Flat Shape Research Articles

Shape variation and flat plateau formation of a frozen nanofluid droplet

Droplet freezing is a phenomenon of great interest, not only from a fundamental perspective, but also due to its significant contributions to various industrial and ecological processes. Despite the extensive research on pure water droplet freezing, the freezing dynamics of nanofluid droplets have not been investigated to the same extent. It has been observed that frozen nanofluid droplets exhibit a distinctive flat plateau shape at their apex, in contrast to the pointed tip observed in pure water droplets. Our experimental investigation has revealed that when the vertical velocity of nanofluid droplet's freezing front is lower than a critical value, nanoparticles are expelled from the freezing liquid and aggregate at the freezing front to form a particle layer. This layer causes a deviation between the motion direction of the tri-junction line and the interface curve of the unfrozen liquid, resulting in an increased angle growth and the formation of a plateau at the top of the frozen droplet. The critical freezing velocity was found to be independent of the contact angle but showed a slight increase with subfreezing temperature. As the subfreezing temperature rises, the flat plateau of the frozen droplet transitions to a pointed tip. To further explore the freezing dynamics of nanofluid droplets, we conducted a statistical analysis of the cone angle at the apex of the frozen droplets. Our results indicates that in most cases, the cone angle is greater than the universal value observed for pure water droplets. And the cone angle is effected by the droplet volume size and subfreezing temperature.

Morphodynamic Modeling of Tidal Basins: The Role of Sand‐Mud Interaction

AbstractThe morphology of tide‐dominated systems is progressively influenced by human activities and climate change. Quantitative approaches aiming at understanding or forecasting the effects of interventions and climate change are often aggregated, thereby simplifying or schematizing the investigated area. In this work, we advance on the knowledge of sediment transport processes shaping tidal systems and on methodologies translating schematized model output into physically realistic variables. In terms of improved physics, we systematically evaluate the influence of sand‐mud interaction processes. Most tidal systems are shaped by a mixture of sand and mud. Morphological models typically compute transport of sand and mud independently, despite studies clearly demonstrating that their physical behavior is mutually dependent. We investigate the effects of two interaction mechanisms (erosion interaction and roughness interaction, applied with varying mud erodibility) with a schematized process‐based morphodynamic model. We convert model output into metrics that describe the meso‐scale configuration of the modeled systems, allowing a quantitative comparison of scenarios. Modeled patterns and intertidal flat shape, size and composition widely vary with mud erodibility settings, but equally depend on the evaluated sand‐mud interaction mechanisms (with erosion interaction having a larger effect than roughness interaction). Sand‐mud interaction thus needs to be accounted for from a physical point of view, but also to improve predictions of tidal basin evolution models, particularly the (bimodally distributed) sediment composition of intertidal flats.

EKSPLORASI ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA MASJID AGUNG KOTA TASIKMALAYA

Cultural mathematics is a way of designing mathematics that is meaningful and relatable to cultural communities. Cultural learning is more interesting and fun to learn because of the socio-cultural construction in which mathematics has been embedded in human history and activities. Learning that is oriented towards mathematics and culture is called ethnomathematics. Each area has historical buildings that can be observed by culture. One of the historical places in Tasikmalaya, West Java, is the Great Mosque of Tasikmalaya City. The purpose of this study was to explore the mathematical concepts contained in the Great Mosque of Tasikmalaya City and to find out the development of numeration in the Great Mosque of Tasikmalaya City. This type of research is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. Data collection was carried out using observation, interviews, case studies, and documentation. The results of this study are the mathematical concepts contained in the Great Mosque of Tasikmalaya City, namely the concept of flat shape, geometric concept, arithmetic sequence concept, palindrome number concept, geometric reflection transformation concept, and numeration development

Pengembangan Media Pop-Up Book untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah

Abstract. The problems in this study are: 1) what is the procedure for developing pop-up book media, 2) what is the validity of the product being developed, 3) what is the practicality of the product being developed, 4) what are the differences in student learning outcomes before and after using pop-up book media . This study aims to determine: 1) the procedure for developing pop-up book media, 2) the validity of the product being developed, 3) the practicality of the product being developed, 4) knowing the differences before and after student learning outcomes using pop-up book media. The type of research used is Research and Development. The results of this study indicate that the percentage of validity has a high level of validity with the assessment of material experts 95% (very valid), design experts 95% (very valid), linguists 85% (very valid), learning experts 100% (very valid). The results of the practicality analysis have an average value of 91.1%, including the very practical category. The results of the data analysis stated that the pre-test and post-test showed that the average N-Gain Score was 0.69 in the presentation. The N-Gain Score was 69.55%, which was quite effective. The minimum N-Gain value is 20% and the highest is 100%. There is a significant difference in learning outcomes around the flat shape before and after using the pop-up book media, so it can be concluded that the pop-up book media developed is feasible to try out.

Adaptation to pollination by fungus gnats underlies the evolution of pollination syndrome in the genus Euonymus.

Dipteran insects are known pollinators of many angiosperms, but knowledge on how flies affect floral evolution is relatively scarce. Some plants pollinated by fungus gnats share a unique set of floral characters (dark red display, flat shape and short stamens), which differs from any known pollination syndromes. We tested whether this set of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with pollination by fungus gnats, using the genus Euonymus as a model. The pollinator and floral colour, morphology and scent profile were investigated for ten Euonymus species and Tripterygium regelii as an outgroup. The flower colour was evaluated using bee and fly colour vision models. The evolutionary association between fungus gnat pollination and each plant character was tested using a phylogenetically independent contrast. The ancestral state reconstruction was performed on flower colour, which is associated with fungus gnat pollination, to infer the evolution of pollination in the genus Euonymus. The red-flowered Euonymus species were pollinated predominantly by fungus gnats, whereas the white-flowered species were pollinated by bees, beetles and brachyceran flies. The colour vision analysis suggested that red and white flowers are perceived as different colours by both bees and flies. The floral scents of the fungus gnat-pollinated species were characterized by acetoin, which made up >90 % of the total scent in three species. Phylogenetically independent contrast showed that the evolution of fungus gnat pollination is associated with acquisition of red flowers, short stamens and acetoin emission. Our results suggest that the observed combination of floral characters is a pollination syndrome associated with the parallel evolution of pollination by fungus gnats. Although the role of the red floral display and acetoin in pollinator attraction remains to be elucidated, our finding underscores the importance of fungus gnats as potential contributors to floral diversification.

Ethnomathematics: Conceps of Mathematics in The Context Of "Siwaluh Jabu" Karo Traditional House

One of the Karo traditional cultures that incorporates elements of ethnomathematics in its shape is the "Siwaluh Jabu" roof design. In order to apply the mathematical ideas discovered as a method for teaching mathematics in schools, the study's objective was to investigate the mathematical ideas present in the "Siwaluh Jabu" roof design. Through observation, interviews, documentation, and an ethnographic approach, this study also used a literature review and a descriptive qualitative methodology. The Miles and Huberman method, which entails data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, is used in the data analysis process. The study's findings revealed the concepts of a flat shape, spatial geometry, and congruence. The results of this study can be used as learning aids and approaches to learning mathematics.

Identifikasi Kesalahan Siswa dalam Menjawab Pertanyaan dalam Memahami Konsep Matematika Sekolah Dasar Mengenai Bangun Datar

This study aims to identify students' mistakes in answering questions about the mathematical concept of flat shapes at the elementary school level. The background of this research is based on the important role of understanding mathematical concepts in learning and the importance of overcoming student mistakes to improve learning outcomes. The research instrument used was a written test containing several questions about the concept of flat shapes that had been compiled and validated by experts in mathematics education. The data collected from this test is then analyzed using statistical methods to identify patterns of errors that are often made by students. The results showed that most students experienced errors in understanding the concept of plane shapes, especially in recognizing the geometric properties of plane shapes and calculating their area and perimeter. Some common mistakes include incorrectly identifying the number of sides and angles in certain planes, mistakes in using the area and perimeter calculation formulas, and difficulties in understanding the relationship between different planes. This finding shows the important role of educators in understanding students' mistakes and developing appropriate teaching strategies to help students improve their understanding of the mathematical concept of flat shapes. The implications of the results of this study can be used as a basis for developing learning programs that are more effective in increasing students' understanding of mistakes in answering questions in understanding elementary school mathematics concepts regarding flat shapes.

3D-hexagonhelical TiO2-monoliths: Design, printing process and solar photoactivity

Solid 3D titanium dioxide (TiO2) structures with hexagonhelical (3DHH) geometry were possible to achieve through additive printing technology. The monoliths acquired the shape and hydrodynamic requirements of a tubular solar CPC photoreactor. The optimum printing parameters were achieved with a 1.2 mm ∅ nozzle, and a dosing rate of 0.87 ml/min, with a duration of 10 min per complete manufactured piece. The heat treatment (Tam⇨180°C30 min ⇨250°C30 min ⇨350°C30 min) applied to the printed pieces does not modify the active anatase/rutile weight ratio (82.9/17.1). On the contrary, the mechanical resistance improved remarkably after the heat treatment: a compressive stress 5 folds higher (307.81 ± 15.31 kPa) was observed in comparison with the pieces without heat treatment. The most important shrinkage in diameter and height are generated throughout the dehumidification process at room temperature of free drying for 24 h (Δ∅ = 3.86 ± 0.43 mm and Δh = 3.78 ± 0.16 mm respectively). In contrast, the size changes were insignificant after heat treatment (Δ∅ = 0.075 ± 0.12 mm and Δh = 0.15 ± 0.01 mm). The microscopic morphology shows changes on the surface of the monoliths with deagglomerated flat shapes after heat treatment. Persistent degradation of the IBP model compound was observed over 10 cycles under solar irradiation in a laboratory-scale photoreactor using twelve heat-pretreated 3DHH-TiO2 monoliths. In addition, 10 cycles were compared for monoliths without thermal processing. Including both cases (monoliths with and without heat treatment), 90% of the solar experiments degraded between 50 and 95% of the initial IBP concentration per cycle (200 mg/L).The resistance to erosion acquired by heat treatment allows mechanical stability for photocatalytic purposes while maintaining significant solar activity. The commercial use of heterogeneous photocatalytic processes on an industrial scale could soon be achieved with the support of 3D additive manufacturing.

Exploration of cross-beam energy transfer mitigation constraints for designing an ignition-scale direct-drive inertial confinement fusion driver

The compression of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is strongly impacted by cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), a laser-plasma instability that limits ablation pressure by redirecting laser energy outward and that is projected to be mitigated by laser bandwidth. Here, we explore various CBET mitigation constraints to guide the design of future ICF facilities. First, we find that the flat, Gaussian, and Lorentzian spectral shapes have similar CBET mitigation properties, and a flat shape with nine spectral lines is a good surrogate for what can be obtained with other spectral shapes. Then, we conduct a comprehensive study across energy scales and ignition designs. 3D hydrodynamic simulations are used to derive an analytical model for the expected CBET mitigation as a function of laser and plasma parameters. From this model, we study the bandwidth requirements of conventional and shock ignition designs across four different energy scales and find that they require between 0.5 and 3±0.2% relative bandwidth. Best mitigation is achieved when the beam radius over critical radius Rb/Rc is kept low during the drive while the plasma temperature is kept high. In a steady state, we find that the bandwidth required to mitigate 85% of CBET scales as (Rb/Rc)2.15Ln−0.58I0.7, where Ln is the density scale length, and I the laser intensity. Finally, we find that the chamber beam port layout does not influence CBET mitigation. In the case of a driver using many monochromatic beamlets, we find that ∼10 beamlets per port is required, with diminishing returns above ∼20.

Novel Spatial Soil Arching Effect on a Steep-Slope High Embankment in a Double-V Narrowing Gully

A novel spatial soil arching (SSA) effect and the arching mechanisms and characteristics of a steep-slope high embankment in a double-V narrowing gully (DVNG) were investigated. First, the consistency between the results obtained via a lab-scale experiment and the three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM3D) confirmed the existence of SSA in the DVNG (DVNG-SSA) and validated the numerical model feasibility. The enlarged FEM3D revealed that the DVNG-SSA was generated by stress redistribution caused by uneven soil displacement. Moreover, the DVNG-SSA could generally be divided into horizontal (H-) and vertical (V-) DVNG-SSAs, which could interact with each other to form large-scale spatial soil arches at the front and bottom of the embankment. Parameter sensitivity analysis revealed that increasing the Poisson’s ratio of the soil negatively affected both arches. The H-DVNG-SSA only had side banks acting as arch feet, while the V-DVNG-SSA had an additional ditch bottom. Compared with H-DVNG-SSA, V-DVNG-SSA had a broader range, flatter shape, longer length, deeper thickness, lower height, and smaller maximum rise–span ratio. Finally, the strength of the DVNG-SSA was lower than that of the conventional pile–soil SSA despite its extensive coverage, which could considerably impact the overall embankment stability.

Histomorphological study of intestine in wood pigeon (Columba palumbus( L.1758))

Background: Review of the Iraqi literatures reviled that there are several works have been done on the gastrointestinal tract of Iraqi birds, but we didn’t find research work include details information related with the gastrointestinal tract of common wood pigeon from Iraqi environment
 Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the anatomy and histology of intestine in wood pigeon (Columba palumbus). 
 Materials and methods: Animals were collected from Al-Najaf desert, methods of Humason and Bancroft and Stevens were employed for the histological study.
 Results: Anatomical results reviled that the intestine of common wood pigeon divided into several parts represented by duodenum, ileum, and rectum. Histologically the wall of all parts of intestine in common wood pigeon as in all other birds possessed four layers (mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa). The structural differences of duodenum were in the villi which were represented by long extensions from the epithelium of the mucosa. Results showed that the ileum in common wood pigeon showed that villi of ileum were shorter than those of duodenum, and appeared as a leaf-like shape. Large intestine in wood pigeon represented by rectum which exhibit different features in the mucosa, as the villi of rectum are flat and wide (leaf-like shape),and the lumen of rectum was wider than that of small intestine.
 Conclusion: the present study reviled some differences in the mucosa of rectum as the villi appeared flat leaf-like shape and the lumen was wider than that of small intestine. The mucosal epithelium represented by simple columnar epithelium, with numerous goblet cells scattered in the epithelium

Local geometry of a weak normal shock wave interacting with turbulence

The shock surface geometry is investigated with direct numerical simulations of a weak normal shock wave propagating in turbulence. The geometry is quantified with the principal curvatures of the surface. A large part of the surface has an approximately flat saddle shape, while elliptic concave and convex shapes with a large curvature intermittently appear on the shock surface. The pressure–dilatation correlation in the governing equation of pressure is investigated at the shock wave with the decomposition into three terms associated with the velocity gradients in the two directions of the principal curvatures and the normal direction of the shock wave. Fluid expansion in the tangential direction occurs at the shock wave with a convex shape in the direction of the shock propagation, resulting in a smaller pressure jump across the shock wave. For a concave shape, compression in the tangential direction can amplify the pressure jump. Consistently, small and large shock Mach numbers are observed for convex and concave shapes, respectively. The geometric influences are the most significant for elliptic concave and convex shapes with approximately equal curvatures in the two principal directions because the compression or expansion occurs in all tangential directions. These relations between the shock surface geometry and shock Mach number observed in turbulence are consistent with the theory of deformed shock waves, suggesting that the three-dimensional geometrical features of the shock surface are important in the modulation of shock waves due to turbulence.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Ispring Suite Pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika Materi Bangun Datar Kelas III Di SDN Mangunharjo 1 Kota Probolinggo

Currently there are many learning media using the internet, ranging from simple to complex, one of which is the Ispring Suite. Ispring suite can be used as an application, HTML5, record video, combine images, as well as a quiz maker. It is hoped that with the ispring suite-based interactive learning media it is hoped that it can help teachers and students understand the flat shape material. The research method used is Research and Development (R & D) proposed by Borg & Gall. In its application, there are ten steps in the implementation of development according to Borg & Gall. However, due to limited manpower, time and costs, the researchers simplified it into 5 development models by taking into account the main focus on the selected stages, namely research reviews and small-scale research. The following are the 5 stages, namely Preliminary Study, Design of interactive learning, product development, Validation and limited trials and Revision of the final product in development. Based on the results of the assessment of learning media experts, it can be concluded that the media is said to be very feasible but with revisions. Suggestions or input from the validator is that the bad songs should be removed during the presentation of the material, the font should be enlarged, as well as images that do not need to be deleted or minimized so as not to distract the students' focus.

Preforming based on CF/PEKK prepreg continuous pultrusion process

Prepreg material is continuously bent and transformed on a Preformed mold, ultimately transitioning from a flat shape to a hat-shaped long beam cross-sectional shape as it enters the hot pressing mold. This process involves various factors such as the inherent properties of the prepreg material, the control of process parameters such as pressure and temperature, and geometric characteristics, all of which can affect the outcome. Inappropriate parameters may lead to defects such as wrinkling in the prepreg layers during the preforming process, which cannot be eliminated in subsequent hot pressing processes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the inducing factors that cause defects (wrinkles) in the prepreg layers during the preforming stage and to explore the optimal preforming method, enabling the prepreg layers to enter the hot pressing mold in an ideal hat-shaped form. This is of paramount importance for improving the quality of precast concrete, enhancing product stability, and increasing production efficiency.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF BERBASIS CANVA PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR KELAS IV SD NEGERI 80 PALEMBANG

This study aims to produce a Canva-based interactive learning media development product on flat material, which meets the criteria of validity, practicality and effectiveness so that students are able to master the flat material easily. The type of research used is research development or Research and Development. The development model used is ADDIE The subjects of this study were fourth grade students at SD Negeri 80 Palembang. The research data were obtained from validation questionnaires, student and teacher response questionnaires and student test questions. The results of the research based on a validation questionnaire from a team of experts who have quality media display and presentation of material as a whole obtain a percentage score of 87.2% in a very valid category. Practicality questionnaire with a percentage score of 85.1% with a very practical category. The results of the effectiveness of all students obtained a percentage score of 82.3% which was obtained from students' questions about flat shapes with very effective categories. Based on the results that have been developed by the researcher entitled Development of Canva-based interactive learning media in class IV SD flat construction material, it can be concluded that the developed Canva-based interactive learning media is valid, practical and effective.

ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MATERI BANGUN DATAR SISWA KELAS IV UPT SDN 017 MAYANG PONGKAI KABUPATEN KAMPAR

Learning difficulties are conditions of students who face difficulties and inability of students in learning by examining the background, the form of symptoms and causes of difficulties. The aims of this research are 1). to analyze the form of learning difficulties in mathematics on flat material in class IV 2). To analyze the factors that cause learning difficulties in mathematics on flat shapes in class IV. This research method is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques of interviews, documentation and assisted math tests. Data analysis used according to Milles and Huberman. The results of this study are that there are 4 forms of student learning difficulties, namely, 1) Students have difficulty understanding the concept of flat shapes, 2) Students have difficulty relating to the practical principles of flat material, 3) Students have difficulty dealing with symbols, namely the formula area and circumference of flat shapes, 4) Students have difficulty understanding the language of mathematics, namely understanding the shape of the story. Factors causing these difficulties are influenced by 2 factors, namely internal and external. Internally, namely the attitude of students learning students who are lazy when studying and student learning motivation is low so that students are less enthusiastic and less curious. Externally, namely, 1) Teachers with monotonous methods and unattractive media, 2) the environment is clean and comfortable but the classrooms lack maintenance, 3) facilities and infrastructure, namely facilities that are less supportive such as lack of learning books and projectors, while infrastructure is a lack of practicum buildings, 4) family environment, namely students lack guidance at home due to family economic conditions.

Culture-space control is effective in promoting haploid cell formation and spermiogenesis in vitro in neonatal mice

The classical organ culture method, in which tissue is placed at the gas‒liquid interphase, is effective at inducing mouse spermatogenesis. However, due to reginal variations in the supply of oxygen and nutrients within a tissue, the progress of spermatogenesis was observed only in limited areas of a tissue. In addition, haploid cell formation and its differentiation to spermatozoon, i.e. spermiogenesis, were infrequent and inefficient. Here, we show that the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-chip ceiling (PC) method, which ensures a uniform supply of nutrients and oxygen throughout the tissue by pressing it into a thin, flat shape, can provide control over the culture space. We used this method to culture testis tissue from neonatal mice, aged 1 to 4 days, and found that modulating the culture space during the experiment by replacing one chip with another that had a higher ceiling effectively increased tissue growth. This adjustment also induced more efficient spermatogenesis, with the process of spermiogenesis being particularly promoted. Meiotic cells were observed from culture day 14 onward, and haploid cells were confirmed at the end of each experiment. This technique was also shown to be a sensitive assay for testicular toxicity. Culture-space control will be a critical regulation parameter for sophisticated tissue culture experiments.

Ethnomathematics Exploration on Typical Angkola Woven Patterns, Sipirok, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia

This research explores the application of mathematical elements found in certain cultures. The object that is the focus of this research is the woven fabric typical of the Angkola ethnic group, which is part of the cultural heritage of the Angkola tribe in South Tapanuli district, North Sumatra province. Descriptive qualitative is the research model used in this study and ethnography is the research approach used, focusing on ethnomathematics in the motifs of Angkola's typical woven fabrics. The summary result of the research is that there is an application of mathematical concepts in this cultural heritage object, namely the basic concept of flat geometric shapes, the applied concept of geometric transformation, and the concept of sets. With this research it is hoped that it can contribute to new ethnomathematics research references and can be used as a reference for new mathematical category learning approaches, especially for the province of North Sumatra.

PENGARUH PENDEKATAN KONSTRUKTIVISME TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI KELAS IV SD NEGERI 4 TUGUMULYO

The study aims to determine whether there is any effect of the constructivism approach on geometric shapes on student learning outcomes in class IV SD Negeri 4 Tugumulyo. This research is a type of quantitative research using the Pre-Experimental type Experimental method with the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Method design. The variables of this study consist of the independent variable (X), namely the Constructivism Approach and the dependent variable (Y), namely the results of learning Mathematics. The population in this study were all fourth grade students at SDN 4 Tugumulyo, totaling 30 students. The sample of this research is students of class IV, totaling 30 students. The data collection technique in this study was a question test in the form of 10 multiple choice questions. The results of this study indicate that the pretest (initial test) of students' knowledge has an average value of 46.44 in the less good category, after being given treatment using the constructivism approach the final test results (posttest) show an average value of 80.33 in the good category and experiencing enhancement. Obtained Tcount = 19.561 > Ttable = 1.671 with a significant level of α = 0.05, (Tcount = 19.561 > Ttable = 1.671) according to the criteria for testing the hypothesis if Tcount > Ttable then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus there is an effect of the use of a constructivist approach to flat shape material on student learning outcomes in class IV.
 Keywords: Constructivism, Flane figure, Learning Outcomes

Development of Powtoon Animation Learning Media on Flat Building Materials Class IV

Research and development is a research method used to produce certain products and test the effectiveness of these products. Research and development or what is known as Research & Development (R&D) is product oriented in the field of education. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 105330 Bangun Sari, Tanjung Morawa sub-district, Deli Serdang Regency, in class IV students. The time for carrying out this research and development is in the even semester of the 2023/2024 school year. The subjects of this study were fourth grade students at SD Negeri 105330 Bangun Sari, totaling 37 students, consisting of 18 female students and 19 male students. This research was assisted by several mathematicians as a validator/assessment. The instruments used in this study were interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Material validation was carried out with the aim of obtaining material that was in accordance with the media being developed. The results of the material validation obtained an average value of 88% in the "very valid" category. It can be concluded that the material in the PowerPoint animation media component is suitable for use without revision. Media validation is carried out with the aim of obtaining media that is suitable for use. Media validation results obtained an average value of 77% with the "valid" criterion. It can be concluded that the media is suitable for use without revision. Teacher response validation obtained an average score of 96% with the "very good" criterion so that the Powtoon animation media is suitable for use without revision. The powtoon animation media used will make the learning process in the classroom fun. Fun learning will improve student learning outcomes. Powtoon animation media will help students understand flat shape material so that students get better learning outcomes.