for timely drainage. Compared with superhydrophobic strategies, our strategy not only can be mass-producible but also has other inherent advantages: no microcavity-induced performance failure risk as well as being free of chemistry modification, which makes the fabrication process simpler and more economic. Hierarchical micropillar/nanocone structure is also fabricated as the contrast sample for highlighting the superiority of the superwetting MGNC structure in enhancing CHT. This work not only enriches research systems of superwettability surfaces but also helps develop high-performance chips' cooling devices and explore more potential applications.

Unveiling the Loss Mode Enabled Tunable Plasmonic Chirality at Flat Metal Surface.

Plasmonic chirality has garnered significant interest in the past decade due to its enhanced chiral light-matter interactions. Current methods for achieving plasmonic chirality often rely on complex nanostructures or metamaterials, which are hampered by intricate fabrication processes. In this work, we present an approach to generate plasmonic chiral structured surface plasmon polariton (s-SPP) fields on a single, flat metal surface, bypassing elaborate fabrication techniques. The plasmonic chiral s-SPP fields are excited by the superposition of multiple differently oriented transverse magnetic polarized plane waves. We demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, the flexible tuning of chiral plasmonic patterns by adjusting the symmetry and phase differences of the incident waves. This method provides a facile mean to optically tailor plasmonic chiral properties on a subwavelength scale, offering potential applications in sensing, enantioselective reactions, imaging, and reconfigurable chiral switches.

On the termination of an emerging droplet from a capillary tube over a flat surface by a wetting slug: A one-dimensional quasistatic model and CFD analysis

The problem of ejection of a droplet from a pore opening into a reservoir appears in many fields including pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and several other industries. In this work, we are interested in investigating the onset of dislodgment of such an emerging droplet. A one-dimensional model is developed that describes the dynamics of this process under quasistatic assumptions. Fluid inertia, the dynamic nature of the contact angle, as well as the entrance and exit hydrodynamic effects are ignored. Fluid inertia may be important at the very early stage of the displacement process, after which its effect diminishes. It is hypothesized that the emerging droplet will dislodge the surface when the two contact lines associated with the two interfaces meet. The forces acting on this system include external pressures, viscous and capillary forces. The flow rate is influenced by the capillary pressure of the emerging nonwetting fluid when the advancing interface reaches the exit of the tube and starts to develop, then by the two interfaces when the wetting fluid starts to displace the wetting one. At the onset of dislodgment, the capillary pressure across the two interfaces equalizes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study has been conducted to confirm the stated hypothesis and to provide a framework for the validation and verification of the developed model. The CFD model depicts the whole spectrum of processes involved from the start of injection of the nonwetting fluid towards the ejection of the droplet. The model, however, only considers the system when the wetting fluid starts to emerge from the exit of the tube into the reservoir. Comparisons between the model and the CFD analysis show a good match, which builds confidence in the modeling approach. Interesting results are obtained, particularly when the interfaces reach the exit of the tube.

Self-organization of the tribosystem under non-stationary conditions of friction from the standpoint of deformation-wave representations

Mechanisms of structural adaptation of contact surfaces and lubricating materials during friction with the dominance of deformation processes in tribocontact have been analyzed. The purpose of the work was to model the elastic-plastic properties of dissipative structures taking into account the anisotropic properties of the surface layers of the friction pairs and the boundary layers of the lubricating material. The modeling took into account the structural state of the latter formed due to heating and saturation with wear products, along with the physical and mechanical interaction of this layer with the outer surface of the part. An algorithm for determining the distributed tangent force along the length of the boundary layer of the lubricating material adjacent to the part has been developed based on the hypothesis of the wave-like state of the surface layer of the lubricating material on an absolutely flat (non-deformed) rough surface. Herein, under the action of tangent forces, the strip of lubricant is subject to horizontal compression and transverse movement. The distributed tangent stress along the length of the adjacency of the layer of densified lubricant to the part causes micro-slipping of the layer. Amplitude horizontal displacements of the boundary of the lubricant layer are determined when the beam-film is loaded with longitudinal stresses, which leads to partial disorientation of the film and loss of its originally rectilinear structured form, the transition of the lubricant layer to the state of the wave surface of a sinusoid shape. Also, a procedure for calculation of tangent forces causing the loss of elastic stability of the lubricant boundary layers resulting in the direct mechanical destruction of the lubricant boundary layer in the slipping zone of the contact surface is proposed based on the elastic-frictional interaction of this layer with the near-surface layer of the metal

Comparative assessment of Ti‐6Al‐4 V titanium alloy fatigue life improvement by vibratory peening, shot peening, and vibratory finishing

AbstractThe effects of vibratory peening (VP), shot peening (SP), and SP followed by vibratory finishing (SPVF) on the surface and fatigue properties of Ti‐6Al‐4 V were compared to conventional low‐stress grinding (LSG). VP processing produced seven times smoother surface finish than SP and 66% deeper compressive residual stresses (CRS) but with 12% lower magnitudes. SPVF produced optimal surface properties with a perfectly flat surface and CRS‐like SP. All three mechanical surface treatments generated similar fatigue life improvements (108–122%) over LSG when the cyclic stress was below the yield stress. Above the yield stress, most of the CRS relaxed during the first cycle in VP specimens, resulting in up to 97% fatigue life improvement over LSG. The CRS relaxed more gradually in SP specimens leading to larger (up to 239%) fatigue life improvement. This shows the need to amplify CRS magnitudes produced in VP to maximize fatigue life improvement.

During Postnatal Ontogenesis, the Development of a Microvascular Bed in an Intestinal Villus Depends on Intussusceptive Angiogenesis.

The mechanisms responsible for the growth and development of vascular beds in intestinal villi during postnatal ontogenesis remain enigmatic. For instance, according to the current consensus, in the sprouting type of angiogenesis, there is no blood flow in the rising capillary sprout. However, it is known that biomechanical forces resulting from blood flow play a key role in these processes. Here, we present evidence for the existence of the intussusception type of angiogenesis during the postnatal development of micro-vessel patterns in the intestinal villi of rats. This process is based on the high-level flattening of blood capillaries on the flat surfaces of intestinal villi, contacts among the opposite apical plasma membrane of endothelial cells in the area of inter-endothelial contacts, or the formation of bridges composed of blood leucocytes or local microthrombi. We identified factors that, in our opinion, ensure the splitting of the capillary lumen and the formation of two parallel vessels. These phenomena are in agreement with previously described features of intussusception angiogenesis.

MODELING GROWTH AND VISCOUS FLOW OF OXIDE ON CYLINDRICAL SILICON SURFACES INCLUDING PIEZOVISCOUS INHIBITION

Abstract A baseline constant-parameters non-dimensional cylindrical oxidation model was first revisited, normalizing oxide thickness to oxidant diffusivity/reaction rate ratio instead of original cylinder radius, allowing this radius to remain evident in model output, which in this baseline case predicted oxides increasingly thicker for convex surfaces of decreasing radius as compared to that on flat surface, with oxide thicknesses on concave surfaces instead predicted to decrease with decreasing radius from the flat case. As this convex behavior conflicts with reported experiment, where oxide thickness on convex surfaces rather decrease with decreasing radius from the flat case though less strongly than for concave surfaces, potential stress-dependent kinetics parameters were investigated, with stresses determined from viscous treatment of oxide flow during growth to accommodate its molecular volume exceeding that of the silicon consumed in its production. While oxidant diffusivity and solubility both considered to increase with increasing hydrostatic pressure instead cause model predictions to further deviate from experimental observation, the rate of its volume-producing reaction with the silicon considered to decrease with increasingly compressive radial stress across their interface successfully brought model predictions of convex curvatures into agreement with reported experiments. In conjunction with such stress-dependent reaction rate, additional consideration of viscosity as increasing with hydrostatic pressure can also contribute towards bringing convex modeling closer to experimental observation, though it also introduces a potential piezoviscous inhibition where concave cases of smaller curvature radius become predicted incapable of even initiating oxidation.

Spreading of droplet impact on ribbed superhydrophobic surfaces with varying structure height

Hypothesis:Quantifying droplet spreading characteristics on ribbed superhydrophobic surfaces is challenging due to the complex fluid dynamics, limiting the practical applications. Droplet spreading dynamics are significantly influenced by the diameter ratio (rib diameter to droplet diameter) and height ratio (structure height to rib diameter) during impact. Experiment:Ribbed superhydrophobic surfaces with diameter ratios (0.18 to 0.75) and height ratios (0.125 to 0.5) underwent impact experiments with droplets at varied Weber numbers. Through simulations and analysis, we summarized the patterns of the maximum ribwise spreading coefficient, elucidated the droplet spreading mechanism on ribbed superhydrophobic surfaces. Findings:The findings revealed asymmetry in impact dynamics on ribbed superhydrophobic surfaces in the ribwise and radial directions. The maximum ribwise spreading coefficient initially decreases, followed by increase with increasing diameter ratio, decreasing in a slowing down trend with increasing height ratio. These observations indicated that maximum ribwise spreading coefficient can be minimize with critical ratios. Comparatively, the maximum spreading coefficient at critical height ratios is 72.7% to 92.3% of that on flat surfaces. To precisely forecast maximum ribwise spreading coefficient, two models are introduced for diameter ratios below and above critical range when height ratios below the critical range.

Nusselt Number and Friction Factor Characteristics of Two Pass Solar Air Collector Provided with Double Sided Roughened Absorber Plate

Thermal efficiency of flat collector surface solar air heater (SAH) is relatively poor due to poor heat transfer coefficient. This article’s primary objective is to evaluate the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of counter flow SAH (CFSAH) by adopting novel discrete multi-V-shaped and staggered rib geometry. The experimentations are performed for various flow Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 3000- 21000 and rib parameters including relative gap distance (Gd /Lv) from 0.24 -0.69 and relative gap width (g/e) from 0.5-1.5 while other parameters are kept as constant. The study revealed that the maximum increment in heat transfer as 4.52 times and friction factor as 3.13 times as compared to non-roughened duct has been obtained. Further, the thermohydraulic performance parameter (TPP) has also been investigated to obtain the optimum parameters. The minimum and maximum value of TPP has been achieved as 1.94 and 3.88 corresponding to Re=2000 and Re=16000 respectively. Therefore, the present work can be fruitful for heating and drying application

Escape of an active ring from an attractive surface: Behaving like a self-propelled Brownian particle.

Escape of active agents from metastable states is of great interest in statistical and biological physics. In this paper, we investigate the escape of a flexible active ring, composed of active Brownian particles, from a flat attractive surface using Brownian dynamics simulations. To systematically explore the effects of activity, persistence time, and the shape of attractive potentials, we calculate escape time τ_{e} and effective temperature T_{eff}. We observe two distinct escape mechanisms: Kramers-like thermal activation at small persistence times, where ln(τ_{e})∼1/(k_{B}T_{eff}), and the maximal force problem at large persistence time, where τ_{e} is determined by persistence time. The escape time explicitly depends on the shape of the potential barrier at high activity and large persistence time. Moreover, when the propulsion force is biased along the ring's contour, escape becomes more difficult and is primarily driven by thermal noise. Our findings highlight that, despite its intricate configuration, the active ring can be effectively modeled as a self-propelled Brownian particle when studying its escape from a smooth surface.

CFD-DEM coupled study of erosion resistance characteristics of ribbed walls

Industrial bulk material transfer systems are exposed to high erosion risk due to prolonged scouring by particle flow. In order to improve the erosion resistance of the system components, this study proposes a wear-resistant improvement scheme by adding square and triangular ribs on the wall surface. A coupled CFD-DEM method was used to analyse the abrasion characteristics of particle flow hitting the flat and ribbed wall surfaces at different particle incidence angles, particle velocities and particle volume fractions. The results show that square ribbed plate is more targeted to reduce the erosion ratio of the groove surface and transfer the risk to the ribs, whereas triangular ribbed plate provides an optimal balance between sacrificial velocity and erosion resistance of the ribbed structure; moreover, square ribbed plate is slightly more capable of transferring the maximum wear to the ribs to reduce the risk of perforation of the wall surface. As the particle velocity increased from 5 m/s to 25 m/s, the triangular ribbed plate reduced the erosion ratio by up to 45 %; both square and triangular ribbed plate groove surfaces reduced the maximum wear rate by about 65 % and 35 %, respectively. With the increase of particle volume fraction from 0.025 % to 0.125 %, the erosion ratios of the square and triangular ribbed plates decreased rapidly by up to 16 % and 73 %, respectively; the groove surface of the square ribbed plate decreased by about 63 % of the maximum wear rate, while the groove surface of the triangular ribbed plate decreased by up to 48 % of the maximum wear rate.

An In Vitro Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of a New Dual-cure, Universal, Bioactive Luting Cement.

The aim of this study was to determine the properties of a new luting cement, BioCem®, by evaluating shear bond strength (SBS) and flexural strength (FS). A total of 60 extracted deciduous molars were included in this study. Samples were divided into two groups: Group I, Fuji I® (n = 30), and group II, BioCem® (n = 30). Each tooth was embedded in one acrylic block, such that the flattened enamel surface was exposed. Cylinders of 6 mm diameter and 8 mm height were prepared and evaluated for SBS using a universal testing machine. Ten rods of 25 × 2 × 2 mm of each material were prepared using a custom mold to evaluate the FS using a universal testing machine. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for statistical analyses. Intergroup analysis was performed using an independent sample t-test. Upon comparing the SBS values of the luting agents and prepared enamel surfaces, glass ionomer cement (GIC) displayed the highest value, while BioCem® displayed the lowest. Upon comparing the FS values of the luting agents and prepared enamel surfaces, BioCem® performed better than GIC. BioCem® may be used as a luting agent for the cementation of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) on primary teeth. BioCem®, a recently developed luting cement, may be used for cementing SSCs to the surfaces of prepared deciduous teeth; it exhibits significantly higher FS but lower SBS than that of GIC. Shams SA, Nekkanti S, Shetty S. An In Vitro Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of a New Dual-cure, Universal, Bioactive Luting Cement. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):887-891.

High-quality GaN thin film deposition at low temperature by ECR plasma-assisted sputter deposition method and its dependence of sapphire substrate misorientation angle

Gallium nitride (GaN) thin films were deposited by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma-assisted sputtering, which combines GaN-magnetron sputtering with argon and nitrogen plasma assistance using an ECR high-density plasma. GaN films on the misorientation-angle-0.0° (just) sapphire substrate showed very good crystallinity with a GaN(0002) rocking curve (XRC) full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.042° and epitaxial growth confirmed by φ-scan measurements at a low heating temperature of 350 °C. However, the GaN thin film had a rough surface with circular grains about 100 nm in diameter and a surface root-mean-square height (Sq) of 1.21 nm. Therefore, the misorientation angle of the sapphire substrate was varied from 0.2° to 10.0°. As a result, the grains observed on the just substrate disappeared at 0.5°. The film had Sq: 0.33 nm, and the FWHM of the XRC of GaN(0002) was 0.066°, indicating improved surface flatness while maintaining crystallinity. This is considered to be due to the step flow, which promotes ECR plasma-assisted diffusion on the terrace even at the low temperature of 350 °C. The polarity of the GaN thin film was analyzed by time-of-flight atomic scattering surface analysis and found to be N-polar on all substrates.

A study using physical sphere-in-contact models to investigate the structure of close-packed nanoparticles supported on flat hexagonal, square and trigonal lattices

The tailored design of nanoparticles becomes more important with the advancement of heterogeneous catalysis and materials science. The formation of nanoparticles in catalysts with a specific geometry of the active site becomes necessary to improve activity and selectivity in catalysis. Here we have used physical sphere-in-contact models of various nanoparticles with hexagonal, square and trigonal geometries on flat close-packed surfaces to understand how the distribution of (100) and (111) sites changes as a function of nanoparticle (NP) size in a simplified model of nanoparticle supported metals. The results from this approach clearly show that in 2-layer NPs that have a hexagonal base have 2–3 times more (100) sites than the square and trigonal base NPs as a function of the number of atoms in the NP. In 3D isotropic NPs, this phenomenon is even more pronounced than the 2-layer NPs. We derive equations that estimate the number of (100), (111), the number of atoms and the aspect ratio as a function of n. These equations are important in tailoring the properties of NPs supported on close-packed metal surfaces, which may find applications in materials science, nanotechnology and catalysis.

Precursor-film-driven ultra-early depinning of the three-phase contact line

Hypothesis: Despite its importance in colloid and interface science, contact line pinning remains poorly understood, especially in the presence of a precursor film. We hypothesized that this is due to a lack of an experimental method capable of directly observing their physics at the nanoscale. MethodsUsing coherence scanning interferometry, we visualized the three-dimensional behavior of contact lines with a precursor film near a nanogroove structure composed of flat terrace surfaces and steps with an inclination angle of 30° while achieving nanoscale vertical resolution. FindingsWe found that even when the contact line is pinned at the edge of the step, the precursor film is not and advances beyond the edge. Furthermore, we discovered that the precursor film has two distinct effects on contact line motion. Specifically, the precursor film facilitates depinning when the contact line descends the step — a contact angle change was 0.9°, only 3.0% of the value predicted by a classical theory of contact angle at a solid edge. This ultra-early depinning is attributed to the formation of a new liquid film past the edge, driven by the progression of the precursor film that overcomes the pinning effect. In contrast, when the contact line ascends the step, the precursor film acts as a resistance to movement due to steric interaction.

Accuracy assessment of UAV-based documentation of archaeological site: Kültepe-Kaneš

High quality 2D/3D metric documentation of archaeological sites is used in many different applications such as archaeological-heritage management, digital archaeological excavation planning, orthophotographic documentation, and ancient Digital Surfaces Models (DSM) research. Structure-from-Motion based photogrammetry (SfM) is an indirect geodesic measurement technique based on multiple view image processing using high-level automation techniques. Using SfM to generate the high accuracy 2D/3D data needed for digital documentation of archaeological cultural heritage is relatively practical, economical, and fast. Factors such as the number of ground control points and their distribution to the study area, the robustness of the camera system model parameters, and the analytical model of the photogrammetric triangulation method used affect the accuracy of the data produced using SfM-photogrammetry. Kültepe-Kaneš, the center of the ancient Kingdom of Kaneš, which is located in central-Anatolia, was an Assyrian Trade Colony active between ca. 2000 BC and 1700 BC. The site, which was the center of the Old Assyrian trade colonies in Anatolia and one of the most important sites in ancient history, has been under excavation for the last 75 years. In this paper, high accuracy digital documentation of the Kültepe-Kaneš archaeological excavation area was made using different SfM methods. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in accuracy between Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Post-Process Kinematic (PPK) methods for the study area. This suggests that either PPK, RTK, or aerial triangulation with Ground Control Points (GCPs) can be employed to generate orthophotos and DSMs for archaeological sites with relatively flat surface areas, as long as a sufficient number of uniformly distributed GCPs are used.

Determination of hydrostatic pressure on the plane surface of an arbitrary non-simmetrical form by the three-command method K123

Competitive struggle in the conditions of wide access to unlimited amounts of information and computerization of all branches of production and services imposes strict requirements on specialized knowledge, practical skills and general mathematical culture of future engineers. The online program of modern multivariate engineering calculation of the problem of determining the force of hydrostatic pressure on an element of a flat asymmetric surface with a curvilinear face is presented - https://www.k123.org.ua/jeh5.html. Algorithms are implemented according to the author's method of three commands K123 (c) Yu.D. Kopanytsia (hereinafter the K123 method). A client-server solution based on CGI technology with a web form for inputting source data has been implemented. The results of the online calculation were performed according to the new analytical dependencies obtained on the basis of the author's method K123. In parallel, the numerical algorithms of the author's method of three K123 commands and the conclusions of the corresponding calculations in tabular form were implemented. Realized generation of graphics by the server program based on the coordinates of the points obtained by iterative calculations according to the algorithms of the numerical implementation of the K123 method. The relative error of iterative calculations and the estimation of the accuracy of the result are automatically determined based on the proposed exact analytical dependencies.

Effect of Process Conditions on the Microstructure and Properties of Supercritical Ni-GQDs Plating.

The Ni-GQDs composite plating was created using direct current (DC), single-pulse, and double-pulse power supplies, with GQDs serving as additives under supercritical CO2 conditions. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of different electrodeposition power sources on the microstructure and properties of the Ni-GQDs composite plating. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) was employed to investigate the distribution of GQDs within the composite plating as well as to analyze d-spacing and diffraction patterns. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was utilized to illustrate the surface morphology of the plating and assess its surface quality. The grain size and preferred orientation of the plated layer were examined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to evaluate the roughness of the surface. To compare the abrasion resistance of the various plating types, wear amounts and friction coefficients were measured through friction and wear tests. Additionally, corrosion resistance tests were performed to assess the corrosion resistance of each plating variant. The results indicate that the Ni-GQDs-III composite layers produced via double-pulse electrodeposition exhibit superior surface quality, characterized by smaller grain sizes, enhanced surface flatness, reduced surface roughness, and improved resistance to wear and corrosion.

Influence of surface curvature on the impact force of water droplet

Although the global market for wind energy is growing rapidly, leading-edge erosion is a critical issue hindering the development of wind power. The impact force of a droplet colliding with flat surfaces has been investigated in previous studies. However, the impact force exerted on curved surfaces, such as that experienced by eroded wind turbine blades, is not well understood. This study discusses the relationship between the impact force generated on a solid surface by a water droplet and the radius of curvature of the impacting surface. The impact force by a droplet was measured using a force sensor mounted on semi-cylindrical caps with different radii of curvature. The measurement results showed that the impact force decreased as the radius of curvature decreased. A computational fluid dynamics model solving incompressible flows showed that, unlike the case of a curved surface, the initial momentum of the droplet was mostly transferred to the flat surface. This resulted in a high impulse for an impact with a flat surface. The falling droplet was blocked by the surface, and the lateral jet was accelerated sideward. This acceleration was moderate for curved surfaces. When colliding with a flat surface, a higher impact force was generated owing to the wider area of the excited surface pressure compared with that of the curved surface. Finally, the relationship between the peak of the impact force and the surface curvature was derived, suggesting that the force peak is inversely proportional to the curvature.

Study on the restoration of glass slides dating back to the 1940s

The Museum of Sun Yat-sen University houses a collection of antique glass slides dating back to the 1940s. These historical artifacts not only serve as a record of the past but also bring history to life. During extended storage, the emulsion layer on glass slides may harden and become brittle, leading to cracking and buckling. This study suggests a method to enhance the physical property of the emulsion layer by using a combination of nonionic surfactant isomeric alcohol ethoxylates eight (TO-8) and waterborne epoxy resin (WER). We investigated the microscopic action mechanism of the two on the emulsion layer of glass slides using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angles, and other techniques. Our study revealed that TO-8 can significantly eliminate the spherulitic crystal structure of the emulsion layer, as well as improve its softness and hydrophilicity. The addition of the WER ensures that the cracking and warping of the emulsion layer film is fully corrected, resulting in a flat surface. Additionally, the size of the emulsion layer film remains stable even after wetting. The WER has minimal impact on the image information of glass slides. The emulsion layer of the glass slides, restored using the softening protection solutions developed in this study, showed almost full recovery of image information. This research holds significant theoretical and practical value for repairing cracked and warped emulsion layers on glass slides.